- Abert, Lieutenant, cited on friendly attitude of Ácomas, 140.
- Ácoma (Peñol), 14-19, 218;
- dwellings on, 19-21;
- industries, 21-22, 159;
- cisterns on, 25-26, 122;
- trails, 27-29;
- church, 34-39, 128;
- historical evidences of, 56, 58, 60-61, 63;
- Espéjo’s description of, 65;
- Oñate’s visit, 74;
- taken by the Spaniards, 80-85;
- rebuilding of, 88-89;
- Spanish administration of, 93, 97;
- aloofness and isolation, 95, 140;
- patron saint of, 104;
- size of, in 1680, 115;
- not active in revolt of that year, 115;
- the coming of Vargas (1692), 118-122;
- uprising and defeat (1696), 123-126;
- hostility to the mission, etc., 127-128;
- dispute with Laguna over painting of San José, 128-132;
- education in, under the Federal government, 139-140;
- the Bursum Bill, 143,
- and the appeal of the Ácomas, 144-146;
- racial origin relationships, 157, 162-164, 197;
- origin of pueblo, 157-159;
- rock-paintings and carvings at, 161;
- details concerning, in creation story, 164;
- present population, 164;
- folk-tales from, 198-208;
- corn clans of, 247;
- ritual celebrations at, 253-260.
- See also St. Stephen, Trails.
- Ácoma Indians. See Pueblo Indians.
- Acomita, farm-lands at, 33;
- summer migration to, of Ácoma (Pueblo) Indians, 159.
- Agüelo (grandfather), 223.
- A-Ko-Kai-Obi, Hopi name for Ácoma, 163.
- All Souls’ Day, 257.
- Alvarado, first white man to see Ácoma, 16, 57-60.
- Amaya, Doña Casilda de, first white woman to enter New Mexico, 64.
- Animism, 242.
- Apache Indian, influence of, in the Southwest, 9 n.
- Architecture, among the “Pueblo Arts,” 156.
- Art, Pueblo, 156, 161;
- sand (dry) painting, 163.
- See also Architecture, Pottery.
- Awanyu, plumed serpent, 233.
- Ayeta, Father, 113;
- part played by, in Pueblo Revolt of 1680, 114-115.
- Bibliography, 299.
- Bird cult, 233-234.
- Bolton, Dr. H. E., acknowledgment to, viii;
- first use of Espéjo’s narrative, 65;
- unpublished translation of an anonymous diarist, 85-87;
- missions as agents of the State, 88, 92.
- Buffalo, “humpbacked cow,” discovery of, 58, 61.
- Burial, among the Pueblo Indians, 39 and n., 40-42.
- Bursum Bill, 143-144.
- Cacique (Kasik), tenure of office, 186;
- duties, 186-187, 224;
- chosen by, and from Antelope Clan, 188, 189.
- Caypa (San Juan de los Caballeros), 73.
- Cedar Brew, in purification ritual, 41.
- Ceremonies (Ceremonials) among the Pueblo Indians, color scarlet in relation to, 39 n.;
- election, United States represented in, 135,
- description of, 189-190;
- effect of white man’s contempt for, 143;
- purpose, 152, 247-250;
- Snake, 163, 233, 246, 255;
- sacerdotal functions of war chiefs, 187;
- prerogatives of Antelope Clan, 188;
- purification (1864), 190,
- story of, 191-192;
- Santu, 221-222;
- christening, 222;
- priesthoods, 229,
- origin, 231;
- Painted Altar, 231;
- fertilization, psychological characteristic of, 234-235, 263;
- underlying motives, 245-246;
- classification of, 247-248;
- hunts, 252;
- friendship, 255;
- All Souls’ Day, 257;
- Christmas, 258;
- uses of pottery in, 276.
- Chamuscado, Francisco Sanchez, with Rodríguez’ expedition, 62.
- Cheani, 40, 40 n. 2.
- Child-sacrifice, 220.
- Children in the Pueblos, christening of, 222-223;
- obedience of, 223;
- participation in dance, 260.
- Christianity, Indians’ attitude toward, 132.
- Cíbola, discovery of, 61.
- Clan, or Kinship, priority of, in pueblo social organization, 177, 180;
- clans grouped in pairs, 178;
- Kroeber’s differentiation of family and clan, 178;
- relation of clan to fraternity, 180-182.
- Clans, ranking of, 188;
- maternal, and exogamous among Ácomas, 221.
- Cliff dwellings, vs. those on level soil, priority of, 151.
- Colchones, 22.
- Color, scarlet, relation to burial wrappings and ceremonials, 39 n. 1.
- Color-symbols, of respective six “points of the compass,” 214, 247.
- Colorado River, discovery of, 61.
- Corchado, Fray Andres, missionary to Ácoma, 93.
- Corn (maize), ceremonial motive, 246.
- Corn Clans of Ácoma, 247.
- Coronado, expedition of, 57-61.
- Creation story, 212-216;
- Ácoma detail in, 164.
- Cross, symbol, 237-239;
- below the Rock of Ácoma, 239.
- Culture-hero myth, 216.
- December ceremonial at Ácoma, a complex of Christian and pagan customs, 258-260.
- Diary, account of Oñate’s expedition, 85-86.
- Duality of the American Indian, 224, 235.
- Early Chroniclers, 14.
- Education of the Pueblo Indian:
- under the padres, 138;
- under Mexico, 138;
- under United States government, 139-140.
- El Paso, the Crossing, first home of European drama in the Southwest, 72.
- Encomenderos, and encomienda system, 90.
- Espéjo, Antonio de, expeditions of, 64-67;
- opened third pathway to New Mexico, 66.
- Estévan, negro (“Black Mexican”), 52-53;
- death of, 54.
- Estufas, 45;
- educational and council uses of, 48;
- distinction between, and Kiva, 48-49.
- Family, differentiated from clan, 178-179;
- the family a partnership, 184;
- marriage and divorce, 184-185.
- Fasts, 248.
- Federal government. See United States.
- Fetishes, strong influence of, in Pueblo Indian organization, 182-183, 230-234.
- Folk-tales defined, 194;
- scanty contribution of Pueblo Indians, 196;
- of Ácoma, 198-208.
- See also Myths.
- Four, the number a sacred symbol, 236-237.
- Fraternity (phratry), relation of, to clan, 180-182;
- function of, 181.
- Gallo Race, 268-269.
- Games, Indians’ devotion to, 262-263;
- underlying socio-religious significance, 263-264, 271;
- purpose and periods of, 263-264;
- disciplinary training of, 264-265;
- two kinds of—chance and dexterity, 265-267, 269;
- of native origin, 266;
- implements used in, and derivation of, 266;
- ball-race, 267;
- shinny (by women only), 268;
- Gallo race, 268;
- cat’s cradle, 270.
- Gaming, Indians’ passion for, 262-263.
- Gave, 21.
- Grand Cañon, discovery of, 61.
- Ha-chamoni, 40 n. 3.
- Hamaha, 31.
- Háwikuh, 55-56.
- Hewe, 21 n. 2.
- Hoinawe, 41.
- Hopi Indians, racial relationships, 161-164.
- Inscription Rock, 6.
- Gonad del Muerto, 96.
- Kahera, 32.
- Kasik, Keres form of Cacique, 42 n. 1.
- See also Cacique.
- K’at’sina or Katsina, or Cachina, 186, 235.
- Katzímo (Enchanted mesa or Mesa Encantada), the “accursed,” 15, 118, 159, 166;
- legend of, 167-168;
- ritual performances at, 169-170;
- present-day knowledge of, 170-175;
- ascents of, by Hodge and by Libbey, 171-174;
- elevation of, 173;
- proofs of human occupation of, 175.
- Keres (Queres), kindred nations, 157, n. 1;
- priesthoods of, 229.
- Keresans, racial origin, 157, 161-164.
- Kinship, place of, in pueblo social organization, 177-180.
- Kisi, description of, 49.
- Kivas, 45-49;
- number, 45;
- forms, 46;
- signification of, 46;
- educational uses, 47-48;
- distinction between, and estufas, 48;
- not temples, 49.
- Komanina (long house), 260.
- Laguna, 15,
- founded, 129;
- church, decoration of, 36;
- hostility to missionary, 127;
- rivalry with Ácoma over painting of San José, 128-132;
- Santu a male deity in her cult, 221.
- Lightning, symbol of serpent, 232.
- Lincoln, President, presentation of official cane to Indian Pueblo governors, 134-135.
- Maize. See Corn.
- Mendoza, Antonio de, Viceroy, 52.
- Mesa Prieta, 27 n. 2.
- Mesas, 4 n.
- Metates, corn-grinding trough, 21.
- Monster Viper, Myth, 219.
- Montezuma, god of the Pueblos, 216 n. 3, 218.
- Myths, 209-220;
- universality of a myth, 209;
- explanatory: (1) inclusive, (2) particularistic, 210-211;
- ritualization of, 212-215;
- culture-hero, 216;
- in connection with children, 221-224.
- Navajo Indian, the, 9;
- Commissioner Leupp’s comment on white man’s attitude toward, 142.
- Navajo Reservation, 7.
- New Mexico, formal Spanish possession of, 72;
- missions and missionaries in, 94-96, 102;
- made a custodio and named for San Pablo, 94;
- pueblos of, 135.
- See also Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Sedentary Indians, United States.
- Niza, Marcos de, 52, 54, 56.
- Oñate, 6 n.;
- founder of New Mexico, 67;
- expedition of, 69-85;
- diary, 85, 86;
- his marriage connections, 69;
- official titles, 71;
- revenge taken on Ácomas, 79-85.
- Padilla, Fray Juan de, proto-martyr of the north, 57.
- Painted altar, ceremonial trait, 231.
- Parentalia, 248.
- Pecos (Cicuyé), 57, 218.
- Peñol, “the Crag.” See Ácoma.
- Pictographs, expression of Pueblo art, 156.
- Piki, 21 n. 2.
- Plains Indians, contrasted with Sedentary Indians, 155, 156.
- Popé, Indian instigator of Pueblo Revolt of 1680, 107-110;
- his chief assistants, 109;
- brief victory, 116;
- death, 117.
- Pottery, art of, a determinator of time relations, 150;
- evidences of, at Katzímo, 171, 174;
- Thunder Bird motif in, 210;
- historical sketch of, in the Southwest, 272;
- the three pre-Columbian groups, 273-274;
- first incentive toward, 274;
- development of, 275, 278;
- use of color, 277-278;
- vessels set aside for ceremonial uses, 276;
- personality ascribed to, 279;
- decoration of, free-hand, but not haphazard, 280;
- fuel for firing, 281;
- importance of, in search for race origins, 284.
- Pueblo, significance of word, 149 n. 1;
- Terraced, 19.
- Pueblo (Ácoma) Indians, compared with Plains Indians, 10, 12, 217;
- dwellings of, 19-20;
- separateness of, family or clan, 20;
- industries, 21-22, 282;
- dress, 23-25;
- self-respect, 31;
- cleanliness, 33;
- evidences of American influence, 33;
- lack of domestic animals, 155;
- annual summer migration to Acomita, 159;
- clans, maternal and exogamous, 221;
- children, birth, christening, 221-223.
- Political and civil organization, 50;
- relation to Federal government, 135;
- republican in form, 177;
- theocratic, 182, 185;
- property relations, 182;
- based on fetishism, 182-183;
- officials and their duties, 185-189;
- election of officers, and their installation, 189-190.
- See also Ceremonies, Education, Lincoln, United States, World War.
- Pueblo Indians, Social organization, in Stone Age, at time of Spanish Conquest, 277.
- See also Ácoma, Burial, Ceremonies, Education, Myths, etc.
- Pueblo region, extent of, 148.
- Pueblo Revolt of 1680, 106-117;
- in 1696, 123-126.
- See also Ayeta.
- Ramírez, Fray Juan, 28;
- the church he built, 34-39, 103;
- Apostle of Ácoma, 96;
- brief sketch of, 99-102;
- death and burial, 104.
- Rituals (religious beliefs), purification, 41, 247;
- foot-race, 55;
- sand mosaics, 163;
- myths ritualized, 212-215, 221-224;
- increase of children, 221;
- elaborate organization of, 225;
- myth and religion, 226-227;
- sun-worship, 227;
- contemplative quality of, 227;
- Nature, the Great Spirit, 228;
- priesthoods, 229;
- classification of, 247-248;
- at Ácoma, 252-253, 255;
- Smoking an essential element, 50, 274.
- See also Bird, Ceremonies, Estufa, Fetish, Katzímo, Kisi, Kiva, Serpent, etc.
- Rodríguez, Fray Agustin, expedition of, 62-64.
- St. Stephen (San Estévan), church of, 34, 103, 104, 121;
- feast-day of, 256.
- See also Ramírez, Vargas.
- Salt, need of, a motive for migration, 148.
- San Gabriel, headquarters of Oñate, 89.
- San José, miracle-working painting of, 36, 130;
- rivalry for, between Ácoma and Laguna, 128, 132.
- San Juan de los Caballeros (Caypa), second permanent colony in the United States, 73.
- Sierra de San Mateo, mountain sacred to Keres people, 27.
- San Pablo (New Mexico), 94.
- San Pedro, patron saint of Ácoma church for short time, 37, 128.
- Sanchez, Mrs. N. V., acknowledgment to, 196.
- Sand painting (dry mosaics), 164.
- Santa Fé, founded, 89.
- Santa María, fate of, 63.
- Santu Cult, male deity, 221.
- Saukin, Ácoma word for friend, 255.
- Sedentary Indians of New Mexico, 14 n.;
- contrast between and the nomad or Plains Indians, 155-156.
- Serpent cult, 231-233.
- Shamans (Shamanism), 241-242, 248.
- Shoshonean, racial relationships, 161.
- Sía (Zía, Tsía), nearest of kin to Ácoma as tribe, 157, 158.
- Si-pa-pu, place of emergence for all created beings, 40, 41, 46, 215;
- “north of Taos,” 167 n., 234;
- the path to heaven, 215.
- Six “points of the compass,” 213-214;
- separate color-symbols of, 214.
- Smoking and ceremonials, 57, 274.
- Songs, universal in Indian life and worship, 195, 250;
- corn-grinding, 21;
- of the corn-people, 195.
- Spanish administration of the New World, 90-93.
- Spier, Dr. Leslie, acknowledgment to, viii.
- Swastika, 238.
- Sweat-bath, 248.
- Mt. Taylor (Spi-nat), 27 n. 1.
- Thunder-Bird, myth of, 210.
- Time, the reckoning of, 253.
- To-ya-la-na, Thunder Mountain, shrine of the Zuñi, 261.
- Trails from the mesa of Ácoma, 27-29;
- Burro, 29;
- Camino del Padre, constructed by Ramírez, 104;
- Deadman’s, 28, 192;
- Ladder, 23;
- New, 29;
- Runner’s, 28, 192;
- Split, 27, 29;
- Staircase, 29.
- Treviño, Spanish governor of New Mexico, 107.
- Tupatú, Popé’s assistant in 1680, 109, 117.
- United States, the second permanent settlement in, 73;
- relations with Pueblo government represented in election ceremony, 134, 135;
- Reports of Indian Commissioners quoted, 136-139, 142;
- educational statistics, 139-140;
- increasing hostility and misunderstanding between the two, 140-144, 254;
- danger and tragedy in the Bursum Bill, 143-144;
- “Appeal of the Ácomas,” 144-146.
- Utinat, 24.
- Vaca, Cabeza de, 51.
- Vargas, General Diego de, reconquest of New Mexico, 117-126;
- submission of Ácoma to, 118-122;
- his description of the shrine of St. Stephen, 121;
- final conquest of, 125-126.
- Vigas, 20, 27, 38.
- Villagrá, Gaspar de, soldier and poet, 69-70;
- adventure at Ácoma, 75-76, 82, 84;
- his famous leap, 30.
- Walpi, 11, 255;
- the tie between, and Ácoma, 162.
- Witchcraft, 153.
- Witches, 239.
- World-War, and the Pueblo Indians, 137-138, 215.
- Zaldívar, Vicente de, leader of attack on Ácoma, 80-85.
- Zárate Salmerón, Father, missionary and historian, 93-94;
- visits Ácoma, 93.
- Zuñi (and Ácoma), 198;
- Zuñi name for Keres, means “Drinkers of the Dew,” 157.
- Zutucapán, cacique of Ácoma, 75-76;
- plans foiled to murder Oñate, 76;
- attack on Spaniards with Zaldívar, 77-78.
About This Book
A compilation of historical records and ethnographic research traces the pueblo perched on a high mesa inhabited by the Keres people, assembling Spanish expedition accounts and later archaeological and anthropological studies. It reconstructs episodes of siege and rebuilding, missionary contact and conversion efforts, the community's role in regional uprisings, and its relations with federal authorities. Complementing the narrative are collected oral traditions, migration legends, clan and social organization, religious beliefs, and ceremonial rites. Material culture is treated through descriptions of pottery, games, and artifacts, and the author synthesizes prior scholarship to present a comparative perspective on Pueblo institutions and ritual life.