The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cassell's book of birds; vol. 1
Title: Cassell's book of birds; vol. 1
Author: Alfred Edmund Brehm
Translator: Thomas Rymer Jones
Release date: April 10, 2015 [eBook #48675]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
CASSELL'S
BOOK OF BIRDS.
FROM THE TEXT OF DR. BREHM.
BY
THOMAS RYMER JONES, F.R.S.,
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON.
WITH UPWARDS OF
Four Hundred Engravings, and a Series of Coloured Plates.
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
CASSELL, PETTER, AND GALPIN;
AND NEW YORK.
CONTENTS.
CRACKERS (Enucleatores).
| Parrots (Psittacini). The True Parrot (Psittacinæ):—The Jako—The Amazon Parrot—The Maitakka—The | |
| Crested Hawk Parrot | 24-43 |
| The Dwarf Parrots (Psittacula):—Swinder's Love Bird—The Sparrow Parrot—The Siskin Parrot | 43-45 |
| Cockatoos (Plyctolophus):—The Lemon-crested Cockatoo—Leadbeater's Cockatoo—The Helmet Cockatoo—The | |
| Nose Cockatoo—The Nestor Cockatoo—The Eagle Cockatoo—The Casmalos—Banks's Raven | |
| Cockatoo—The Kakapo, or Night Parrot of New Zealand | 45-57 |
| The Araras (Aræ): The Scarlet Macaw—The Soldier Arara—The Anakan—The Ararauna—The Hyacinth-coloured | |
| Arara. The Parrakeets, or Conical-tailed Parrots (Conurus):—The Garuba—The | |
| Tiriba—The Carolina Parrakeet—The Choroy | 58-66 |
| The Long-tailed Parrots, or Parrakeets (Palæornithes):—The Collared, or Rose-ringed Parrot—The | |
| Bettet. The Superb Parrots (Polytelis):—The Scarlet-crested Superb Parrot—The Black-tailed | |
| Superb Parrot. The Grass Parrots (Platycerci):—The Rosella—The Variegated Parrot—The Waved | |
| Parrot—The Corella—The Ground Parrakeet | 66-79 |
| The Lories (Lorii):—The Purple-capped Lory—The Dappled Lorikeet—Swainson's Lorikeet—The Maiden | |
| Lorikeet—The Papuan Lory—The Blue-striped Lory | 79-82 |
PASSERINE BIRDS (Passeres).
| The Cross-bills (Loxiæ):—The Large-beaked Cross-bill—The Pine-tree Cross-bill—The Banded Cross-bill—The | |
| Parrot Greenfinch | 85-92 |
| The Bullfinches (Pyrrhulæ):—The Parrot Bullfinch—The Pine Grosbeak—The Carmine Grosbeak—The | |
| Rose Bullfinch—The Carmine Bullfinch—The Siberian Bullfinch—The Vinous Grosbeak, or Desert | |
| Trumpeter—The Bullfinch—The Girlitz—The Canary | 92-114 |
| The Finches (Fringillæ):—The Chaffinch—The Mountain Finch—The Snow Finch—The Winter Finch. The | |
| Linnets (Cannabinæ)—The Brown Linnet—The Mountain or Grey Linnet—The Birch-tree Siskin—The | |
| Common Siskin—The Goldfinch—The Golden Thistle Finch | 114-130 |
| The Sparrows Proper (Passeres):—The Common Sparrow—The Spanish Sparrow—The Field or Tree | |
| Sparrow—The Plain Sparrow—The Golden Sparrow—The Rock Sparrow. The Hawfinches | |
| (Coccothraustæ):—The Green Grosbeak—The Hawfinch—The Evening Cherry Hawfinch—The | |
| Large-beaked Hawfinch. The Parrot Finches (Pityli):—The Rose-breasted Hawfinch—The | |
| Cardinal Grosbeak—The Dominican Finch—The Tiny Finch—The Diadem Grosbeak—The Ashy-blue | |
| Parrot Finch—The Masked Parrot Finch | 131-148 |
| The Habias (Saltator):—The Capi. The Plant Cutters (Phytotoma): The Rarita. The Tangaras | |
| Proper:—The Ornate Tangara. Fire Tangaras (Pyranga):—The Flax Bird—The Fire Tangara | |
| The Callistes (Calliste):—The Red-necked Calliste. The Callous-beaked Tangaras (Ramphocelus):—The | |
| Tapiranga. The Butcher-bird Tangaras (Lanio):—The Black-headed Butcher-bird Tangara. | |
| The Organist Tangaras (Euphone):—The Violet Organist. The Bright-coated Finches (Amadinæ):—The | |
| Band Bird. The Hooded Finches (Spermestes):—The Magpie Finch. Australian | |
| Finches:—The Reed Finches (Donacola):—The Chestnut Reed Finch. The Double-banded Reed Finch. | |
| The Grass Finches (Poëphila). Chaff-finches (Chloëbia):—The Admirable Chaff-finch—The Rice | |
| Bird—The Little Goldbreast—The Blood Finch—The Variegated Finch—The Steel Finch—The Butterfly | |
| Finch. The Astrilds (Astrildæ):—The Grey Astrild—The Pheasant Finch | 148-165 |
| Weaver Birds (Plocei):—The Social Weaver Bird—The Golden Weaver Bird—The Masked Weaver Bird—The | |
| Baya—The Crimson-beaked Weaver Bird—The Taha—The Flame-coloured Fire Finch—The Red-beaked | |
| Buffalo Weaver Bird—The Alecto Buffalo Weaver Bird—The Dinemelli Buffalo Weaver Bird | 166-178 |
| The Whydah or Widow Birds (Viduæ):—The Yellow-shouldered Mourning Widow—The Long-tailed | |
| Widow Bird—The Paradise Widow Bird | 178-181 |
| The American Finches (Passerella):—The White-throated Sparrow—The Morning Finch—The Tree Bunting | |
| Finch—The Prairie Bunting Finch—The Sea Bunting Finch | 181-184 |
| The Buntings (Emberizæ):—The Crested Bunting—The Grey Bunting—The Golden Bunting—The Ortolan—The | |
| Red Bunting—The Black-headed Bunting—The Reed Bunting—The Lark Bunting—The Snow Bunting | 185-195 |
| The Larks (Alaudæ):—The Calandra Lark—The Short-toed Lark or Calandrelle—The Black or Moor | |
| Lark—The Desert Lark—The Black-headed Bunting Lark—The Alpine Lark. The Larks Proper | |
| (Alaudæ):—The Tufted Lark—The Wood Lark—The Sky Lark—The Sentry Lark. The Courser | |
| Larks (Alaemon):—The Desert Courser Lark | 195-202 |
RAVENS (Coracirostres).
| The Starlings (Sturnidæ). The Troopials (Agelaii):—The Boblink or Rice Bird. The Marsh Troopials | |
| (Agelaius):—The Red-winged Troopial. The Cow Birds (Molothrus):—The Cow Starling. The | |
| Yellow or Golden Starlings (Icteri):—The Jamaica Yellow Bird—The Baltimore Golden Starling. | |
| The Cassicans (Cassici):—The Japu, or Tufted Cassican. The Boat-tails (Quiscalus):—The Great | |
| Boat-tail. The Starlings Proper (Sturni):—The Common Starling—The Sardinian Starling—The | |
| Rose Starling—The Mina Birds—The Musical Grakle. The Ox-biters (Buphagæ):—The African | |
| Ox-biter—The Red-beaked Ox-biter. The Glossy Starlings (Lamprotornithes)—The Bronze-coloured | |
| Glossy Starling—The Golden-breasted Glossy Starling—The Superb Glossy Starling—The Scaly Glossy | |
| Starling—The Brazen Glossy Magpie. The Rock Glossy Starlings (Moriones):—The White-beaked | |
| Rock Glossy Starling. The Mountain Glossy Starlings (Amydrus):—The Naburup. The Orioles | |
| (Orioli):—The Satin Bower Bird—The Spotted Collar Bird—The Pirol, Golden Oriole, or Cherry | |
| Bird—The Golden-crested Oriole | 210-243 |
| The Birds of Paradise (Paradiseæ):—The Footless Bird of Paradise—The Wumbi—The Ruby, or Red Bird | |
| of Paradise—The King of the Birds of Paradise—The Collared Bird of Paradise. Epimachi:—The | |
| Resplendent Epimachus—The Collared Epimachus—The Magpie Bird of Paradise | 243-253 |
| The Ravens Proper (Coraces). The Mountain Crows, or Choughs (Fregili):—The Chough—The Snow | |
| Crow, or Alpine Chough. The True Ravens:—The Raven—The White-necked Vulture Raven—The | |
| Scapulated Raven. The Crows (Corvus):—The Carrion Crow—The Hooded Crow—The Rock | |
| or Field Crow—The Jackdaw—The Glossy Crow—The Nutcracker. The Piping Crows (Phonygamæ):—The | |
| Flute Bird—The Bell Bird or Bell Magpie—The Bald-headed Crow. The Tree Crows, or | |
| Jays (Garruli):—The Magpie—The Blue Magpie. The Blue Ravens (Cyanocorax):—The Hooded | |
| Blue Raven—The Crested Blue Jackdaw—The Common Jay—The Unlucky Jay. The Long-tailed | |
| Crows (Glaucopes). The Tree Magpies (Dendrocitta):—The Wandering Magpie—The Benteot—The | |
| Long-tailed Kitta—The Feather-beaks (Cissa):—The Sirgang, or Green Jackdaw | 254-283 |
| The Plantain Eaters (Amphibolæ). The True Plantain Eaters (Musophagæ):—The Banana Eater. | |
| The Helmet Birds (Corythaix):—The White-cheeked Helmet Bird—The Turako. The Split Beaks | |
| (Schirzorhis):—The Alarm Bird. The Colies, or Mouse Birds (Colii):—The Wiriwa—The White-cheeked | |
| Mouse-Bird | 283-290 |
CATCHERS (Captantes).
| Birds of Prey (Raptores). The Falcons (Falconidæ). The Noble Falcons (Falcones). The Hunting | |
| Falcons (Hierofalco). The Wandering Falcons (Falco):—The Peregrine Falcon—The Red-necked | |
| Falcon—The Tree Falcon—The Berigora. The Kestrels (Tinnunculus):—The Lark Kestrel—The | |
| Kestrel—The Red-footed, or Evening Falcon—The Sparrow Falcon. The Dwarf Falcons (Hierax):—The | |
| Muti | 291-312 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| Plate I.—The Scarlet Macaw. | Plate VI.—The Waglers Cassicus. |
| " II.—The Ground Parrakeet. | " VII.—The Sharp-billed Oriole. |
| " III.—The Blue-striped Lory. | " VIII.—The Ruby Bird of Paradise. |
| " IV.—Eggs. | " IX.—The Sparrow Hawk. |
| " V.—The Bullfinch and Goldfinch. | " X.—The Imperial Eagle. |
| FIG. | page | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Respiratory Apparatus of a Fowl | 2 |
| 2. | Wing of a Bird, partially stripped of Feathers, to show the insertions of the Quills | 4 |
| 3. | Nascent Feather of a Chicken | 5 |
| 4. | Head of a Swan (Cygnus olor) | 6 |
| 5. | Section of the Head of an Eagle, showing the structure of the Eye | 7 |
| 6. | Eye of an Owl, showing the arrangement of the Nictitating Membrane | 8 |
| 7. | Muscles of the Eye-ball and of the Nictitating Membrane | 9 |
| 8. | External Ear of a Young Owl | 10 |
| 9. | The Throat of a Fowl, showing the parts in situ | 11 |
| 10. | Tongue of the Woodpecker, showing the mechanism employed for its protrusion | 12 |
| 11. | Viscera of Small Bird (Euphone violacea) | 13 |
| 12. | Skeleton of a Goose | 16 |
| 13. | Regions of the body of a Small Bird | 19 |
| 14. | Chicken in the Egg, newly arrived at maturity | 21 |
| 15. | A Young Chicken, showing the arrangement of the Feathers | 22 |
| 1. | Cockatoos (Cacatua) | 28 |
| 2. | Collared Parrot (Palæornis torquatus) | 29 |
| 3. | The Jako (Psittacus erithacus) | 36 |
| 4. | The Amazon Parrot (Chrysotis Amazonicus) | 40 |
| 5. | The Maitakka (Pionus menstruus) | 41 |
| 6. | The Crested Hawk Parrot (Deroptyus accipitrinus coronatus) | 44 |
| 7. | The Helmet Cockatoo (Callicephalus galeatus) | 48 |
| 8. | The Nestor Cockatoo (Nestor productus) | 49 |
| 9. | The Casmalos (Microglossus aterrimus) | 52 |
| 10. | The Raven Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus Banksii) | 53 |
| 11. | The Scarlet Macaw (Ara Macao) | 61 |
| 12. | The Garuba (Conurus luteus) | 64 |
| 13. | The Rosella (Platycercus eximius) | 72 |
| 14. | The Waved Parrot (Melopsittacus undulatus) | 73 |
| 15. | The Corella (Nymphicus Novæ Hollandæ) | 76 |
| 16. | The Ground Parrakeet (Pezoporinus formosus) | 77 |
| 17. | The Purple-capped Lory or Lorikeet (Lorius domicella) | 80 |
| 18. | The Dappled Lorikeet (Psitteuteles versicolor) | 81 |
| 19. | Tail-piece | 82 |
| 20. | The Large-beaked Cross-bill (Loxia pityopsittacus) | 85 |
| 21. | The Banded Cross-bill (Loxia tænioptera) | 88 |
| 22. | Cross-bills (Loxiæ) | 89 |
| 23. | The Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) | 93 |
| 24. | The Desert Trumpeter (Bucanetes githagineus) | 96 |
| 25. | Female Bullfinch and Nest | 104 |
| 26. | The Girlitz (Serinus hortulanus) | 105 |
| 27. | The Wild Canary | 109 |
| 28. | The Tame Canary | 112 |
| 29. | The Chaffinch (Fringilla Cœlebs) | 116 |
| 30. | The Mountain Finch (Fringilla montifringilla) | 120 |
| 31. | The Brown Linnet (Cannabina linota) | 121 |
| 32. | Siskin, Bullfinch, and Goldfinch | 125 |
| 33. | Goldfinches and Nest | 128 |
| 34. | Winter Visitors to the Village | 132 |
| 35. | Sparrow's Nest | 133 |
| 36. | The Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) and the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) | 136 |
| 37. | The Green Grosbeak (Chloris hortensis) | 140 |
| 38. | The Rose-breasted Hawfinch (Coccoborus ludovicianus) | 144 |
| 39. | The Dominican Finch (Paroaria dominicana) | 148 |
| 40. | The Rarita or Rara (Phytotoma Rara) | 149 |
| 41. | The Guttarama (Euphone violacea) | 156 |
| 42. | The Rice Bird (Padda oryzivora) | 160 |
| 43. | The Pheasant Finch (Astrilda undulata) | 164 |
| 44. | Detached Nest of Male Gold-fronted Weaver Bird (Oriolinus icterocephalus) | 165 |
| 45. | Nest of Astrilda, from Senegal | 165 |
| 46. | Nest of Weaver Bird, slit open | 166 |
| 47. | Nest of Mahali Weaver Bird | 168 |
| 48. | Nest of Social Weaver Bird (Philetaërus socius) | 168 |
| 49. | The Golden Weaver Bird (Ploceus galbula) and | |
| the Masked Weaver Bird (Ploceus larvatus) | 169 | |
| 50. | The Java Weaver Bird (Baya) and Nests | 172 |
| 51. | Breeding Nest of the Golden-fronted Weaver Bird (Oriolinus icterocephalus) | 173 |
| 52. | Nests of South African Weaver Birds | 175 |
| 53. | The Fire Finch (Euplectes Petiti) | 176 |
| 54. | Dinemelli's Buffalo Weaver Bird (Textor Dinemellii) | 177 |
| 55. | The Paradise Widow Bird (Vidua paradisea) | 180 |
| 56. | The White-throated or Song Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) | 181 |
| 57. | The Ortolan, or Garden Bunting (Emberiza-Glycyspina hortulana) | 188 |
| 58. | The Black-headed Bunting (Euspiza melanocephala) | 189 |
| 59. | The Reed Bunting (Cynchramus schœniclus) | 192 |
| 60. | The Lark Bunting (Centrophanes lapponicus) | 193 |
| 61. | The Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis) | 194 |
| 62. | The Calandra Lark (Melanocorypha Calandra) | 197 |
| 63. | The Moor Lark (Saxilauda Tatarica) | 200 |
| 64. | The Desert Lark (Ammomanes deserti) | 201 |
| 65. | The Alpine Lark (Phileremos alpestris) | 202 |
| 66. | The Tufted Lark (Galerita cristata) | 204 |
| 67. | The Skylark (Alauda arvensis) | 205 |
| 68. | The Sentry Lark (Macronyx capensis) | 208 |
| 69. | Tail-piece | 209 |
| 70. | The Boblink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) | 212 |
| 71. | The Red-Winged Troopial (Agelaius Phœniceus) | 216 |
| 72. | The Cow Starling (Molothrus pecoris) | 217 |
| 73. | The Baltimore Bird | 220 |
| 74. | The Great Boat-tail (Quiscalus major) | 221 |
| 75. | The Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) | 224 |
| 76. | The Rose Starling (Pastor roseus) | 228 |
| 77. | The Musical Grakle (Gracula musica) | 229 |
| 78. | The Red-beaked Ox-biter (Buphaga erythrorhyncha) | 232 |
| 79. | The Superb Glossy Starling (Notauges superbus) | 233 |
| 80. | The Scaly Glossy Starling (Pholidauges leucogaster) | 236 |
| 81. | The Satin Bower Bird (Philonorhynchus holosericus) | 237 |
| 82. | The Spotted Collar Bird (Chlamydera maculata) | 240 |
| 83. | The Pirol, or Golden Oriole (Oriolus galbula) | 241 |
| 84. | Birds of Paradise | 244 |
| 85. | The Red Bird of Paradise (Paradisea rubra) | 245 |
| 86. | The Resplendent Epimachus (Seleucides resplendens) | 249 |
| 87. | The Collared Epimachus (Epimachus magnus) | 252 |
| 88. | The Magpie Bird of Paradise (Astrapia gularis) | 253 |
| 89. | The Chough (Fregilus graculus) | 256 |
| 90. | The White-necked Vulture Raven (Corvultur albicollis) | 259 |
| 91. | The Scapulated Raven (Pterocorax scapulatus) | 260 |
| 92. | The Raven (Corax nobilis) | 261 |
| 93. | The Carrion Crow (Corvus corona) | 262 |
| 94. | The Rook (Corvus frugilegus) | 264 |
| 95. | The Jackdaw (Monedula turrium) | 265 |
| 96. | The Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) | 268 |
| 97. | The Flute Bird (Gymnorhina tibicen) | 269 |
| 98. | The Magpie (Pica caudata) | 273 |
| 99. | The Crested Blue Jackdaw (Cyanocitta cristata) | 276 |
| 100. | The Common Jay (Garrulus glandarius) | 277 |
| 101. | The Wandering Magpie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) | 281 |
| 102. | The Banana Eater (Musophaga violacea) | 284 |
| 103. | The White-cheeked Helmet Bird (Corythaix leucotis) | 285 |
| 104. | The Alarm Bird (Schizorhis zonurus) | 288 |
| 105. | The Wiriwa (Colius Senegalensis) | 289 |
| 106. | Oriental Falconry | 297 |
| 107. | The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) | 301 |
| 108. | The Falconer | 304 |
| 109. | The Tree Falcon (Hypotriorchis subbuteo) | 305 |
| 110. | The Lark Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius) | 308 |
| 111. | The Red-footed or Evening Falcon (Erythropus vespertinus) | 309 |
CASSELL'S BOOK OF BIRDS.
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
e were some time ago both delighted and astonished by the performances of a German artist, who imitated with wonderful exactness the notes of a variety of birds. The song of the nightingale and the warblings of the skylark, the whistling of the throstle and the out-poured melody of the canary, were gone through with such perfect execution, that the birds themselves, we thought, could scarcely have detected a flaw in the performance. This gifted individual introduced himself to his audience by a somewhat humorous account of the manner in which he had acquired his extraordinary powers. He told us that his father, who was a breeder of birds, had upon one occasion gone from home, leaving a bag of rice as provision for his children, and a quantity of bird-seed for his feathered protégés. By some mistake the rice had been given to the birds, and the bird-seed to the children, the consequence being, that on the gentleman's return he found his birds all dead, and his children singing like piping bullfinches. How far this explanation was satisfactory we will not stop to inquire; but we have sometimes been almost tempted to suppose that some similar accident must be of frequent occurrence in Germany. The deep acquaintance of the ornithologists of that country with the objects of their study, and the fidelity with which they note down the minutest incidents connected with the history of their favourites, surpassing anything achieved by other naturalists, not even excepting such enthusiastic labourers as Wilson and Audubon, demands our warmest praise; while the patient industry, so conspicuous in their writings, at once calls for and excites our admiration.
Among the foremost of his countrymen in the cultivation of ornithological research stands the author of the magnificent work whose pages it is our wish to lay before English readers. Not content with studying the natural history of his favourites from books, or even in the rich scientifically arranged collections contained in so many Continental museums, his zeal led him to follow them even into their own wild retreats, and, gun in hand, to penetrate the burning deserts of Eastern Africa, and the equally inhospitable, and then but little known, regions of Abyssinia. By thus familiarising himself with the habits of birds in their native haunts, and amid the scenery whereby they are surrounded in a state of nature, he has been enabled to impart a freshness to his descriptions as characteristic of the real naturalist as the smell of new-made hay is redolent of fields and hedgerows, and no more to be imitated by the mere compiler than the voice of an orator by the reporter of his speeches.
Before, however, we permit our author to speak for himself, it may perhaps be desirable to preface his remarks by a few general observations concerning the structure of the beautiful creatures that form the subjects of his teaching, inasmuch as it is obviously desirable to have clear notions concerning the machinery employed before its adaptation to its intended uses can be made manifest; and further, because in the study of ornithology, as in every other branch of natural history, there are certain conventional terms that may require explanation before the words used in describing an object are intelligible to the uninitiated.
The Bird is an inhabitant of the air in the fullest sense of the expression. The atmosphere is emphatically the sphere of its activity; it mounts it as it would a ladder; it sails through it in triumph, and rides upon the winds as upon a fleet steed. Moreover, it is the atmosphere itself which endows the feathered Ariel with such capabilities, and it is in the perfection of his respiration that we must search for an explanation of his wonderful achievements.