P.
Paradeigmatic inference, 198; see Example.
Paradoxa, a variety of Adoxa, 269.
Paralogisms, Scientific, 267, 380; see Fallacies.
Parmenides, eliminated Non-Ens, 136; uses equivocal names as univocal, 414; his doctrine of Absolute Ens, 436, 551; not a dialectician, 551; made intelligence vary with sense, 588.
Paronymous things, 57.
Part, relation of, to Whole, with a view to Definition, 601.
Particular, The, notius nobis compared with the Universal, 196; inferiority of, to the Universal, 231.
Passion, Pati, Category, 65, 73.
Peirastic, given as one of the four species of debate, 377; really a variety or aspect of Dialectic, 377, 379.
‘Peplus,’ work of Aristotle’s, 32.
Perception, sensible, see Sensation.
Pergamus, kings of, their library, 36.
Peripatetics, origin of the title, 7.
Phæstis, mother of Aristotle, 2; directions for a bust to, in Aristotle’s will, 19.
Phanias, disciple of Aristotle, knew logical works of his now lost, 56; wrote on Logic, 56.
Phantasy, nature of, 475; distinguished from Memory, 475; indispensable to, and passes by insensible degrees into, Cogitation, 479, 484, 485.
Philip of Macedon, chose Aristotle as tutor to Alexander, 5; destroyed Stageira, 6.
Philosopher, The, distinguished from the Dialectician, 354, 584; also from the Sophist, 584.
Philosophy, First, usual name for Science of Ens quatenus Ens, 59, 422, 584; see Ontology.
Phokion, at the head of the Athenian administration under Alexander, 12; ineffectually opposed anti-Macedonian sentiment after Alexander’s death, 12.
Physica, relation of the, to the Metaphysica, 54, 422.
Physics, theoretical science, subject of, 423, 593, 630.
Pindar, subject of his Odes, 13.
Place, in Dialectic, 283; none outside of the Heaven, 636.
Planets, number of the spheres of, 626; do not twinkle, why, 645; see Stars.
Plato, much absent from Athens, between 367-60 B.C., 4; died, 347 B.C., 4; corresponded with Dionysius, 7; Aristotle charged with ingratitude to, 20; attacked with Aristotle by Kephisodorus, 24; ancients nearly unanimous as to the list of his works, 27, 42; his exposure of equivocal phraseology, 58; fascinated by particular numbers, 74; on Relativity, 84; his theory of Proposition and Negation, 135, 427; called for, but did not supply, definitions, 141; his use of the word Syllogism, 143; relied upon logical Division for science, 162; opposed Science (Dialectic) to Opinion (Rhetoric), 208, 263; explained learning from Reminiscence, 212; his view of Noûs as infallible, 260; character of his dialogues, 264; recognized Didactic, but as absorbed into Dialectic, 264; his use of the word Sophist, 376; his psychology (in the Timæus), 446-9, 451, 461; first affirmed Realism, 552; his Ontology and theory of Ideas, 553 seq., see Ideas; held Sophistic to be busied about Non-Ens, 593; his scale of Essences, 595, 620; his assumption of a self-movent as principium, 623; held that the non-generable may be destroyed, 637, 639; on the position of the Earth, 649; in his Protagoras anticipated Epikurus, 654; admitted an invincible erratic necessity in Nature, 657; ethical purpose of, 662.
‘Plato and the other Companions of Sokrates,’ subject of the work, 1; referred to, on subject of the Platonic Canon, 27.
Platonists, their view of Essences as Numbers, 611; see Ideas.
Plotinus, censured Categories of the Stoics, 100, 563; his list of Categories, 102, 563.
Plurium Interrogationum ut Unius, Fallacia, 389; how to solve, 413.
Plutarch does not appear to have known the chief Aristotelian works, 31; authority for story of the fate of Aristotle’s library, 35.
Poetic, place of, in Aristotle’s philosophy, 54; modes of speech entering into, 111, 130.
Ποιόν, see Quality.
Political Science, the Supreme Science, 449.
Politics, place of in Aristotle’s philosophy, 54; Aristotle’s Treatise on, 539; founded on the Republic of Plato, 539; his conception of a republic, 539.
Porphyry, disposed works of Plotinus in Enneads, 44; his Eisagoge, 73, 101, 552; rejected last paragraph of De Interpretatione, 134; his statement of the question as to Universals, 552, 564; defended Aristotle’s Categories against Plotinus, 563.
Ποσόν, see Quantity.
Possible, The, as a Mode affecting Antiphasis, 127; relation of, to the Necessary, 127, 205; three meanings of, given by Aristotle, 128; effective sense of, 129, 133, 205, 617, 638; truly a Formal Mode of Proposition, 131; gradations in, 205.
Poste, Mr., upon Aristotle’s proof that Demonstration implies indemonstrable truths, 229; on the Theory of Fallacies, 383.
Posterius, different senses of, 105; as between parts and whole, 601-603.
Post-prædicamenta, 79, 80, 104.
Postulate, as a principle of Demonstration, 220.
Potentiality (Power) as opposed to Actuality, 128, 456, 615 seq.; varieties of, 613.
Prædicament, see Categories.
Predicables, four in Aristotle, five in later logicians, 276; quadruple classification of, how exhaustive, 276; come each under one or other of the Categories, 277.
Predicate, in a proposition, 109; to be One, 120; called Term in Analytica, 141.
Predication, essential and non-essential, Aristotle’s mode of distinguishing, 63, 64.
Premisses of Syllogism, 148; how to disengage for Reduction, 164; involving qualification, 166; false, yielding true conclusion, 172; contradictory, yielding a conclusion in Second and Third figures, 175; necessary character of, in Demonstration, 215; in Dialectic, 227.
Principles of Science, furnished only by Experience, 162, 257; knowable in themselves, but not therefore innate, 178, 256; what, common to all, 212, 215; maintained by Aristotle to be indemonstrable, 215, 228; general and special, 236, 578; development of, 256; known by Noûs upon Induction from particulars, 259, 562, 577; discussed by First Philosopher, and by Dialectician, 575.
Principii Petitio, Fallacy of, 156, 176; in Dialectic, 367, 371; in Sophistic, 388; how to solve, 412.
Prius, different senses of, in Post-præedicamenta, 105; in Metaphysica Δ, 106; Aristotle often confounds the meanings of, 106; as between parts and whole, 601-603.
Privatio and Habitus, case of Opposita, 104, 105.
Προαίρεσις, definition of, 526.
Probabilities, Syllogism from, 202.
Probable, The, true meaning of, in Aristotle, 269.
Problematical proposition, The, a truly formal mode, 131.
Problems, for scientific investigation, 238; identical, 253; in Dialectic, 273.
Prokles, second husband of Aristotle’s daughter, 20.
Proof (τεκμήριον) distinguished from Sign, 203.
Propositions, subject of De Interpretatione, 57, 109; Terms treated by Aristotle with reference to, 59; Ens divided with reference to, 59; defined, 109; distinguished in signification from Terms, 109, 110, also from other modes of significant speech, 111, 130; Simple, Complex, 111; Affirmative, Negative, 111, 122; Contradictory (pair of, making Antiphasis), Contrary, 111, 124, 134; Universal, Singular, 111; about matters particular and future, 113; in quaternions illustrative of real Antiphasis, 118 seq.; subject of, and predicate of, to be each One, 125; function of copula in, 126; Simple Assertory, Modal (Possible or Problematical and Necessary), 127 seq.; subjective and objective aspects of, 131; Aristotle’s theory of, compared with views of Plato and others, 135; summarized, 139; how named in Analytica, 141; named either as declaring, or as generating, truth, 141; formally classified according to Quantity in Analytica, 142; Universal, double account of, 142; Conversion of, taken singly, 144; rules for Conversion of Universal Negative, Affirmative, &c., 144 seq.; comparison of, as subjects of attack and defence, 156; Indivisible or Immediate, and Mediate — modes of error with regard to, 224 seq.; as subject-matter of Dialectic, 273; classified for purposes of Dialectic, 276.
Proprium, one of the Predicables, 276; thesis of, hardest, after Definition, to defend, 285, 353; dialectical Loci bearing on, 313 seq.; ten different modes of, 321.
Πρός τι, see Relation.
Protagoras, his doctrine, “Homo Mensura” impugned by Aristotle as adverse to the Maxim of Contradiction, 430 seq., 587 seq.; true force of his doctrine, 431; misapprehended by Aristotle and Plato, 432.
Πρότασις, name for Proposition in Analytica, 141.
Proxenus, of Atarneus, guardian of Aristotle at Stageira, 3; mentioned in Aristotle’s will, 19.
Pseudographeme or Scientific Paralogism, 267; or pseudographic syllogism, 380.
Psychology, relation of, to Logic, 110; summary of Aristotle’s, 493.
Pythagoras, disregarded experience, 436; see Pythagoreans.
Pythagoreans had a two-fold doctrine — exoteric and esoteric, 52; fascinated by particular numbers, 74; their view of the soul, 449; went astray in defining from numbers, 603; ascribed perfection and beauty to results, not to their originating principles, 625; said the Universe and all things are determined by Three, 630; recognized Right and Left in the Heaven, 610; erred in calling ours the upper hemisphere and to the right, 640; affirmed harmony of the spheres, 646; placed Fire, not Earth, at the centre of the Kosmos, 648; made the Earth and Antichthon revolve each in a circle, 648.
Pythias, wife of Aristotle, 5, 17, 20; daughter of Aristotle, 17-19.
Q.
Quæsita, in science, four heads of, 238; order of, 239; the four, compared, 240.
Quality (Quale), third Category, treated fourth, 65, 72; varieties of, 72; admits in some cases, contrariety and graduation, 72; foundation of Similarity and Dissimilarity, 73; illustrated from Relata, 73; First Essence shades through Second into, 91; to Aristotle a mere predicate, highest of substances to Plato, 503; is hardly Ens at all, 593.
Quantity (Quantum), second. Category, 65; Continual, Discrete, 70; has no contrary, 70; a mere appendage to Essence, 595, 596.
Quiddity, see Essence.
R.
Realism, first affirmed by Plato, 552, 555; problems of, as set out by Porphyry, and discussed before and after, 552; scholastic formula of, 555; objections, urged against, by Plato himself in Sophistes and Parmenides, 556 seq.; peculiarity in Plato’s doctrine of, 557; impugned by Aristotle, 558 seq.; character of Aristotle’s objections to, 500; counter-theory to, set up by Aristotle, 500, 501; standard against, raised by Aristotle in his First Category, 502; of Plotinus, 563; of J. Scotus Erigena, 564; of Remigius, 564.
Reciprocation, among Terms of Syllogism, 185.
Reduction, in Syllogism, 153; object and process of, 164 seq.
Reductio ad Impossibile or Absurdum, used in proving modes of Second figure, 152; nature of, 155, 160, 168; a case of Reversal of Conclusion for refutation, 175; abuse of, guarded against by the argument Non per Hoc, 179.
Regularity, principle of, in the Kosmos, see Nature.
Relata, defined, 70.
Relation, fourth Category, treated third, 65, 70; admits, in some cases, contrariety and graduation, 71; too narrowly conceived by Aristotle, 80; covers all predicates, 82; covers even Essence as Subject, 83; an Universal comprehending and pervading all the Categories, rather than a Category itself, 84; understood at the widest by some of the ancients, 84; comprehensiveness of, conceded by Aristotle himself, 84, 88.
Relative-Opposita, should rather stand Opposite-Relativa, 104, 105.
Relativity, or Relation, see Relation; of knowledge, universal (in the sense of Protagoras), impugned by Aristotle, 430 seq., 589 seq.; allowed by Aristotle to pervade all mind, 493.
Remigius of Auxerre, went as far as Plato in Realism, 564.
Reminiscence, Plato’s doctrine of, 212, 554; Aristotle’s Tract on Memory and, 475; nature of, as distinguished from Memory, 470; phenomena of, 476.
Resemblances, study of, an organon of debate, 280.
Respiration, organ and function of, 408.
Reversal of Conclusion, 174.
Rhabanus Maurus, followed Aristotle on Universals, 503.
Rhetoric, place of, in Aristotle’s philosophy, 54; modes of speech dealt with in, 111, 131; opposed by Plato to Dialectic, 208, 203; opposed with Dialectic to Science by Aristotle, 208, 265, 266; developed before Aristotle, 419.
Rose, Valentine, his view of the catalogue of Diogenes, 32.
S.
Sagacity, in divining Middle Term, 237.
Sameness, three senses of, 277, 349.
Scholarchs, Peripatetic, their limited knowledge of Aristotle before Andronikus, 30, 38.
Science, see Knowledge.
Sciences, some prior and more accurate than others, 210, 234, 578; classified as Theoretical, Practical, Constructive, 423, 593; Theoretical subdivided, 423, 593.
Seneca, authority for Stoical creed, 654; a Stoic engaged in active politics, 662.
Sensation, knowledge begins from the natural process of, 256, 483, 492; consciousness of, explained, 473.
Senses, the five, 465 seq.; cannot be more than five, 472.
Sentient soul, involves functions of the Nutritive with sensible perception besides, 461; distinguishes animals from plants, 462; receives the form of the perceptum without the matter, as wax an impression from the signet; 462; communicated by male in generation, and is complete from birth, 463: differs from the Noëtic, in communing with particulars and being dependent on stimulus from without, 463 seq., 486; grades of, 463; has a faculty of discrimination and comparison, 464, 483; heart, the organ of, 464; cannot perceive two distinct sensations at once, 473; at the lowest, subject to pleasure and pain, appetite and aversion, 473; Phantasy belongs to the, 475; Memory belongs to the, 475.
Sepulveda, his use of “exoteric,” 45.
Signs, Syllogism from, 202; distinguished from Proof (τεκμήριον), 203; in Physiognomy, 204.
Simplikius, defended Aristotle’s Categories, 563.
Simul, meaning of, 105; as between parts and whole, 602.
Skêpsis, Aristotle’s books and manuscripts long kept buried there, 36.
Smell, operated through a medium, 467; stands below sight and hearing, 468; action of, 469; organ of, 470.
Sokrates, reference to his fate by Aristotle, 16; his exposure of equivocal phraseology, 58; called for, but did not supply, definitions, 141; his conception and practice of Dialectic, to the neglect of Didactic, 263; Elenchus of, 263, 437, 441; did nothing but question, 418; Greek philosophy before, 426; first broke ground for Logic, 426; his part in the development of Greek Philosophy, 436 seq.; peculiarities of, according to Aristotle, 437; first inquired into the meaning of universal terms, 551, 552.
Sokrates, the younger, false analogy of, in defining animal, 604.
Solecism, sophistic charge of, 385; how to repel, 413.
Sophist, the, as understood by Aristotle, 376, 377, 381; as understood by Plato, 376; five ends ascribed to, 384; not really distinguished by Aristotle from the Dialectician, 382, 393 seq.
Sophistes of Plato, theory of Proposition in, 135.
Sophistic, busied about accidents, 98, 593; as understood by Aristotle, 376, 382; given as one of four species of debate, 377; Aristotle’s conception of, both as to purpose and subject matter, disallowed, 382, 393 seq.; Loci bearing on, 408; debate, difficulties in, 416; borders on Dialectic, 417.
Sophistici Elenchi, last book of Topica, 56, 262; subject of, 376; last chapter of, 417 seq.
Sorites, what was afterwards so called, 156.
Soul, according to Plato, 446, 449, 451, 461; Alkmæon, 449; Herakleitus, 449; Diogenes of Apollonia, 449; Anaxagoras, 449; Empedokles, 449; Pythagoreans, 450; Xenokrates, criticized by Aristotle, 450; theory of Empedokles criticized, 451; theory of, as pervading the whole Kosmos, 451; all the foregoing theories of, rejected by Aristotle, 452; requisites of a good theory of, 452; Aristotle’s point of view with regard to, 453; the problem of, stated to cover all forms of Life, 453; resolved by metaphysical distinction of Form and Matter, 454-7; defined accordingly, 458; not a separate entity in itself, 458; not really, but only logically, separable from body, 458; thoroughgoing implication of, with Matter, 459, 478; is Form, Movent, and Final Cause, of the body as Matter, 460, 480; makes with body the Living or Animated Body, 460, 480; varieties of, in an ascending scale, 460, 481; the lowest or Nutritive, 461; the Sentient (also nutritive), 462-74, see Sentient; higher functions of, conditioned by lower, 474; Phantastic department of, 474; the Noëtic or Cogitant, 478, see Noûs, Noëtic; all varieties of, proceed from the region of Form or the Celestial Body, 480; Noûs of the, 487; not immortal, even the Noëtic, in the individual, 489; is, in a certain way, all existent things, 493; two parts of, the rational and the irrational, 521.
Sound, cause of, 467.
Species, is Second Essence, 63, 68; one of the Predicables in Porphyry’s, not in Aristotle’s, list, 276; logically posterior to Genus and to Differentiæ, 607.
Speech, significant by convention only, 109, 111; Enunciative, and other modes of, 111.