INDEX
INDEX
A
Anastomosis, 63, 127, 172
how far observed by Harvey, 128
Harvey states his views on, 179, 180
Aneurism
pulsation of an, 15
axillary, its bearing on the pulse, 30
its effect on the pulse, 135
Animals
importance of dissecting the lower, 42
Aorta
why its walls thicker than those of the pulmonary artery, 107
case in which portion of, ossified, 137
Argent, Dr.
dedication of treatise on Heart and Blood to, 5
Aristotle
referred to, vii, 27
on the pulse, 30
on the chick, 34
quoted in support of pulsation of heart of embryo, 46
circular motion of rain suggested by, compared to that of the blood, 56
on the heart, 93, 97, 105, 166
his error regarding the mitral valve, 101
on the study of the lower animals, 137
on trusting to the senses, 160
Arteriotomy
experiments of, 14, 28, 29, 129, 163
outflow of blood in, 29
Arteries
ancient views regarding the, ix
contain blood only, 12
contain same blood as the veins, 12
Galen’s experiment on, 12
filled like bladders, not like bellows, 13
dilation of, due to impulse of blood, 14
diastole of, corresponds to systole of heart, 29
called veins, by Galen, 30, and the ancients, 57
why empty after death, 62, 140
coronary, supply the heart itself, 88
reason for greater thickness of coats of, 106
nearer to heart, more they differ from veins, 106
contained only aërial spirits, according to Erasistratus, 140
Artery
ligature of an, of a snake, 66
experiment of dividing an, 129, 146
experiment on an exposed uncut, 136
case of ossification of portion of an, 137
Arundel, Earl of
Harvey accompanied the, on an embassy to the Emperor, xxii
Aselli
discovered the lacteals, 117, 186
lacteal vessels of, referred to by Harvey, 197
B
Baer, Von
Harvey, a precursor of, xxi
Bandages
on the arm to show flow of blood in the veins, 81 et seq.
Bauhin, Caspar
his observations on the heart, 31
Bibliography
of Harvey’s works, xxiv
Bird
observations on the beat of the heart of a, 33
observations on the heart of the chick, 34, 36
Blood
its course from veins to arteries, 42
in the lower animals, 43
in the fœtus, 44
its passage through the lungs, 48
quantity of, passing through the heart, 55
circular motion of the, 56
demonstrated from impossibility of whole amount of, being derived from the ingesta, 58
amount ejected from ventricle at each beat, 59
enters a limb by arteries, leaves it by veins, 67
circulation of, proved by experiments with ligatures, 67, 68
quantity of, passing through bloodvessels supports circulation, 76
circulation of, supported by valves in the veins, 78
manner of escape of, in surgical operations, 107
the whole of the, circulates, 114
is cooled in passing through the lungs, 122
force with which it flows from an artery, 136
is of same nature in arteries and veins, 138, 143
reasons why a different view has been held, 139, 140
velocity of, varies in different parts, and at different times, 156
gives heat to the heart, 167
passage of, from arteries to veins, xvi, 168
C
Cæsalpinus, Andreas
claimed in Italy as the discoverer of the Circulation, xi
this claim criticised, xii
Calidum innatum, 145
not distinct from the blood, 146
Canalis arteriosus
of fœtus, shrinks gradually after birth, 45
Capillaries
too minute for Harvey to see, xvi
first observed by Malpighi, xvi
Carotid artery
experiment on the, 129
force with which blood flows from the, 136
Charles I.
his interest in Harvey’s discovery, xviii
Harvey appointed physician to, xxii
remained such by request of the Parliament, xviii
dedication to, of treatise on Motion of Heart and Blood, 3
present at a demonstration by Harvey, 153
Chick
first sign of the heart in the, 34
Aristotle on, 34
observations of, on the fourth and fifth days of incubation, 36
Chordæ tendineæ, 99, 100
Chyle
absorbed by the blood, 92
vessels containing, 186
Circulation of the Blood
circulation as distinct from motion, xii
first suggested to Harvey’s mind, 56
compared to circular movement of rain as suggested by Aristotle, 56
confirmed by three propositions, 58
varies in rapidity, 61
explains the results of ligatures, 67 et seq.
explains phlebotomy, 73
summary account of, 85, 168
confirmed by probable reasons, 86
proved by certain consequences, 90
confirmed from structure of the heart in many different kinds of animals, 96
doctrine of the, the opposite to that vulgarly entertained, 108
first reply to Riolan on the, 111
applies to the whole of the blood, 114
in the mesentery, 119
coronary, or a third and very short, 125
through every part of the body, 126
second reply to Riolan on the, 133
reply to those who cry cui bono?, 149
reasons given by opponents for not accepting the, 149, 150
velocity of, varies with age, sex, temperament, etc., 156
influenced by the emotions, 158
recapitulation of work on Motion of Heart and Blood, 161
interference with, followed by dangerous results, 171
further illustrations of, 176 et seq.
Columbus, Realdus
claimed as discoverer of the Circulation, xi
referred to in relation to the Pulmonary Circulation, 12, 16, 50
Columnæ carneæ
of the heart, 99
Contagion
of disease spread, explained by circulation, 90
nature of, referred to by Harvey, 193
Contraction
the source of all animal motion, 102
of the fibres of the heart, 105
of muscles as aid to movement of blood in the veins, 116
Conviction
means of acquiring, of physical truths discussed, 158
Coronary
vessels supply the heart with blood, 88
circulation, a third, very short, 125
vein usually has a valve at its orifice, 125
D
Darcy, Sir Robert
case of, illustrating obstruction of the circulation through the heart, 155
Descartes
supports Harvey’s discovery, xvii
Harvey makes his acknowledgments to, 169
his observations of the heart of a fish, 169
his explanation of the pulse not accepted by Harvey, 170
Diastole and Systole
of arteries as of the heart, 138
constituting the pulse, 163
Dissection
uses of, 112
failed to reveal any of the “spirits” of the schoolmen, 141
Diuretic
drinks, their quick action in illustration of the large quantity of blood circulating, 49
Ductus arteriosus
shrinks gradually after birth, 45
its function in the fœtus, 98
E
Eel
observations on the heart of the, 33
Embryology
Harvey a pioneer in the science of, xx
Ent, Dr. George
persuaded Harvey to publish his treatise on Generation, xx
directed in Harvey’s will to present his books and collections to the College of Physicians, 216
Harvey left him his presses and shelves, 216
Epigenesis
Harvey’s doctrine of, xxi
Erasistratus
thought the arteries contained only spirits or air, 40, 140
Euripus
the tides of, the motion of the heart as perplexing as, 22
Galen refers to, in speaking of the use of the semilunar valves, 53
Riolan applies, to the movement of the blood in the mesenteric vessels, 115
Experience
importance of, for scientific observation, 160
Experiment
the direct appeal to, viii
Galen’s, to show arteries contain only blood, 12
Galen’s, to show arteries filled like bellows, controverted by Harvey, 14
of arteriotomy, 14, 28, 29
Galen’s, of dividing the trachea, 18
to observe the beating heart, 24
of dividing the gill vessels of fishes, 28
on the hearts of an eel, a fish, and a pigeon, 33
to show the capacity of the left ventricle, 59
on the heart of a snake, 65
of tying the veins below the heart in serpents and fishes, 65
on a man’s arm with a bandage, 68
on the veins of the arm by ligatures, 82, 84
of tying the vena cava near the heart and dividing carotid artery, 129
Galen’s, on an artery, 134
performed and disproved by Harvey, 135
on an exposed undivided artery, 136
to show the blood of arteries and veins the same, 138
to show the different character of outflow of blood from artery and vein, 147
to show blood cannot pass from heart by the veins, 147
with the dried intestine of a dog filled with water to illustrate the pulse, 152
on the jugular vein of a fallow deer, 153
by appeal to, endeavour to demonstrate circulation, 163
of dividing exposed artery to observe effect on pulse, 163
of tying the pulmonary veins, 165
of bandaging arm and plunging it into cold water, 168
of tying the vena portae, 171
of tying the vena cava near the crural veins, 172
on the body of a man recently hanged, to show course of blood through lungs, 177
F
Fabricius, Hieronymus, of Aquapendente
Harvey’s teacher of anatomy at Padua, xiv
his views on the heart and lungs, 9
pulmonary veins, 18
his anatomical work, 23
discovered the valves of the veins, 78
Finch, Heneage
Harvey’s cousin, advised him as to his will, 214
witness to codicil of Harvey’s will, 217
Fish
experiment on gill vessels of, 28
observations on the heart of, 33
the heart of, has only one ventricle, 42
auricles of the heart of, 103
Florence
Harvey refers to his visits to, 185, 194
and three of his nephews, 199
Flourens
on Harvey’s work, viii
Foramen ovale
of heart of fœtus, 20, 44
its significance in fœtal life, 47, 98
Frankfort-on-Main
Harvey’s treatise on the Heart and Blood first published there, xv
Fuliginous vapours
views of the ancients on, ix, 10, 11, 17
G
Galen
high regard in which he was held by mediævalists, vii
on the object of the pulse, 9
his experiment to show arteries contain only blood, 12
his experiment to prove arteries expand like bellows, and controverted by Harvey, 14
his experiment of dividing the trachea of a dog, 18
on the beat of the auricles, 32
quotations from, on movement of the blood, 40, 41
aware of the use of the semilunar valves, 51, 52
believed blood passed from right ventricle into the lungs, 53
on the structure of the heart, 105
his experiment on an artery, 134
performed and disproved by Harvey, 135
Galileo
at Padua with Harvey, vii, xiv
as a pioneer in scientific discovery, viii
Generation of Animals
Harvey’s treatise on, its publication, xx
interesting points in, xxi
Harvey refers to his work on the, 177
Quotation from, on the Acquisition of Knowledge, xix
H
Haller
on Harvey’s discovery, xiii
Harvey
as a pioneer in scientific discovery, viii
greatness of his discovery, viii, ix
his life, xiii et seq.
his views on controversy, xviii, 133
on the manner of acquiring knowledge, xix
his treatise on Generation, xxi, 177
his statue, xxii
oration in his memory, xxii
his brother Eliab, xxiii, 212, 219
his various works, xxiv
on the pursuit of truth, 7
describes how his discovery was received, 23
his letters, 175 et seq.
on the use of terms, 182
his will, 212
Heart
ideas about the, before the time of Harvey, ix
object of its beat connected with Respiration by old anatomists, 9
movements of the, 24
contracts and becomes paler at its beat, 24, 25
does not suck in the blood, 27
the auricles and ventricles of the, their movements, 31
the auricles of the, the primum vivens, ultimum moriens, 34
observations on the heart of the chick, 34, 36
always has auricles or something analogous, 35
of a shrimp, its movements studied, 36
movements of, summarised, 37
intimate connection of lungs and, a grand cause of error to the old observers, 39
of fish, has only one ventricle, 42
great vessels of the, in the embryo, 44
foramen ovale of the, in the fœtus, 44, 98, 165
of embryo, pulsation, etc., known to Aristotle, 45
compared figuratively to the sun, 57
amount of blood ejected at each beat of the, 59
of a live snake, observations on, 65
influenced by emotions, 87
curious case of distended heart under emotion, 156
coronary vessels of, 88
only organ containing blood for general use, 88
structure of the, in different classes of animals confirms the circulation, 97
papillary muscles and chordæ tendineæ of, 99
arrangement and use of the valves of the, 100
the heart a muscle and acts as such, so called by Hippocrates, 104
development of the, in the fœtus, 104
arrangement of the fibres of, 105
the first part which exists, 105
high importance of the, in the bodily economy, 105
distension of, after hanging, 154
Sir Robert Darcy’s case of ruptured, 155
receives heat from the blood, 167
innate heat of, suggested as cause of the pulse, 168
of the fish, observations of motions of the, 169
Hippocrates
entitled the heart a muscle, 104
his doctrine as to the constitution of the body, 142
Hobbes
on the reception of Harvey’s discovery, xvii
Hofmann, Caspar
letter of Harvey to, 175
Horst, J. D.
letters of Harvey to, 195, 197
Huxley, Prof. T. H.
on Harvey’s treatise on Generation, xxi
J
Jugular vein
Experiment of dividing the, in the fallow deer, to show course of the contained blood, 153
K
King, The. See Charles I.
L
Lacteals
discovered by Aselli, 117, 186
Harvey refers to the researches of Aselli and Pecquet on the, 186
Harvey discusses the, in a letter to R. Morison, 187, 188
Lamentius, Andreas
quoted by Harvey, 20, 22
Lennox, Duke of
Harvey accompanied him abroad, xxii
Letters
of Harvey, 173 et seq.
Ligature
of veins near the heart, 65
assuming circulation, action and use of ligatures readily understood, 67, 68
of vena cava, 129, 172
of pulmonary veins, 165
of vena portæ, 171
Liver
absorbed food passes through the, 49
absorbed chyle passes through the, 92
in the fœtus, 92
nature of blood brought to, 94
chyle transferred to, by mesenteric vessels, 118
Lungs
speculation on changes in the blood passing through the, 48
blood cooled on passing through the, 122, 145
course of blood through the, shown by an experiment on the body of a man recently hanged, 177
M
Malpighi
the first to observe the capillaries, xvi
Medical Observations
Harvey refers to his, 157, 158, 171
Medicines
externally applied confirm the circulation, 91
Mesentery
bloodvessels of, 94, 115
Harvey combats Riolan’s denial of circulation in vessels of the, 115
Harvey suggests an experiment to convince him, 171
valves in the mesenteric veins, 116
veins of, transfer chyle to the liver, 118
Metamorphosis
doctrine of, contrasted with that of Epigenesis, xxi
Mitral Valve
references to, 17, 101
Aristotle’s error regarding the, 101
Morison, R.
letter of Harvey to, 185
Movement
of the heart, 24, 36
of the auricles and ventricles, 31
of the heart summarised, 37
of the blood from veins to arteries, 42
of the blood in the fœtus, 44
lower animals, 43
is circular, 58
of the blood in the veins aided by the circumjacent muscles, 116
Muscle
the heart a, and so called by Hippocrates, 104
N
Nardi, John, of Florence
letters of Harvey to, 184, 193, 199
Nutrition of the Tissues
connection of the, with the circulation, 119
O
Oration, Harveian
founded by Harvey, delivered annually at the College of Physicians, xxii
P
Padua
Harvey and Galileo there together, vii, xiv
famous for its university, xiv
Harvey studies medicine at, xiv
Parr, Thomas
anatomical examination of the body of, 207
Pathology
how best advanced, 112
Pecquet
Harvey refers to his discovery of the Receptaculum Chyli, 186
Harvey praises his industry, 196
See also Lacteals
Phlebotomy
explained by the circulation, 73
shows nature of flow of blood in the veins, 154
influenced by temperature and mental state, 157
Physicians, College of
Harvey elected a Fellow of the, xv
Harvey built a Convocation Hall for, and gave books to, xvii
his treatise dedicated to President and Fellows of, 5
Physiology
importance of its study, 112
Poisons
action of, confirmatory of the circulation, 90
Pulmonary Artery
formerly supposed to carry nourishment to lungs, 17
why coats of, thinner than those of aorta, 107
transmits far more blood than required for nutrition, 108
Pulmonary Circulation
speculation as to its use, 48
follows from continual passage of blood from right ventricle to lungs, and from lungs to left ventricle, 54
course of, shown in body of a man recently hanged, 177
Pulmonary Veins
ancient views regarding their function, 17
Pulse
caused by contraction of the ventricle, 29
due to the impulse or shock of the blood, 30
Aristotle on the, 30
found in all parts of the body, 121
not inherent in walls of arteries, 135
in an artery beyond an aneurism, 135
in an artery beyond an ossified portion, 137
illustrated by experiment with dried intestine of a dog, 152
cause of, in arteries near the heart, 163
R
Rabies
how confirmatory of the circulation, 90
Riolan, John, Jun.
controversy with Harvey, xix
quoted on the movements of the heart, 31
Harvey’s First Disquisition addressed to, 109
presented a copy of his work to Harvey, 111
his views on the circulation, 113
denies the mesenteric circulation, 115
favoured view that septum of heart is permeable, 123
Harvey’s Second Disquisition to, 131
S
Scarborough, Dr.
a friend to whom Harvey left his surgical instruments, 216
and his velvet gown, 218
directed by Harvey’s will to present to College of Physicians his books and collections, 216
Science
dependent on pre-existing knowledge of more obvious things, 160
Semilunar Valves
references to, 16, 45
Galen aware of their use, 51
function to prevent regurgitation, 116, 153
Senses
facts cognisable by, wait on no opinion, 150
importance of appealing to the, 158, 159
Aristotle on trusting to the, 160
Septum of the Heart
Cæsalpinus thought it permeable, xii
Harvey on the view that it is porous, 19, 20
Riolan believed it porous, 123
Servetus, Michael
gave a description of the pulmonary circulation, x
curious history of his work containing it, xi
Shrimp
movements of the heart of a, 36
Sigmoid Valves
See Semilunar
Silvius, Jacobus
discovered the valves of the veins according to Riolan, 78
Simon, Sir John
on Harvey’s discovery, ix
Slegel, P. M.
letter of Harvey to, 176
Snake
observations of heart and bloodvessels of a live, 65
Spirits
views of the ancients regarding, ix
arteries supposed to contain, by Erasistratus, 140
the common subterfuge of ignorance, 141
three kinds of, admitted by the medical schools, 141
not distinct from the blood, 143, 146
Spleen
bloodvessels connected with the, 94
vein of, has a valve, 116
Systole and Diastole
of arteries as of heart, 138
constitute the pulse, 163
observations on, 170
T
Transmission of Disease
discussed, 193
Tricuspid Valve
referred to, 16, 101, 153
U
Umbilical Vein
function of, 118
V
Valves
semilunar, 16, 45, 116, 153
tricuspid, 16, 101, 153
mitral, 17
Galen on valve of pulmonary artery, 51
of the veins discovered by Fabricius or Silvius, 78
of veins, their structure, arrangement, and use of, 78, 80
Fabricius did not understand use of valves of veins, 79
of veins compared with sigmoid valves, 82
experiments on the arm to show action of the, and how the blood moves in the veins, 82, 84
not found in all veins, 116
of the mesenteric veins, 116
coronary vein has a valve at its orifice, 125
Veins
pulmonary, ancient views regarding their position, 17
near the heart, experiment of ligaturing the, 65
of the arm, experiment on with bandages, 82, 84
coronary, 88
of the mesentery, the function of the, 118
umbilical, function of, 118
coronary vein has a valve at its orifice, 125
experiment on, by cooling the arm, 168
valves of the. See Valves
Vena cava
of snake, experiment upon the, 65
experiment of tying, near the heart, 129
Vena portæ
blood passes from the, through the liver, 118
its branches, 128
Harvey suggests the experiment of ligaturing it, 171
Ventricle
no right ventricle if no lung, 15, 54
the left, the principal part of the heart, 98
the left, three times thicker than the right, 100
case of rupture of the, 155
Ventricles
structure of both, almost identical, 15
both contract simultaneously, 19
movements and use of the, 37
in the fœtal heart, 98
valves of the, 100
Vesalius
the “Father of Anatomy”, x
Professor of Anatomy at Padua, xiv
did not properly understand the heart’s motion, 26
refers to Galen’s experiment on an artery, 135
wrong in his interpretation of Galen’s experiment, 138
Vlackveld, John
letter of Harvey to, 200
W
Warmth
felt in the hand on loosening bandage on the arm, 69
restored to parts chilled by the influx of blood, 121, 146
Will
of Harvey drawn up by Heneage Finch, 212, 214
proved by Eliab Harvey, 219
legacies by, to Drs. Scarborough and Ent, 216
Wolff, Caspar
Harvey as forerunner of, xxi