CHAPTER XVI.
REIGN OF EDWARD III. AFTER THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI.
1360—1377.
- The First Years of Peace. 1360—1364 254
- The Spanish Troubles. 1364—1368 254
- The Taxation of Aquitaine. 1368—1369 256
- The Renewed War. 1369—1375 256
- Anti-Papal Legislation. 1351—1366 257
- Predominance of the English Language 258
- Piers the Plowman. 1362 258
- The Anti-Clerical Party. 1371 259
- The Duke of Lancaster. 1374—1376 260
- John Wycliffe. 1366—1376 261
- Lancaster and the Black Prince. 1376 261
- The Good Parliament. 1376 262
- The Last Year of Edward III. 1376—1377 262
- Ireland from the Reign of John to that of Edward II. 264
- The Statute of Kilkenny. 1367 265
- Weakness of the English Colony. 1367—1377 265
CHAPTER XVII.
RICHARD II. AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION.
1377—1381.
- The First Years of Richard II. 1377—1378 266
- Wycliffe and the Great Schism. 1378—1381 266
- The Poll Taxes. 1379—1381 267
- The Peasants' Grievances 268
- The Peasants' Revolt. 1381 268
- The Suppression of the Revolt 269
- Results of the Peasants' Revolt 269
- Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' 270
- The Prologue of the 'Canterbury Tales' 270
- Chaucer and the Clergy 271
- Roads and Bridges 272
- Modes of Conveyance 273
- Hospitality and Inns 274
- Alehouses 274
- Wanderers 274
- Robbers and Criminals 275
- Justices of the Peace 277
CHAPTER XVIII.
RICHARD II. AND THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION.
1382—1399.
- Progress of the War with France. 1382—1386 278
- Richard's Growing Unpopularity. 1385—1386 278
- The Impeachment of Suffolk and the Commission of Regency. 1386 279
- The Lords Appellant and the Merciless Parliament. 1387—1388 279
- Richard's Restoration to Power. 1389 280
- Richard's Constitutional Government. 1389—1396 280
- Livery and Maintenance. 1390 281
- Richard's Domestic Policy. 1390—1391 281
- Richard's Foreign Policy. 1389—1396 282
- Richard's Coup d'État. 1397 282
- The Parliament of Shrewsbury. 1398 283
- The Banishment of Hereford and Norfolk. 1398 283
- Richard's Despotism. 1398—1399 283
- Henry of Lancaster in England. 1399 284
- The Deposition of Richard and the Enthronement of Henry IV. 1399 285
- Nature of the Claim of Henry IV. 286
PART IV.
LANCASTER, YORK, AND TUDOR. 1399—1509.
CHAPTER XIX.
HENRY IV. AND HENRY V.
HENRY IV., 1399—1413. HENRY V., 1413—1422.
- Henry's First Difficulties. 1399—1400 289
- Death of Richard II. 1400 291
- Henry IV. and the Church 291
- The Statute for the Burning of Heretics. 1401 292
- Henry IV. and Owen Glendower. 1400—1402 292
- The Rebellion of the Percies. 1402—1404 293
- The Commons and the Church. 1404 294
- The Capture of the Scottish Prince. 1405 295
- The Execution of Archbishop Scrope. 1405 296
- France, Wales, and the North. 1405—1408 296
- Henry, Prince of Wales. 1409—1410 297
- The Last Years of Henry IV. 1411-1413 298
- Henry V. and the Lollards. 1413-1414 299
- Henry's Claim to the Throne of France. 1414 300
- The Invasion of France. 1415 301
- The March to Agincourt. 1415 302
- The Battle of Agincourt, October 25, 1415 302
- Henry's Diplomacy. 1416-1417 303
- Henry's Conquest of Normandy. 1417-1419 303
- The Murder of the Duke of Burgundy and the Treaty of Troyes. 1419-1420 304
- The Close of the Reign of Henry V. 1420-1422 306
CHAPTER XX.
HENRY VI. AND THE LOSS OF FRANCE. 1422-1451.
- Bedford and Gloucester. 1422 307
- Bedford's Success in France. 1423-1424 307
- Gloucester's Invasion of Hainault. 1424 308
- Gloucester and Beaufort. 1425-1428 308
- The Siege of Orleans. 1428-1429 309
- Jeanne Darc and the Relief of Orleans. 1429 310
- The Coronation of Charles VII. and the Capture of the Maid. 1429-1430 311
- The Martyrdom at Rouen. 1431 312
- The Last Years of the Duke of Bedford. 1431-1435 312
- The Defection of Burgundy. 1435 313
- The Duke of York in France. 1436-1437 313
- The English Lose Ground. 1437-1443 313
- Continued Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester. 1439-1441 314
- Beaufort and Somerset. 1442-1443 317
- The Angevin Marriage Treaty. 1444-1445 317
- Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort. 1447 318
- The Loss of the French Provinces. 1448-1449 318
CHAPTER XXI.
THE LATER YEARS OF HENRY VI. 1450-1461.
- The Growth of Inclosures 320
- Increasing Power of the Nobility 321
- Case of Lord Molynes and John Paston 321
- Suffolk's Impeachment and Murder. 1450 322
- Jack Cade's Rebellion. 1450 322
- Rivalry of York and Somerset. 1450-1453 323
- The First Protectorate of the Duke of York. 1453-1454 323
- The First Battle of St. Albans and the Duke of York's Second Protectorate 324
- Discomfiture of the Yorkists. 1456-1459 325
- The Battle of Northampton and the Duke of York's Claim to the Throne. 1460 326
- The Battle of Wakefield. 1460 327
- The Battle of Mortimer's Cross and the Second Battle of St. Albans. 1461 328
- The Battle of Towton and the Coronation of Edward IV. 1461 328
CHAPTER XXII.
THE YORKIST KINGS.
1461—1485.
- Edward IV. and the House of Commons. 1461 329
- Loss of the Mediæval Ideals 330
- Fresh Efforts of the Lancastrians. 1462—1465 331
- Edward's Marriage. 1464 331
- Estrangement of Warwick. 1465—1468 332
- Warwick's Alliance with Clarence. 1469—1470 332
- The Restoration of Henry VI. 1470 333
- Edward IV. recovers the Throne. 1471 334
- Edward IV. prepares for War with France. 1471—1474 334
- The Invasion of France. 1475 336
- Fall and Death of Clarence. 1476—1478 336
- The Last Years of Edward IV. 1478—1483 336
- Edward V. and the Duke of Gloucester. 1483 337
- Fall of the Queen's Relations. 1483 338
- Execution of Lord Hastings 338
- Deposition of Edward V. 1483 340
- Buckingham's Rebellion. 1483 341
- Murder of the Princes. 1483 342
- Richard's Government. 1484—1485 342
- Richard Defeated and Slain at Bosworth. 1485 343
CHAPTER XXIII.
HENRY VII. 1485—1509.
- The First Measures of Henry VII. 1485—1486 343
- Maintenance and Livery 345
- Lovel's Rising. 1486 346
- Lancaster and York in Ireland. 1399—1485 346
- Insurrection of Lambert Simnel. 1487 347
- The Court of Star Chamber. 1487 348
- Henry VII. and Brittany. 1488—1492 348
- Cardinal Morton's Fork. 1491 349
- The Invasion of France. 1492 349
- Perkin Warbeck. 1491—1494 350
- Poynings' Acts. 1494 350
- Perkin's First Attempt on England. 1495 351
- The Intercursus Magnus. 1496 351
- Kildare Restored to the Deputyship. 1496 352
- Perkin's Overthrow. 1496—1497 352
- European Changes. 1494—1499 352
- Execution of the Earl of Warwick. 1499 354
- Prince Arthur's Marriage and Death. 1501—1502 354
- The Scottish Marriage. 1503 356
- Maritime Enterprise 356
- Growth of the Royal Power 356
- Empson and Dudley 357
- Henry and his Daughter-in-law. 1502—1505 357
- The Last Years of Henry VII. 1505—1509 357
- Architectural Changes and the Printing Press 358
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
- FIG. Page
- Palæolithic flint scraper from Icklingham, Suffolk 2
- Palæolithic flint implement from Hoxne, Suffolk 2
(From Evans's 'Ancient Stone Implements') - Engraved bone from Cresswell Crags, Derbyshire 3
(From the original in the British Museum) - Neolithic flint arrow-head from Rudstone, Yorks 3
- Neolithic celt or cutting instrument from Guernsey 3
- Neolithic axe from Winterbourn Steepleton, Dorset 4
(From Evans's 'Ancient Stone Implements') - Example of early British pottery 4
- 9. Examples of early British pottery 5
(From Greenwell's 'British Barrows') - Bronze celt from the Isle of Harty, Kent 6
- Bronze lance-head found in Ireland 6
- Bronze caldron found in Ireland 6
(From Evans's 'Ancient Bronze Implements') - View of Stonehenge 7
(From a photograph) - Part of a British gold corselet found at Mold, now
in the British Museum 9
(From the 'Archæologia') - Bust of Julius Cæsar 10
(From the original in the British Museum) - Commemorative tablet of the Second Legion found at Halton Chesters on the Roman Wall 17
- View of part of the Roman Wall 18
- Ruins of a mile-castle on the Roman Wall 18
(From Bruce's 'Handbook to the Roman Wall,' 2nd edition) - Part of the Roman Wall at Leicester 19
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Pediment of a Roman temple found at Bath 20
(Reduced from the 'Archæologia') - Roman altar from Rutchester 21
(From Bruce's 'Handbook to the Roman Wall', 2nd edition) - Plan of the city of Old Sarum 34
(From the Ordnance Survey Plan) - View of Old Sarum 35
(Reduced from Sir R. C. Hoare's 'History of Modern Wiltshire. Old and New Sarum') - Saxon church at Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts 51
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Saxon horsemen 53
- Group of Saxon warriors 53
(From Harl. MS. 603) - Remains of a viking ship from Gokstad 56
(From a photograph of the original at Christiania) - Gold ring of Æthelwulf 57
- Gold jewel of Ælfred found at Athelney 59
(From 'Archæological Journal') - An English vessel 60
- A Saxon house 61
(From Harl. MS. 603) - A monk driven out of the King's presence 66
(From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - Rural life in the eleventh century. January to June 70
- Rural life in the eleventh century. July to December 71
(From Cott. MS. Julius A. vi.) - Plan and section of a burh of the eleventh century
at Laughton-en-le-Morthen, Yorks 74
(From G. T. Clark's 'Mediæval Military Architecture') - Glass tumbler 76
- Drinking-glass 76
- Comb and case of Scandinavian type found at York 77
(From the originals in the British Museum) - Martyrdom of St. Edmund by the Danes 82
(From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - First Great Seal of Eadward the Confessor (obverse) 86
(From an original impression) - Hunting. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 87
(Reduced from 'Vetusta Monumenta,' vol. vi.) - Tower in the earlier style, church at Earl's Barton 91
- Tower in the earlier style, St. Benet's church,
Cambridge 91
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Building a church in the later style 92
(From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - Normans feasting; with Odo, bishop of Bayeux,
saying grace. 93
(From the Bayeux Tapestry) - Harold swearing upon the Relics. 94
(From the Bayeux Tapestry) - A Norman ship. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 95
- Norman soldiers mounted. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 95
- Group of archers on foot. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 96
- Men fighting with axes. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 97
- Death of Harold. (From the Bayeux Tapestry) 98
(Reduced from 'Vetusta Monumenta,' vol. vi.) - Coronation of a king, temp. William the Conqueror 99
(From a drawing belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - Silver penny of William the Conqueror, struck at
Romney 101
(From an original specimen) - Silver penny of William the Conqueror, struck at Romney 101
(From an original specimen) - East end of Darenth church, Kent 107
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Part of the nave of St. Alban's abbey church 109
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee) - Facsimile of a part of Domesday Book relating to Berkshire 112
(From the original MS. in the Public Record Office) - Henry I. and his queen Matilda 123
(From Hollis's 'Monumental Effigies') - Seal of Milo of Gloucester, showing mounted armed
figure in the reign of Henry I. 125
(From an original impression) - Monument of Roger, bishop of Salisbury, died 1139 127
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Porchester church, Hampshire, built about 1135 128
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 7th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Part of the nave of Durham cathedral, built about 1130 130
(From Scott's 'Mediæval Architecture,' London, J. Murray) - Keep of Rochester castle, built between 1126 and 1139 132
(From a photograph by Poulton & Sons, Lee) - Keep of Castle Rising, built about 1140-50 133
(From a photograph) - Tower of Castor church, Northamptonshire, built about 1145 136
(From Britton's 'Architectural Antiquities') - Effigies of Henry II. and queen Eleanor 139
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Ecclesiastical costume in the twelfth century 142
(From Cott. MS. Nero C. iv. f. 37) - A bishop ordaining a priest 144
- Small ship of the latter part of the twelfth century 146
(From 'Harley Roll,' Y. 6) - Part of the choir of Canterbury cathedral, in building 1175-1184 150
(From Scott's 'Mediæval Architecture,' London, J. Murray) - Mitre of archbishop Thomas of Canterbury, preserved at Sens 153
(From Shaw's 'Dresses and Decorations') - Military and civil costume of the latter part of the twelfth century 154
(From 'Harley Roll,' Y. 6) - Royal Arms of England from Richard I. to Edward III. 159
(From the wall arcade, south aisle of nave, Westminster Abbey) - The Galilee or Lady chapel, Durham cathedral,
built by bishop Hugh of Puiset, between 1180 and 1197 160
(From Scott's 'Mediæval Architecture,' London, J. Murray) - Effigy of a knight in the Temple church, London,
showing armour of the end of the twelfth century 162
(From Hollis's 'Monumental Effigies') - Effigies of Richard I. and queen Berengaria 164
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Part of the choir of Ripon cathedral, built during
the last quarter of the twelfth century 166
(From Scott's 'Mediæval Architecture,' London, J. Murray) - Lay costumes in the twelfth century 168
- Costume of shepherds in the twelfth century 168
(From Cott. MS. Nero C. iv. ff. 11 and 16) - Hall of Oakham castle, Rutland, built about 1185 170
(From Hudson Turner's 'Domestic Architecture') - Norman house at Lincoln, called the Jews' House 171
(From a photograph by Carl Norman, Tunbridge Wells) - Effigies of king John and queen Isabella 175
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Effigy of bishop Marshall of Exeter, died 1206 177
(From Murray's 'Handbook to the Southern Cathedrals') - Parsonage house of early thirteenth-century date at West Dean, Sussex 179
(From Hudson Turner's 'Domestic Architecture') - Effigy of a knight in the Temple church, London,
showing armour worn between 1190 and 1225 182
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Silver penny of John, struck at Dublin 184
(From an original example) - Effigy of Henry III. (From his tomb at Westminster) 186
- Effigy of William Longespée, earl of Salisbury,
died 1227, from his tomb at Salisbury, showing armour
worn from about 1225 to 1250 187
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Effigy of Simon, bishop of Exeter, died 1223 188
(From Murray's 'Handbook to the Southern Cathedrals') - Beverley Minster, Yorkshire, the south transept;
built about 1220—1230 189
(From Britton's 'Architectural Antiquities') - Longthorpe manor house, Northamptonshire, built about 1235 192
(From Hudson Turner's 'Domestic Architecture') - A ship in the reign of Henry III. 193
- A bed in the reign of Henry III. 196
(From Cott. MS. Nero D. i. ff. 21 and 22 b) - Barn of thirteenth-century date at Raunds, Northamptonshire 197
(From Hudson Turner's 'Domestic Architecture') - A fight between armed and mounted knights of the time of Henry III. 201
(From Cott. MS. Nero D. i. f. 4) - Seal of Robert Fitzwalter, showing a mounted knight
in complete mail armour; date about 1265 202
(From an original impression) - Effigy of a knight at Gosperton, showing armour worn
from about 1250 to 1300; date about 1270 203
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Building operations in the reign of Henry III., with
the king giving directions to the architect 204
(From Cott. MS. Nero D. i. f. 23 b) - East end of Westminster abbey church; begun by Henry III. in 1245 205
(From a photograph) - Nave of Salisbury cathedral church, looking west;
date, between 1240 and 1250 206
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee) - A king and labourers in the reign of Henry III. 207
(From Cott. MS. Nero D. i. f. 21 b) - Great Seal of Edward I. (slightly reduced) 209
(From an original impression) - Group of armed knights and a king in ordinary
dress; date, temp. Edward I. 211
(From Arundel MS. 83, f. 132) - Nave of Lichfield cathedral church, looking east; built about 1280 213
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee) - Effigy of Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I.,
in Westminster abbey 215
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Cross erected near Northampton by Edward I. in memory
of queen Eleanor 217
(From a photograph) - Sir John d'Abernoun, died 1277, from his brass at
Stoke Dabernon; showing armour worn from about 1250 to 1300 219
(From Waller's 'Monumental Brasses') - Edward II. from his monument in Gloucester cathedral 225
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Lincoln cathedral, the central tower; built about 1310 227
(From Britton's 'Architectural Antiquities') - Sir John de Creke, from his brass at Westley
Waterless, Cambridgeshire; showing armour worn between
1300 and 1335 or 1340; date, about 1325 229
(From Waller's 'Monumental Brasses') - Howden church, Yorkshire, the west front 230
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 7th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Effigies of Edward III. and queen Philippa, from
their tombs in Westminster abbey 233
(From Blore's 'Monumental Remains') - A knight—Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, who died
1345—receiving his helm and pennon from his wife;
another lady holds his shield 236
(From the Luttrell Psalter, 'Vetusta Monumenta') - William of Hatfield, second son of Edward III.,
from his tomb in York Minster 237
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - York Minster, the nave, looking west 238
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee) - Royal Arms of Edward III., from his tomb 239
(From a photograph) - Shooting at the butts with the long bow 241
- Contemporary view of a fourteenth-century walled town 243
(From the Luttrell Psalter, 'Vetusta Monumenta') - Gloucester cathedral church, the choir, looking east 244
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee) - The lord's upper chamber or solar at Sutton Courtenay manor-house; date, about 1350 245
- Interior of the hall at Penshurst, Kent; built about 1340 246
- A small house or cottage at Meare, Somerset; built about 1350 247
- Norborough Hall, Northamptonshire; built about 1350 247
(From Hudson Turner's 'Domestic Architecture') - Ploughing 248
- Harrowing; and a boy slinging stones at the birds 248
- Breaking the clods with mallets 249
- Cutting weeds 249
- Reaping 249
- Stacking corn 250
- Threshing corn with a flail 250
(From the Luttrell Psalter, 'Vetusta Monumenta') - West front of Edington church, Wilts; built about 1360 253
(From Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 7th edition, by J. H. Parker) - Gold noble of Edward III. 255
(From an original example) - Effigy of Edward the Black Prince; from his tomb at Canterbury 256
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester
1367-1404; from his tomb at Winchester 260
(From Murray's 'Handbook to the Southern Cathedrals') - Tomb of Edward III. in Westminster abbey 263
(From Blore's 'Monumental Remains') - Figures of Edward the Black Prince and Lionel
duke of Clarence; from the tomb of Edward III. 264
(From Hollis's 'Monumental Effigies') - Richard II. and his first queen, Anne of Bohemia;
from their tomb in Westminster abbey 267
(From Hollis's 'Monumental Effigies') - Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer 270
(From Harl MS. 4866) - A gentleman riding out with his hawk 271
- Carrying corn, a cart going uphill 272
- State carriage of the fourteenth century 273
- Bear-baiting 275
(From the Luttrell Psalter, 'Vetusta Monumenta') - West end of the nave of Winchester cathedral church 276
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee) - Meeting of Henry of Lancaster and Richard II. at Flint 284
- Henry of Lancaster claiming the throne 285
(From Harl MS. 1319) - Effigy of a knight at Clehonger, showing development
of plate armour; date about 1400 287
(From Hollis's 'Monumental Effigies') - Henry IV. and his queen Joan of Navarre; from their
tomb in Canterbury cathedral church 290
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Royal arms as borne from about 1408 to 1603 291
(From a fifteenth-century seal) - Thomas Cranley, archbishop of Dublin; from his
brass at New College, Oxford, showing the archiepiscopal
costume 292
(From Waller's 'Monumental Brasses') - The Battle of Shrewsbury 294
- Fight in the lists with poleaxes 297
(From Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. ff. 4 and 7) - Costume of a judge about 1400; from a brass at Deerhurst 298
(From Waller's 'Monumental Brasses') - Henry V. 300
(From an original portrait belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - 154. Effigy of William Phelip, lord Bardolph; from
his tomb at Dennington, Suffolk 304
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Marriage of Henry V. and Catherine of France 305
(From Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. f. 22) - Henry VI. 308
(From an original picture in the National Portrait Gallery) - Fotheringay church, Northamptonshire; begun in 1434 311
(From a photograph by G. A. Nichols, Stamford) - 159. Front and back views of the gilt-latten
effigy of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, died
1439; from his tomb at Warwick 314, 315
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Tattershall castle, Lincolnshire; built between 1433 and 1455 316
(From a photograph by G. A. Nichols, Stamford) - Part of Winfield manor-house, Derbyshire; built about 1440 318
(From a photograph by R. Keene, Derby) - The Divinity School, Oxford; built between 1445 and 1454 319
(From a photograph by W. H. Wheeler, Oxford) - A sea-fight 325
(From Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. f. 18 b) - Effigy of Sir Robert Harcourt, K.G., showing
armour worn from about 1445 to 1480 326
(From Stothard's 'Monumental Effigies') - Edward IV. 330
(From an original portrait belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - A fifteenth-century ship 333
(From Harl. MS. 2278, f. 16) - Large ship and boat of the fifteenth century 339
(From Cott. MS. Julius E. iv. f. 5) - Richard III. 341
(From an original portrait belonging to the Society of Antiquaries) - Henry VII. 344
- Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII. 345
(From original pictures in the National Portrait Gallery) - Tudor Rose; from the chapel of Henry VII., Westminster 346
- Tower of St. Mary's church, Taunton; built about 1500 353
(From Britton's 'Architectural Antiquities') - King's College Chapel, Cambridge; interior, looking east 355
(From a photograph by Valentine & Sons, Dundee)