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Cassell's book of birds; vol. 1

Chapter 7: EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
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A comprehensive natural-history survey that classifies avian diversity and supplies detailed species accounts across major groups — parrots and cockatoos, lories and macaws, and passerine songbirds including finches and sparrows — alongside explanation of anatomy and physiology such as the respiratory system and vocal organs. It treats behavior, habitats, breeding, migration, and feeding, illustrated with numerous engravings and colored plates, and organized to combine systematic description with accessible notes on life history and identification.

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Title: Cassell's book of birds; vol. 1

Author: Alfred Edmund Brehm

Translator: Thomas Rymer Jones

Release date: April 10, 2015 [eBook #48675]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASSELL'S BOOK OF BIRDS; VOL. 1 ***

THE BLUE-STRIPED LORY ____ LORIUS CYANOSTRIATUS

(about four fifths Life size)


CASSELL'S

BOOK OF BIRDS.

FROM THE TEXT OF DR. BREHM.

BY

THOMAS RYMER JONES, F.R.S.,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON.

WITH UPWARDS OF

Four Hundred Engravings, and a Series of Coloured Plates.

IN FOUR VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

LONDON:
CASSELL, PETTER, AND GALPIN;
AND NEW YORK.


CONTENTS.

 page
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION1-22
CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS 23

CRACKERS (Enucleatores).

Parrots (Psittacini). The True Parrot (Psittacinæ):—The Jako—The Amazon Parrot—The Maitakka—The 
Crested Hawk Parrot24-43
The Dwarf Parrots (Psittacula):—Swinder's Love Bird—The Sparrow Parrot—The Siskin Parrot43-45
Cockatoos (Plyctolophus):—The Lemon-crested Cockatoo—Leadbeater's Cockatoo—The Helmet Cockatoo—The 
Nose Cockatoo—The Nestor Cockatoo—The Eagle Cockatoo—The Casmalos—Banks's Raven 
Cockatoo—The Kakapo, or Night Parrot of New Zealand45-57
The Araras (Aræ): The Scarlet Macaw—The Soldier Arara—The Anakan—The Ararauna—The Hyacinth-coloured 
Arara. The Parrakeets, or Conical-tailed Parrots (Conurus):—The Garuba—The 
Tiriba—The Carolina Parrakeet—The Choroy58-66
The Long-tailed Parrots, or Parrakeets (Palæornithes):—The Collared, or Rose-ringed Parrot—The 
Bettet. The Superb Parrots (Polytelis):—The Scarlet-crested Superb Parrot—The Black-tailed 
Superb Parrot. The Grass Parrots (Platycerci):—The Rosella—The Variegated Parrot—The Waved 
Parrot—The Corella—The Ground Parrakeet66-79
The Lories (Lorii):—The Purple-capped Lory—The Dappled Lorikeet—Swainson's Lorikeet—The Maiden 
Lorikeet—The Papuan Lory—The Blue-striped Lory79-82

PASSERINE BIRDS (Passeres).

The Cross-bills (Loxiæ):—The Large-beaked Cross-bill—The Pine-tree Cross-bill—The Banded Cross-bill—The 
Parrot Greenfinch85-92
The Bullfinches (Pyrrhulæ):—The Parrot Bullfinch—The Pine Grosbeak—The Carmine Grosbeak—The 
Rose Bullfinch—The Carmine Bullfinch—The Siberian Bullfinch—The Vinous Grosbeak, or Desert 
Trumpeter—The Bullfinch—The Girlitz—The Canary92-114
The Finches (Fringillæ):—The Chaffinch—The Mountain Finch—The Snow Finch—The Winter Finch. The 
Linnets (Cannabinæ)—The Brown Linnet—The Mountain or Grey Linnet—The Birch-tree Siskin—The 
Common Siskin—The Goldfinch—The Golden Thistle Finch114-130
The Sparrows Proper (Passeres):—The Common Sparrow—The Spanish Sparrow—The Field or Tree 
Sparrow—The Plain Sparrow—The Golden Sparrow—The Rock Sparrow. The Hawfinches 
(Coccothraustæ):—The Green Grosbeak—The Hawfinch—The Evening Cherry Hawfinch—The  
Large-beaked Hawfinch. The Parrot Finches (Pityli):—The Rose-breasted Hawfinch—The 
Cardinal Grosbeak—The Dominican Finch—The Tiny Finch—The Diadem Grosbeak—The Ashy-blue
Parrot Finch—The Masked Parrot Finch131-148
The Habias (Saltator):—The Capi. The Plant Cutters (Phytotoma): The Rarita. The Tangaras 
Proper:—The Ornate Tangara. Fire Tangaras (Pyranga):—The Flax Bird—The Fire Tangara 
The Callistes (Calliste):—The Red-necked Calliste. The Callous-beaked Tangaras (Ramphocelus):—The 
Tapiranga. The Butcher-bird Tangaras (Lanio):—The Black-headed Butcher-bird Tangara. 
The Organist Tangaras (Euphone):—The Violet Organist. The Bright-coated Finches (Amadinæ):—The 
Band Bird. The Hooded Finches (Spermestes):—The Magpie Finch. Australian 
Finches:—The Reed Finches (Donacola):—The Chestnut Reed Finch. The Double-banded Reed Finch. 
The Grass Finches (Poëphila). Chaff-finches (Chloëbia):—The Admirable Chaff-finch—The Rice 
Bird—The Little Goldbreast—The Blood Finch—The Variegated Finch—The Steel Finch—The Butterfly 
Finch. The Astrilds (Astrildæ):—The Grey Astrild—The Pheasant Finch148-165
Weaver Birds (Plocei):—The Social Weaver Bird—The Golden Weaver Bird—The Masked Weaver Bird—The 
Baya—The Crimson-beaked Weaver Bird—The Taha—The Flame-coloured Fire Finch—The Red-beaked 
Buffalo Weaver Bird—The Alecto Buffalo Weaver Bird—The Dinemelli Buffalo Weaver Bird166-178
The Whydah or Widow Birds (Viduæ):—The Yellow-shouldered Mourning Widow—The Long-tailed 
Widow Bird—The Paradise Widow Bird178-181
The American Finches (Passerella):—The White-throated Sparrow—The Morning Finch—The Tree Bunting 
Finch—The Prairie Bunting Finch—The Sea Bunting Finch181-184
The Buntings (Emberizæ):—The Crested Bunting—The Grey Bunting—The Golden Bunting—The Ortolan—The 
Red Bunting—The Black-headed Bunting—The Reed Bunting—The Lark Bunting—The Snow Bunting185-195
The Larks (Alaudæ):—The Calandra Lark—The Short-toed Lark or Calandrelle—The Black or Moor 
Lark—The Desert Lark—The Black-headed Bunting Lark—The Alpine Lark. The Larks Proper 
(Alaudæ):—The Tufted Lark—The Wood Lark—The Sky Lark—The Sentry Lark. The Courser 
Larks (Alaemon):—The Desert Courser Lark195-202

RAVENS (Coracirostres).

The Starlings (Sturnidæ). The Troopials (Agelaii):—The Boblink or Rice Bird. The Marsh Troopials 
(Agelaius):—The Red-winged Troopial. The Cow Birds (Molothrus):—The Cow Starling. The 
Yellow or Golden Starlings (Icteri):—The Jamaica Yellow Bird—The Baltimore Golden Starling. 
The Cassicans (Cassici):—The Japu, or Tufted Cassican. The Boat-tails (Quiscalus):—The Great 
Boat-tail. The Starlings Proper (Sturni):—The Common Starling—The Sardinian Starling—The 
Rose Starling—The Mina Birds—The Musical Grakle. The Ox-biters (Buphagæ):—The African 
Ox-biter—The Red-beaked Ox-biter. The Glossy Starlings (Lamprotornithes)—The Bronze-coloured 
Glossy Starling—The Golden-breasted Glossy Starling—The Superb Glossy Starling—The Scaly Glossy 
Starling—The Brazen Glossy Magpie. The Rock Glossy Starlings (Moriones):—The White-beaked 
Rock Glossy Starling. The Mountain Glossy Starlings (Amydrus):—The Naburup. The Orioles 
(Orioli):—The Satin Bower Bird—The Spotted Collar Bird—The Pirol, Golden Oriole, or Cherry  
Bird—The Golden-crested Oriole210-243
The Birds of Paradise (Paradiseæ):—The Footless Bird of Paradise—The Wumbi—The Ruby, or Red Bird 
of Paradise—The King of the Birds of Paradise—The Collared Bird of Paradise. Epimachi:—The 
Resplendent Epimachus—The Collared Epimachus—The Magpie Bird of Paradise243-253
The Ravens Proper (Coraces). The Mountain Crows, or Choughs (Fregili):—The Chough—The Snow 
Crow, or Alpine Chough. The True Ravens:—The Raven—The White-necked Vulture Raven—The 
Scapulated Raven. The Crows (Corvus):—The Carrion Crow—The Hooded Crow—The Rock 
or Field Crow—The Jackdaw—The Glossy Crow—The Nutcracker. The Piping Crows (Phonygamæ):—The 
Flute Bird—The Bell Bird or Bell Magpie—The Bald-headed Crow. The Tree Crows, or 
Jays (Garruli):—The Magpie—The Blue Magpie. The Blue Ravens (Cyanocorax):—The Hooded 
Blue Raven—The Crested Blue Jackdaw—The Common Jay—The Unlucky Jay. The Long-tailed 
Crows (Glaucopes). The Tree Magpies (Dendrocitta):—The Wandering Magpie—The Benteot—The 
Long-tailed Kitta—The Feather-beaks (Cissa):—The Sirgang, or Green Jackdaw254-283
The Plantain Eaters (Amphibolæ). The True Plantain Eaters (Musophagæ):—The Banana Eater. 
The Helmet Birds (Corythaix):—The White-cheeked Helmet Bird—The Turako. The Split Beaks 
(Schirzorhis):—The Alarm Bird. The Colies, or Mouse Birds (Colii):—The Wiriwa—The White-cheeked 
Mouse-Bird283-290

CATCHERS (Captantes).

Birds of Prey (Raptores). The Falcons (Falconidæ). The Noble Falcons (Falcones). The Hunting 
Falcons (Hierofalco). The Wandering Falcons (Falco):—The Peregrine Falcon—The Red-necked 
Falcon—The Tree Falcon—The Berigora. The Kestrels (Tinnunculus):—The Lark Kestrel—The 
Kestrel—The Red-footed, or Evening Falcon—The Sparrow Falcon. The Dwarf Falcons (Hierax):—The     
Muti291-312


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate I.The Scarlet Macaw.Plate VI.The Waglers Cassicus.
"     II.The Ground Parrakeet."    VII.The Sharp-billed Oriole.
"    III.The Blue-striped Lory."    VIII.The Ruby Bird of Paradise.
"    IV.Eggs."      IX.The Sparrow Hawk.
"     V.The Bullfinch and Goldfinch.    "       X.The Imperial Eagle.

INTRODUCTION.

FIG. page
1.Respiratory Apparatus of a Fowl2
2.Wing of a Bird, partially stripped of Feathers, to show the insertions of the Quills4
3.Nascent Feather of a Chicken5
4.Head of a Swan (Cygnus olor)6
5.Section of the Head of an Eagle, showing the structure of the Eye7
6.Eye of an Owl, showing the arrangement of the Nictitating Membrane8
7.Muscles of the Eye-ball and of the Nictitating Membrane9
8.External Ear of a Young Owl10
9.The Throat of a Fowl, showing the parts in situ11
10.Tongue of the Woodpecker, showing the mechanism employed for its protrusion12
11.Viscera of Small Bird (Euphone violacea)13
12.Skeleton of a Goose16
13. Regions of the body of a Small Bird19
14.Chicken in the Egg, newly arrived at maturity21
15.A Young Chicken, showing the arrangement of the Feathers22

CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS.

1.Cockatoos (Cacatua)28
2.Collared Parrot (Palæornis torquatus)29
3.The Jako (Psittacus erithacus)36
4.The Amazon Parrot (Chrysotis Amazonicus)40
5.The Maitakka (Pionus menstruus)41
6.The Crested Hawk Parrot (Deroptyus accipitrinus coronatus)44
7.The Helmet Cockatoo (Callicephalus galeatus)48
8.The Nestor Cockatoo (Nestor productus)49
9.The Casmalos (Microglossus aterrimus)52
10.The Raven Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus Banksii)53
11.The Scarlet Macaw (Ara Macao)61
12.The Garuba (Conurus luteus)64
13.The Rosella (Platycercus eximius)72
14.The Waved Parrot (Melopsittacus undulatus)73
15.The Corella (Nymphicus Novæ Hollandæ)76
16.The Ground Parrakeet (Pezoporinus formosus)77
17.The Purple-capped Lory or Lorikeet (Lorius domicella)80
18.The Dappled Lorikeet (Psitteuteles versicolor)81
19.Tail-piece82
20.The Large-beaked Cross-bill (Loxia pityopsittacus)85
21.The Banded Cross-bill (Loxia tænioptera)88
22.Cross-bills (Loxiæ)89
23.The Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)93
24.The Desert Trumpeter (Bucanetes githagineus)96
25.Female Bullfinch and Nest104
26.The Girlitz (Serinus hortulanus)105
27.The Wild Canary109
28.The Tame Canary112
29.The Chaffinch (Fringilla Cœlebs)116
30.The Mountain Finch (Fringilla montifringilla)120
31.The Brown Linnet (Cannabina linota)121
32.Siskin, Bullfinch, and Goldfinch125
33.Goldfinches and Nest128
34.Winter Visitors to the Village132
35.Sparrow's Nest133
36.The Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) and the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)    136
37.The Green Grosbeak (Chloris hortensis)140
38.The Rose-breasted Hawfinch (Coccoborus ludovicianus)144
39.The Dominican Finch (Paroaria dominicana)148
40.The Rarita or Rara (Phytotoma Rara)149
41.The Guttarama (Euphone violacea)156
42.The Rice Bird (Padda oryzivora)160
43.The Pheasant Finch (Astrilda undulata)164
44.Detached Nest of Male Gold-fronted Weaver Bird (Oriolinus icterocephalus)165
45.Nest of Astrilda, from Senegal165
46.Nest of Weaver Bird, slit open166
47.Nest of Mahali Weaver Bird168
48.Nest of Social Weaver Bird (Philetaërus socius)168
49.The Golden Weaver Bird (Ploceus galbula) and 
       the Masked Weaver Bird (Ploceus larvatus)169
50.The Java Weaver Bird (Baya) and Nests172
51.Breeding Nest of the Golden-fronted Weaver Bird (Oriolinus icterocephalus)173
52.Nests of South African Weaver Birds175
53.The Fire Finch (Euplectes Petiti)176
54.Dinemelli's Buffalo Weaver Bird (Textor Dinemellii)177
55.The Paradise Widow Bird (Vidua paradisea)180
56.The White-throated or Song Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)181
57.The Ortolan, or Garden Bunting (Emberiza-Glycyspina hortulana)188
58.The Black-headed Bunting (Euspiza melanocephala)189
59.The Reed Bunting (Cynchramus schœniclus)192
60.The Lark Bunting (Centrophanes lapponicus)193
61.The Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis)194
62.The Calandra Lark (Melanocorypha Calandra)197
63.The Moor Lark (Saxilauda Tatarica)200
64.The Desert Lark (Ammomanes deserti)201
65.The Alpine Lark (Phileremos alpestris)202
66.The Tufted Lark (Galerita cristata)204
67.The Skylark (Alauda arvensis)205
68.The Sentry Lark (Macronyx capensis)208
69.Tail-piece209
70.The Boblink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)212
71.The Red-Winged Troopial (Agelaius Phœniceus)216
72.The Cow Starling (Molothrus pecoris)217
73.The Baltimore Bird220
74.The Great Boat-tail (Quiscalus major)221
75.The Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)224
76.The Rose Starling (Pastor roseus)228
77.The Musical Grakle (Gracula musica)229
78.The Red-beaked Ox-biter (Buphaga erythrorhyncha)232
79.The Superb Glossy Starling (Notauges superbus)233
80.The Scaly Glossy Starling (Pholidauges leucogaster)236
81.The Satin Bower Bird (Philonorhynchus holosericus)237
82.The Spotted Collar Bird (Chlamydera maculata)240
83.The Pirol, or Golden Oriole (Oriolus galbula)241
84.Birds of Paradise244
85.The Red Bird of Paradise (Paradisea rubra)245
86.The Resplendent Epimachus (Seleucides resplendens)249
87.The Collared Epimachus (Epimachus magnus)252
88.The Magpie Bird of Paradise (Astrapia gularis)253
89.The Chough (Fregilus graculus)256
90.The White-necked Vulture Raven (Corvultur albicollis)259
91.The Scapulated Raven (Pterocorax scapulatus)260
92.The Raven (Corax nobilis)261
93.The Carrion Crow (Corvus corona)262
94.The Rook (Corvus frugilegus)264
95.The Jackdaw (Monedula turrium)265
96.The Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes)268
97.The Flute Bird (Gymnorhina tibicen)269
98.The Magpie (Pica caudata)273
99.The Crested Blue Jackdaw (Cyanocitta cristata)276
100.The Common Jay (Garrulus glandarius)277
101.The Wandering Magpie (Dendrocitta vagabunda)281
102.The Banana Eater (Musophaga violacea)284
103.The White-cheeked Helmet Bird (Corythaix leucotis)285
104.The Alarm Bird (Schizorhis zonurus)288
105.The Wiriwa (Colius Senegalensis)289
106.Oriental Falconry297
107.The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)301
108.The Falconer304
109.The Tree Falcon (Hypotriorchis subbuteo)305
110.The Lark Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius)308
111.The Red-footed or Evening Falcon (Erythropus vespertinus)309

CASSELL'S BOOK OF BIRDS.


EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.

e were some time ago both delighted and astonished by the performances of a German artist, who imitated with wonderful exactness the notes of a variety of birds. The song of the nightingale and the warblings of the skylark, the whistling of the throstle and the out-poured melody of the canary, were gone through with such perfect execution, that the birds themselves, we thought, could scarcely have detected a flaw in the performance. This gifted individual introduced himself to his audience by a somewhat humorous account of the manner in which he had acquired his extraordinary powers. He told us that his father, who was a breeder of birds, had upon one occasion gone from home, leaving a bag of rice as provision for his children, and a quantity of bird-seed for his feathered protégés. By some mistake the rice had been given to the birds, and the bird-seed to the children, the consequence being, that on the gentleman's return he found his birds all dead, and his children singing like piping bullfinches. How far this explanation was satisfactory we will not stop to inquire; but we have sometimes been almost tempted to suppose that some similar accident must be of frequent occurrence in Germany. The deep acquaintance of the ornithologists of that country with the objects of their study, and the fidelity with which they note down the minutest incidents connected with the history of their favourites, surpassing anything achieved by other naturalists, not even excepting such enthusiastic labourers as Wilson and Audubon, demands our warmest praise; while the patient industry, so conspicuous in their writings, at once calls for and excites our admiration.

Among the foremost of his countrymen in the cultivation of ornithological research stands the author of the magnificent work whose pages it is our wish to lay before English readers. Not content with studying the natural history of his favourites from books, or even in the rich scientifically arranged collections contained in so many Continental museums, his zeal led him to follow them even into their own wild retreats, and, gun in hand, to penetrate the burning deserts of Eastern Africa, and the equally inhospitable, and then but little known, regions of Abyssinia. By thus familiarising himself with the habits of birds in their native haunts, and amid the scenery whereby they are surrounded in a state of nature, he has been enabled to impart a freshness to his descriptions as characteristic of the real naturalist as the smell of new-made hay is redolent of fields and hedgerows, and no more to be imitated by the mere compiler than the voice of an orator by the reporter of his speeches.

Before, however, we permit our author to speak for himself, it may perhaps be desirable to preface his remarks by a few general observations concerning the structure of the beautiful creatures that form the subjects of his teaching, inasmuch as it is obviously desirable to have clear notions concerning the machinery employed before its adaptation to its intended uses can be made manifest; and further, because in the study of ornithology, as in every other branch of natural history, there are certain conventional terms that may require explanation before the words used in describing an object are intelligible to the uninitiated.

The Bird is an inhabitant of the air in the fullest sense of the expression. The atmosphere is emphatically the sphere of its activity; it mounts it as it would a ladder; it sails through it in triumph, and rides upon the winds as upon a fleet steed. Moreover, it is the atmosphere itself which endows the feathered Ariel with such capabilities, and it is in the perfection of his respiration that we must search for an explanation of his wonderful achievements.