STUDENT'S
HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF KING EDWARD VII

BY

SAMUEL R. GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.
LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD
ETC.

VOL. I.
B.C. 55—A.D. 1509

NEW IMPRESSION (1915)
REISSUE

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH AVENUE & 30th STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
1916

All rights reserved

WORKS
BY
SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

The present work is intended for such students as have already an elementary knowledge of the main facts of English history, and aims at meeting their needs by the use of plain language on the one hand, and by the avoidance, on the other hand, of that multiplicity of details which is apt to overburden the memory.

At the close of the book I have treated the last eleven years, 1874 to 1885, in a manner which precludes all expression of my own views, either on the characters of the actors or on the value of the work performed by them; and something of the same reticence will be observed in the pages dealing with the years immediately preceding 1874. We have not the material before us for the formation of a final judgment on many points arising in the course of the narrative, and it is therefore better to abstain from the expression of decided opinion, except on matters so completely before the public as to leave no room for hesitation. Especially is this rule to be observed in a book addressed to those who are not yet at an age when independent investigation is possible.

I hope it will be understood that in my mention of various authors I have had no intention of writing a history of literature, however brief. My object has been throughout to exhibit that side of literature which connects itself with the general political or intellectual movement of the country, and to leave unnoticed the purely literary or scientific qualities of the writers mentioned. This will explain, for instance, the total omission of the name of Roger Bacon, and the brief and, if regarded from a different point of view, the very unsatisfactory treatment of writers like Dickens and Thackeray.

Those of my readers who have complained that no maps were to be found in the book may now be referred to a 'School Atlas of English History,' recently edited by me for Messrs. Longmans & Co. To include an adequate number of maps in this volume would have increased its size beyond all fitting limits.

In the spelling of Indian names I have not adopted the modern and improved system of transliteration. Admirable as it is when used by those who are able to give the right sound to each letter, it only leads to mispronunciation in the mouths of those who are, as most of the readers of this volume will be, entirely in the dark on this point. The old rough method of our fathers at least ensures a fair approximation to the true pronunciation.

My warmest thanks are due to Mr. George Nutt, of Rugby, and to the Rev. W. Hunt. Mr. Nutt not only looked over the proof-sheets up to the death of Edward I. with excellent results, but gave me most valuable advice as to the general arrangement of the book, founded on his own long experience of scholastic teaching. The Rev. W. Hunt looked over a considerable portion of the remaining proof-sheets, and called my attention to several errors and omissions which had escaped my eye.

The illustrations have been selected by Mr. W. H. St. John Hope, Assistant-Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. He wishes to acknowledge much valuable assistance given to him in the choice of portraits by George Scharf, Esq., C.B., F.S.A., who is recognised as the highest authority on the subject.

I am indebted to Her Majesty the Queen for permission to engrave two of the portraits appearing in the following pages—viz., those of Bishop Fisher, on p. 393, and the Duke of Norfolk, on p. 410—the originals in both cases being at Windsor Castle.

I have to thank Earl Spencer for permission to engrave the portrait on p. 362; the Earl of Essex for that on p. 476; the Earl of Warwick for that on p. 403; the Earl of Carlisle for that on p. 459; the Viscount Dillon, F.S.A., for that on p. 376; the Hon Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, K.C.B., for that on p. 365; Sir John Farnaby Lennard, Bart., for that on p. 463; Dr. Evans for those on pp. 2, 4, 6; Edward Huth, Esq., for that on p. 387; Mrs. Dent, of Sudeley, for that on p. 395; H. Hucks Gibbs, Esq., for that on p. 419; T. A. Hope, Esq., for that on p. 487; E. B. Nicholson, Esq., for the portrait of Lord Burghley in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, engraved at p. 479; the authorities of the University of Cambridge for that on p. 477; of Jesus College, Cambridge, for that on p. 414; and of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, for that on p. 567; and the Treasurer of Christ's Hospital, London, for the portrait of Charles II. on p. 579. I have also to thank Mr. John Murray for permission to engrave the figures on pp. 130, 150, 160, 166, 177, 188, 260; Messrs. Parker & Co., Oxford, for those on pp. 19, 51, 75, 91, 107, 128, 170, 192, 197, 230, 245, 246, 247, 253, 409, 451; Mr. W. Nives for those at pp. 381, 409, 451; Mr. J. G. Waller for those on pp. 219, 229, 292, 298, 515; Mr. Bruce for those on pp. 17, 18, 21; Messrs. Poulton & Sons, Lee, for those on pp. 7, 132; Mr. G. A. Nichols, Stamford, for those on pp. 311, 316, Mr. G. T. Clarke, for that on p. 74; Messrs. Carl Norman & Co., Tunbridge Wells, for that on p. 171; Mr. R. Keene, Derby, for that on p. 318; the Rev. H. H. Henson, Vicar of Barking, Essex, for the photograph of the monument of Sir Charles Montague on p. 507; the Science and Art Department for those on pp. 371, 440, 518, 612; Mr. W. H. Wheeler, of Oxford, for those on pp. 319, 384; Messrs. Valentine & Sons, Dundee, for those on pp. 109, 206, 213, 238, 244, 276, 355, 378, 485, 662, 666, 668, 683, 907, 919, 937, 942; and Mr. R. Keene, Derby, for those on pp. 466, 467, 469, 471.

CONTENTS
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME

CHAPTER I.
PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN BRITAIN.

•  PAGE

• Palæolithic Man of the River-Drift 1
• Cave-dwelling Palæolithic Man 2
• Neolithic Man 3
• Celts and Iberians 5
• The Celts in Britain 6
• Goidels and Britons 6
• Phœnicians and Greeks 7
• Gauls and Belgians in Britain 8
• Culture and War 9
• Religion of the Britons 10
• The Romans in Gaul B.C. 55 10
• Cæsar's First Invasion. B.C. 55 11
• Cæsar's Second Invasion. B.C. 54 11
• South-eastern Britain after Cæsar's Departure. B.C. 54—A.D. 43 12
• The Roman Empire 12
• The Invasion of Aulus Plautius. A.D. 43 12
• The Colony of Camulodunum 13
• The Conquests of Ostorius Scapula 14
• Government of Suetonius Paullinus. 58 14
• Boadicea's Insurrection. 61 15
• The Vengeance of Suetonius 15
• Agricola in Britain. 78—84 16
• Agricola's Conquests in the North 16
• The Roman Walls 17
• The Roman Province of Britain 19
• Extinction of Tribal Antagonism 21
• Want of National Feeling 22
• Carausius and Allectus. 288—296 22
• Constantius and Constantine. 296—337 22
• Christianity in Britain 23
• Weakness of the Empire 23
• The Picts and Scots 23
• The Saxons 24
• Origin of the Saxons 24
• The Roman Defence 24
• End of the Roman Government. 383—410 25

CHAPTER II.
THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS.

• Britain after the Departure of the Romans. 410—449? 26
• The Groans of the Britons 26
• The Conquest of Kent. 449? 27
• The South Saxons. 477 27
• The West Saxons and the East Saxons 28
• The Anglian Settlements 28
• Nature of the Conquest 28
• The Cultivators of the Soil 29
• Eorls, Ceorls, Gesiths 29
• The Gesiths and the Villagers 30
• English and Welsh 31
• The Township and the Hundred 31
• Weregild 32
• Compurgation and Ordeal 32
• Punishments 32
• The Folk-moot 33
• The Kingship 33
• The Legend of Arthur 33
• The West Saxon Advance 34
• Repulse of the West Saxons 35
• The Advance of the Angles 36
• The Kymry 36
• Britain at the End of the Sixth Century 37

CHAPTER III.
THE STRIFE OF THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS.

• England and the Continent 37
• Æthelberht's Supremacy 38
• Gregory and the English 38
• Augustine's Mission. 597 39
• Monastic Christianity 39
• The Archbishopric of Canterbury 40
• Death of Æthelberht. 616 41
• The Three Kingdoms opposed to the Welsh 41
• Æthelfrith and the Kymry 41
• Æthelfrith's Victories 42
• The Greatness of Eadwine 43
• Eadwine's Supremacy 44
• Character of the later Conquests 44
• Political Changes 45
• Eadwine's Conversion and Fall 46
• Oswald's Victory at Heavenfield 47
• Oswald and Aidan 47
• Oswald's Greatness and Overthrow 47
• Penda's Overthrow 48
• The Three Kingdoms and the Welsh 48
• The English Missionaries 49
• Dispute between Wilfrid and Colman. 664 49
• Archbishop Theodore and the Penitential System 50
• Ealdhelm and Cædmon 51
• Bede. 673—735 52
• Church Councils 52
• Struggle between Mercia and Wessex 52
• Mohammedanism and the Carolingian Empire 54
• Ecgberht's Rule. 802—839 54

CHAPTER IV.
THE ENGLISH KINGSHIP AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE DANES.

• The West Saxon Supremacy 55
• The Coming of the Northmen 56
• The English Coast Plundered 57
• The Danes in the North 57
• Ælfred's Struggle in Wessex. 871—878 58
• The Treaty of Chippenham, and its Results. 878 59
• Ælfred's Military Work 60
• His Laws and Scholarship 60
• Eadward the Elder. 899—925 62
• Eadward's Conquests 62
• Eadward and the Scots 63
• Æthelstan. 925—940 63
• Eadmund (940—946) and Eadred (946—955) 63
• Danes and English 64
• Eadwig. 955—959 64
• Dunstan 65
• Archbishop Oda 65
• Eadwig's Marriage 67

CHAPTER V.
EADGAR'S ENGLAND.

• Eadgar and Dunstan. 959—975 67
• The Cession of Lothian 68
• Changes in English Institutions 69
• Growth of the King's Power 69
• Conversion of the Freemen into Serfs 69
• The Hundred-moot and the Lord's Court 72
• The Towns 72
• The Origin of the Shires 73
• The Shire-moot 73
• The Ealdormen and the Witenagemot 73
• The Land 75
• Domestic Life 75
• Food and Drink 75

CHAPTER VI.
ENGLAND AND NORMANDY.

• Eadward the Martyr. 975—979 78
• Æthelred's Early Years. 979—988 79
• The Return of the Danes. 984 79
• The Norman Dukes. 912—1002 80
• Political Contrast between Normandy and England 81
• Svend's Conquest. 1002—1013 81
• Æthelred Restored. 1014—1016 82
• Eadmund Ironside. 1016 83
• Cnut and the Earldoms. 1016—1035 83
• Cnut's Empire 84
• Cnut's Government 84
• The Sons of Cnut. 1035—1042 85
• Eadward the Confessor and Earl Godwine. 1042—1051 86
• The Banishment of Godwine. 1051 87
• Visit of Duke William. 1051 88
• William and the Norman Church 88
• The Return and Death of Godwine. 1052—1053 89
• Harold's Greatness. 1053—1066 89
• Harold and Eadward. 1057—1065 90
• Death of Eadward. 1066 90
• Harold and William. 1066 91
• Stamford Bridge. 1066 93
• The Landing of William. 1066 96
• The Battle of Senlac. 1066 96
• William's Coronation. 1066 98

PART II.
THE NORMAN AND ANGEVIN KINGS.

CHAPTER VII.
WILLIAM I. 1066—1087.

• The First Months of the Conquest. 1066—1067 101
• The Conquest of the West and North. 1067—1069 102
• The Completion of the Conquest. 1070 103
• Hereward's Revolt and the Homage of Malcolm. 1070—1072 103
• How William kept down the English 104
• How William kept down the Normans 105
• Ecclesiastical Organisation. 106
• Pope Gregory VII. 107
• William and Gregory VII. 108
• The Rising of the Earls. 1075 110
• The New Forest 110
• Domesday Book. 1085—1086 111
• William's Great Councils 112
• The Gemot at Salisbury. 1086 113
• William's Death. 1087 114

CHAPTER VIII.
WILLIAM II. 1087—1100.

• The Accession of the Red King. 1087 114
• The Wickedness of the Red King 115
• Ranulf Flambard 116
• Feudal Dues 116
• Archbishop Anselm 117
• The Council of Rockingham. 1095 118
• William II. and his Brothers 118
• William and Scotland. 1093—1094 119
• Mowbray's Rebellion. 1095 120
• The First Crusade. 1095—1099 120
• Normandy in Pledge. 1096 121
• The Last Years of the Red King 121
• The Death of the Red King. 1100 122

CHAPTER IX.
HENRY I. AND STEPHEN.
HENRY I., 1100—1135. STEPHEN, 1135—1154.

• The Accession of Henry I. 1100 122
• Invasion of Robert. 1101 124
• Revolt of Robert of Bellême. 1102 124
• The Battle of Tinchebrai. 1106 124
• Henry and Anselm. 1100—1107 125
• Roger of Salisbury 126
• Growth of Trade 127
• The Benedictines 128
• The Cistercians 129
• The White Ship 129
• The Last Years of Henry I. 131
• Stephen's Accession. 1135 131
• Civil War 133
• Stephen's Quarrel with the Clergy. 1139 134
• Anarchy. 1139 134
• The End of the War. 1141—1148 135
• Henry, Duke of the Normans. 1149 136
• The Last Days of Stephen. 1153—1154 137

CHAPTER X.
HENRY II. 1154—1189.

• Henry's Accession. 1154 138
• Pacification of England 138
• Henry and Feudality 140
• The Great Council and the Curia Regis 141
• Scutage 141
• Archbishop Thomas. 1162 142
• Breach between Henry and Thomas 143
• The Constitutions of Clarendon. 1164 143
• The Persecution of Archbishop Thomas. 1164 145
• The Assize of Clarendon. 1166 146
• Recognitions 147
• The Germ of the Jury 147
• The Itinerant Justices Revived 148
• The Inquisition of the Sheriffs. 1170 148
• The Nobles and the Church 149
• The Coronation of Young Henry. 1170 149
• The Return of Archbishop Thomas. 1170 149
• Murder of Archbishop Thomas. 1170 149
• Popular Indignation. 1171 151
• State of Ireland 151
• Partial Conquest of Ireland. 1166—1172 152
• Young Henry's Coronation and the Revolt of the Barons. 1172—1174 153
• The Assize of Arms. 1181 154
• Henry II. and his Sons 155
• The Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187 156
• The Last Years of Henry II. 1188—1189 157
• The Work of Henry II. 157

CHAPTER XI.
RICHARD I. 1189—1199.

• Richard in England. 1189 159
• William of Longchamps. 1189—1191 159
• The Third Crusade. 1189—1192 161
• The Return of Richard. 1192—1194 161
• Heavy Taxation 162
• The Administration of Hubert Walter. 1194—1198 163
• Death of Richard. 1199 165
• Church and State under the Angevin Kings 165
• Growth of Learning 167
• The University of Oxford 167
• Country and Town 168
• Condition of London 169
• Architectural Changes 170

PART III
THE GROWTH OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTION. 1199-1399.

CHAPTER XII.
JOHN. 1199-1216.

• The Accession of John. 1199 173
• John's First War with Philip II. 1199-1200 173
• John's Misconduct in Poitou 1200-1201 174
• The Loss of Normandy and Anjou. 1202-1204 174
• Causes of Philip's Success 176
• The Election of Stephen Langton to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 1205 176
• Innocent III. and Stephen Langton. 1206 177
• John's Quarrel with the Church. 1206-1208 178
• England under an Interdict. 1208 178
• John Excommunicated. 1209 178
• The Pope threatens John with Deposition. 1212-1213 179
• John's Submission. 1213 180
• The Resistance of the Barons and Clergy. 1213 180
• The Battle of Bouvines. 1214 181
• The Struggle between John and the Barons. 1214-1215 181
• Magna Carta. 1215 182
• War between John and the Barons. 1215-1216 184
• Conflict between Louis and John. 1216 184

CHAPTER XIII.
HENRY III. 1216-1272.

• Henry III. and Louis. 1216-1217 185
• The Renewal of the Great Charter. 1216-1217 185
• Administration of Hubert de Burgh. 1219-1232 186
• Administration of Peter des Roches. 1232-1234 188
• Francis of Assisi 190
• St. Dominic 190
• The Coming of the Friars. 1220-1224 191
• Monks and Friars 191
• The King's Marriage. 1236 192
• The Early Career of Simon de Montfort. 1231-1243 193
• Papal Exactions. 1237-1243 194
• A Weak Parliamentary Opposition. 1244 194
• Growing Discontent. 1244-1254 195
• The Knights of the Shire in Parliament. 1254 196
• Fresh Exactions. 1254-1257 196
• The Provisions of Oxford. 1258 198
• The Expulsion of the Foreigners. 1258 199
• Edward and the Barons. 1259 199
• The Breach amongst the Barons. 1259—1261 199
• Royalist Reaction and Civil War. 1261 200
• The Mise of Amiens. 1264 200
• The Battle of Lewes. 1264 201
• Earl Simon's Government. 1264—1265 201
• The Battle of Evesham. 1265 203
• The Last Years of Henry III. 1265—1272 204
• General Progress of the Country 206

CHAPTER XIV.
EDWARD I. AND EDWARD II.
EDWARD I., 1272—1307. EDWARD II., 1307—1327.

• The First Years of Edward I. 1272—1279 208
• Edward I. and Wales. 1276—1284 210
• Customs Duties. 1275 210
• Edward's Judicial Reforms. 1274—1290 212
• Edward's Legislation. 1279—1290 212
• Edward as a National and as a Feudal Ruler 212
• The Scottish Succession. 1285—1290 214
• Death of Eleanor of Castile. 1290 214
• The Award of Norham. 1291—1292 215
• Disputes with Scotland and France. 1293—1295 216
• The Model Parliament. 1295 218
• The First Conquest of Scotland. 1296 219
• The Resistance of Archbishop Winchelsey. 1296—1297 220
• The 'Confirmatio Cartarum.' 1297 220
• Wallace's Rising. 1297—1304 221
• The Second Conquest of Scotland. 1298—1304 221
• The Incorporation of Scotland with England. 1305 222
• Character of Edward's Dealings with Scotland 222
• Robert Bruce. 1306 223
• Edward's Third Conquest of Scotland and Death. 1306—1307 224
• Edward II. and Piers Gaveston. 1307—1312 224
• Success of Robert Bruce. 1307—1314 226
• Lancaster's Government. 1314—1322 228
• A Constitutional Settlement. 1322 228
• The Rule of the Despensers. 1322—1326 228
• The Deposition and Murder of Edward II. 1327 229

CHAPTER XV.
FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD III. TO THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI.
1327—1360.

• Mortimer's Government. 1327—1330 231
• The French Succession. 1328—1331 232
• Troubles in Scotland. 1331—1336 232
• Dispute with France. 1336—1337 234
• Edward's Allies. 1337—1338 235
• Chivalry and War 235
• Commerce and War 236
• Attacks on the North of France. 1338—1340 237
• Battle of Sluys. 1340 239
• Attacks on the West of France. 1341—1345 240
• The Campaign of Creçy. 1346 240
• The Tactics of Creçy. 1346 241
• The Battle of Creçy. August 26, 1346 242
• Battle of Nevill's Cross, and the Siege of Calais. 1346—1347 242
• Constitutional Progress. 1337—1347 243
• Edward's Triumph. 1347 246
• The Black Death. 1348 248
• The Statute of Labourers. 1351 248
• The Statute of Treasons. 1352 250
• The Black Prince in the South of France. 1355 251
• The Battle of Poitiers. 1356 251
• The Courtesy of the Black Prince 252
• Misery of France. 1356—1359 252
• Edward's Last Invasion. 1359—1360 252
• The Treaty of Bretigni. 1360 253