Catechism of the locomotive

THE FIGURES BELOW REFER TO THE NUMBERS OF THE PAGES.

• Absolute pressure, 13.
• Accidents to locomotives, 509.
• Accidents and injuries to persons, 533; danger from, 535.
• Actual energy, 24.
• Adhesion, 62, 319; amount of, 320; proportion of to resistance, 412.
• Adhesive weight, 321.
• Admission, depends on, 222; how affected, 255; how equalized, 249; of steam, 30; period of, 249.
• Admission line, 236, 237.
• Air, admission of to fire-box, 380; control of supply of, 384; forces of, 8; method of admitting to the fire-box, 382; pressure of, 8, 9; quantity necessary for combustion, 381, 388; quantity needed for dilution of gases, 389; quantity to be admitted through the grate and above the fire, 391; weight of, 8.
• Air chamber, 117.
• Alarm check, 126.
• Algebra, x.
• Algebraic symbols, x.
• Allen valve, 224.
• American locomotive, 429; engraving of, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563.
• American Railway Master Mechanics’ Association, 260, 288.
• Angular advance, 251.
• Animal oil, 504.
• Anthracite coal, 112, 152, 403; firing with, 503.
• Aquafortis, 368.
• Argand-burner, 336.
• Arterial bleeding, 536.
• Artery, 536; injury to, 537, 539; position of, 537.
• Ash-pan, 67; construction of, 81.
• Ash-pan dampers, 81; operation of, 153.
• Atmospheric line, 48.
• Automatic brakes, 442; management of, 495.
• Axle, adjustment of, 475; breaking of, 509, 523; how made to assume a radical position, 278, 282; main driving, 63.
• Axle box, arrangement of, 296; bearing of, 290; driving, 290; for tenders, 355; wear of, 297.
• Babbitt’s metal, 173, 175, 180.
• Back elevation, xiv.
• Back pressure, 56, 163; line of, 236, 243.
• Back view, xiv.
• Backward motion or gear, 187.
• Baldwin Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 555, 565, 567.
• Ball joint, 160.
• Bearings, brass, 177; for driving axles, 290; for tender axles, 354; for truck axles, 292; proportions of, 362; wear of, 179.
• Bearing-bars, 152.
• Bed-casting, 164.
• Bed-plate, 146.
• Bell, 335; use of, 479.
• Bissell truck, 432.
• Bituminous coal, 368; composition of, 369, 388; use of, 503.
• Blast orifice, 71; (see also exhaust nozzle).
• Bleeding, danger from, 535; stopping of, 537, 540.
• Blower, 149; use of, 480.
• Blower cock, 149.
• Blow-off cock, 148.
• Block, link, 185; (see link block).
• Boiler, 66, 71; advantages of large size, 422; calculations of, 419; capacity of, 71, 418; cleaning of, 147, 505; emptying of, 147; expansion of, 90, 295, 478; explosion of, 509, 514; feeding of, 483; filling of, 506; inspection of, 461; irregular action of, 421; organs of, 66; operation of, 420; proportions of, 419; size of, 417, 420; strains on, 85, 478; testing of, 461.
• Boiler attachments, 115; examination of, 465.
• Boiler plate, fastenings of, 90; resistance of, 95; strength of, 89, 95; unequal strain on, 92.
• Boiler pressure, 223; difficulty of maintaining in cylinders, 223.
• Boiler seams, form of, 103; strength of, 93, 106.
• Boiling, 10.
• Boiling point, 11.
• Bones, injury to, 542.
• Books, list of, 550.
• Boss, 207.
• Boxes, for driving axles, 290; for tender axles, 355; for truck axles, 292.
• Braces, 80, 107; for frames, 292; proportions of, 108.
• Brakes, continuous train, 442; for tenders, 356; inspection of, 475; reliance on, 494.
• Brass bearings, 177; (see bearings).
• Brasses, 177.
• Breaking joints, 173.
• Bridges, 31; width of, 260.
• Buchanan, William, see preface, 402.
• Bumper-timber, 292.
• Bunsen burner, 374.
• Burns, treatment of, 542.
• Bushing, 174, 180.
• Butt-joints, 106.
• Cages, 116.
• Candle, 375; flame of, 375.
• Carbon, 369, 371; air required for combustion of, 388; total heat of combustion, 380.
• Carbonic-acid gas, 378.
• Carbonic dioxide, 378.
• Carbonic oxide, 378.
• Carburetted hydrogen, 369.
• Carrying wheels, 268.
• Cars, resistance of, 406.
• Casing, for cylinders, 170.
• Caulking, 106; effect of, 107.
• Caulking edge, 106.
• Centre bearing, 356; lubrication of, 475.
• Centre of gravity, calculation for, 329, 330, 331.
• Centre-pin, 269, 271, 316.
• Centre-plate, lower, for truck, 316; lubrication of, 475; upper, 316.
• Check-chains, 340, 350.
• Check-valve, failure of, 509, 518; for injector, 120; for pump, 117.
• Chemical element, 365; combination of, 366.
• Chemical equivalent, 367.
• Chilling, 291.
• Chimney, 66; construction of, 112.
• Clearance, of piston, 221; effect of, 228; of valve, 42.
• Coal, amount of water evaporated by, 73, 394; condition of when put on fire, 387; value and properties of, 594.
• Cock, blower, 149; blow-off, 148; cylinder, 171; feed, 119; frost, 119; gauge, 130; heater, 149; oil, 169; pet, 118; try, 130.
• Co-efficient of friction, 359.
• Coke, 379; air needed for combustion of, 392.
• Cold weather, 496.
• Color blindness, 493.
• Collision, 509; prevention of, 510.
• Combustion, 365; air required for, 380, 388; chemical process of, 379; effect on of enlarging the grate, 392; how explained, 370; in locomotive fire-box, 377; intensity of, 393; in tubes, 386; products of, 378; rate of, 73, 365; total heat of, 380, 393; when complete, 373.
• Compression, 44, 221; calculation of, 243; effected by, 228; effect of, 247; line or curve of, 236.
• Compressive strain, 89.
• Combining tube, 31.
• Condensation, 17.
• Conduction, 18; of heat through heating surfaces, 395.
• Cone, 112; cone of wheel, effect of, 274, 277; advantage of, 285.
• Connecting-rod, 5, 164; angularity of, 45, 175; breaking of, 509; construction of, 177; effect of, 44; inspection of, 467, 471; main, 177; pressure of, 174; wear of, 177.
• Consolidation locomotive, 430, 569.
• Continuous train brakes, 442.
• Convection, 111, 118.
• Counterbalance weights, (see counterweights.)
• Countersunk joint, 156.
• Counterweights, 289, 328; calculation for, 328, 331, 333; construction of, 333.
• Coupling, breaking of, 510, 531; engine to tender, 480.
• Coupling-pin, 350.
• Coupling-rod, 177; why taken down, 523.
• Covering strip, 100, 103.
• Cow-catcher, 294, 338.
• Crank, 5, 63.
• Crank-pin, 64; breaking of, 509, 522; construction of, 288; how fastened, 288; inspection of, 468; pressure on, 244.
• Creamer’s brake, 442.
• Crow-feet, 107.
• Cross-head, 174; accident to, 509; inspection of, 471.
• Crossing, approach to, 493, 511.
• Crown-bars, 80.
• Crown-sheet, or crown-plate, 75, 80.
• Crushing, 95, 98; treatment of, 542.
• Curve, degree of, 410; resistance on, 410; running through, 489.
• Curve of compression, 236.
• Curve of expansion, 236.
• Cut-off, 16, 41; advantage of, 483; effect of link on, 217; effect of throw of eccentric on, 252.
• Cushion, 38, 230.
• Cylinder, 163, 164; breaking of, 509, 521; construction of, 164; distance between, 69; inspection of, 63; location of, 63; protection of, 170; size of, 69, 413.
• Cylinder capacity, 414; calculation for, 415, 416.
• Cylinder casing, 170.
• Cylinder cocks, 171; use of, 479.
• Cylinder-heads, 165; breaking of, 521.
• Cylinder-head covers, 170.
• Cylinder lagging, 170.
• Dampers, for ash-pan, 81, 153.
• Danforth Locomotive and Machine Co., 429; locomotive by, 559, 569.
• Dangers to which locomotive runners are exposed, 544.
• Dead-point, 5.
• Dead-grate, 387.
• Deflector, for fire-box door, 400; for sparks, 112.
• Delivery-tube, 120.
• Diaphragm, 140.
• Different kinds of locomotives, 427.
• Dilution of gases, air needed for, 389.
• Distribution of steam, 220; defects of, 248; effect of, 231.
• Distribution of weight, on driving wheels, 413.
• Dome, 110; location of, 110.
• Double-end tank locomotive, 571, 573, 581.
• Double poppet valve, 155.
• Double truck locomotive, 435, 577, 579.
• Draft, 67, 72.
• Draw-bar, 334.
• Draw-bridge, approach to, 493; running into, 509, 511.
• Drawings, xiii.
• Drilled holes, 92, 96, 98, 103.
• Drilling cars, 427.
• Drip-pipe, 132.
• Driving-axle, breaking of, 523; main, 70; (see also axle).
• Driving-axle boxes, 290; bearing of, 290.
• Driving-wheels, 70, 268; action of, 323; adhesion of, 62, 319; breaking of, 523; construction of, 285; distance between, 68; effect of their size on combustion and evaporation, 424; friction of, 62, 319; how fastened, 288; motion of around curves, 284; relation between size of and that of boiler, 425; size of, 68, 413, 425; weight on, 69.
• Drop-door, 153.
• Dry-pipe, 111.
• Duplicate parts, 477.
• Dust guard, 356.
• Ebullition, 11, 485.
• Eccentric, 6; effect of throw of, 252, 255; how set, 182, 528; motion how communicated to valve, 185; motion same as that of crank, 31; slipping of, 526, 528; throw of, 31, 251; with varying lap, 258.
• Eccentric-rod, 7; breaking of, 527, 529.
• Eccentric-strap, 6; breaking of, 529.
• Effective pressure, 14.
• Eight-wheeled American locomotive, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563.
• Ejector, 446.
• Elasticity, limit of, 89, 302; of spring, 302.
• Elastic strength, of spring, 302.
• Elementary substances, 365.
• Energy, 22, 23; actual, 24, 29; of repulsion, 28; possible or potential, 28.
• Endurance, 545.
• Equalizing lever, 309; advantages of, 313; breaking of, 509, 525; construction of, 310; distribution of weight by, 310; of truck, 316.
• Evaporation, amount required, 72; latent heat of, 26.
• Exhaust of steam, 30, 67; how affected by link, 217, 249.
• Exhaust line, 236, 242.
• Exhaust-nozzle, 68, 71.
• Exhaust passage, 165.
• Exhaust pipe, 162.
• Exhaust-port, 5; width of, 260.
• Exhaust steam, action of, 71, 72.
• Expander, 84.
• Expansion, 16, 221; advantages of, 55, 60, 482; limits of economy, 60.
• Expansion clamps, 294.
• Expansion curve or line, 51.
• Experiments with locomotives, 450.
• Explosion of boiler, 509; cause of, 514; prevention of, 516.
• Fairlie engine, 435.
• Feed-cock, 119, 149.
• Final pressure, 56, 482.
• Fire, depth or thickness of, 383; management of, 500; method of feeding, 383; method of starting, 478.
• Firing, 499, 501.
• Fire-box, 66, 67; construction of, 75; expansion of, 479; form of, 397; size of, 69.
• Fire-brick arch, 397.
• Flame, length of, 376; nature of, 371, 375.
• Flange of wheel, 278; friction of, 281.
• Flue, 66, 67; arrangement of, 81; bursting or collapse of, 509, 516; fastening of, 83.
• Flue expander, 84.
• Flutter of water, 487.
• Fly-wheel, 5.
• Foaming, 484; cause of, 486; effect of, 488; prevention of, 486.
• Follower bolts, 172.
• Follower plate, 172.
• Foot-board or plate, 261, 338; effect of weight of, 339.
• Foot pound, 23.
• Force-pump, 115.
• Forney locomotive, 434, 575.
• Forward motion or gear, 187.
• Four-wheeled locomotive, 428; disadvantages of, 428; engraving of, 553.
• Frames, 65, 292; attachment to the fire-box, 295; breaking of, 510, 526; fastening of, 294.
• Franklin Institute, system of screw threads, 342.
• Freezing of water in boiler, 507; in pumps, 119, 507, 532.
• Freight locomotive, 429.
• Freight traffic, 427, 429.
• Friction, 358; depends on, 358; co-efficient of, 359; effect of pressure and velocity of surfaces on, 361; effect of area of surfaces in contact, 364; law of, 363; of wheel flanges, 281; of wheels, 62, 319.
• Front view, xiv.
• Front elevation, xiv.
• Frost-bite, treatment of, 543.
• Frost-cock, 119.
• Fuel, value of, 404.; waste of, 394.
• Fulcrum of driving wheel, 312.
• Furnace door, 67, 80, 149.
• Gas, 368; combustion of, 376.
• Gas-light, 371.
• Gauge of road, 75.
• Gauge-cocks, 130.
• Gibs, 175.
• Gland, 173.
• Glass water-gauge, 130; inspection of, 465.
• Grades, effect of on water level, 491; resistance on, 408; running on, 490.
• Grant Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 557.
• Grate, 67, 73, 81, 149; dead, 387; inspection of, 465; management of, 504, 506; rocking, 152; shaking, 152; surface, 419; water, 152.
• Grate-bars, 150.
• Greenwich Street Elevated Railroad, 441.
• Guide-blocks, 176.
• Guide-rods or bars, 164; inspection of, 467; object of, 174; wear of, 176.
• Guide-yoke, 175.
• Half-gear, 195.
• Hand-holes, 148.
• Hand-rails, 337.
• Head-light, 336; inspection of, 476; use of, 495.
• Heat, conduction of, 74; convertible into work, 25; equivalent of, 24; latent, 26; loss of, 395; mechanical equivalent of, 22; total of, steam, 29, 585; transmission of, 381, 395, 423; waste of, 18, 395.
• Heater-cocks, 149; use of, 486.
• Heating surface, 67; amount needed, 73, 419, 420.
• Heat of evaporation or gasification, 369.
• Helper, 497.
• Henderson’s brake, 442.
• Hinkley Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 553, 563.
• Hood for fire-box door, 400.
• Horizontal section, xiv.
• Hose, 350.
• Hudson River Railroad, locomotives used on, 440.
• Hydrogen, 369, 371; air required for combustion of, 388.
• Hyperbolic curve, 51, 237.
• Hyperbolic logarithms, 54; table of, 590.
• Hyponitrous acid, 368.
• Igniting temperature, 370, 376; of coal gas, 387.
• Incrustating substances, 454.
• Indicator, steam, 47, 231; method of attaching, 234.
• Indicator, diagram, 51, 233; form of, 235, 240, 241, 247.
• Induced current, 374.
• Initial pressure, 60.
• Injector, 120; action of, 120; action of fixed nozzle injector, 123; action of hot water on, 123; fixed nozzle, 120; failure of, 509, 518; inspection of, 465; location of, 127; self-regulating, 124.
• Injuries to persons, 533.
• Insensibility, treatment of, 541.
• Inside pipe, 113.
• Inspection of locomotives, 461.
• Intensity of combustion, 393.
• Internal disturbing forces, 328.
• Introduction, ix.
• Inverted plane, xv.
• Jauriet, C. F.; water tables, 399.
• Jaws, 292.
• Johnson, Walter B., experiments on coal, 405.
• Journal, 177; effect of increased diameter, 362; heating of, 504; oiling of, 179; of driving axle, 290; of truck axles, 292.
• Journal bearing, of driving axle, 290; of tender axles, 351; of truck axles, 354.
• Keys, 179.
• Lagging, 111; for cylinders, 169.
• Lamp, 373; for head-light, 336, 376.
• Lap, 40, 251; inside, 40; effect of, 41; outside, 40; effect of, 41, 44; effect of reducing, 255; effect of varying, 258.
• Latent heat, 26; of evaporation, 26, 29.
• Lateral motion, 317, 430.
• Laughing gas, 368.
• Lead, 38, 220, 249, 253; cause of, 218; effect of, 44; how affected by link, 218; how equalized, 249; inside, 38; necessity for, 221.
• Lift of pump valves, 117.
• Lifting arm, 66; breaking of, 529.
• Lifting shaft, 185; breaking of, 530; position of, 250.
• Limit of elasticity, 89; of spring, 302.
• Line and line, 237.
• Linear advance, 252.
• Line of back-pressure, 236, 243.
• Line of compression, 236.
• Line of expansion, 236.
• Liners, 175.
• Link, 66, 185; motion of, 189; radius of, 200.
• Link-block, 185.
• Link-hanger, 185, 250; breaking of, 529.
• Link motion, 181, 196, 248.
• Link-saddle, 187; breaking of, 529.
• List of books, 550.
• Live steam, 229.
• Locomotive, 62; advance of, 323; capacity of, 421; cleaning and repairing of, 505; cost of operating, 448; different kinds, 427; dimensions of, 68, 429; escape of, 509, 511; experiments with, 450; general description of, 62; how turned around, 455; inspection of, 461; list of parts of, 69; number of miles run to a ton of coal, 449; principal parts of, 62; proportions of, 412; resistance of, 62; speed of, 419; starting of, 480; weight of, 67.
• Longitudinal section, xv.
• Lost motion, 180.
• Loughridge’s brake, 442.
• Lubricant, 360; manner of applying, 360.
• Lubrication, 358; effect of pressure and velocity of surfaces on, 361; method of, 477.
• Man-hole, 349.
• Mason Machine Works, 429, 436; locomotive by, 561, 577, 579.
• Mason, William, 435.
• Master Mechanics’ Association, 260, 288.
• Mechanical equivalent of heat, 22.
• Metropolitan railroads, 427, 437; locomotives for, 436, 438, 440.
• Mid-gear, 195.
• Miles run to ton of coal, 449.
• Mineral oil, 504.
• Miscellaneous, 335.
• Model of valve-gear, 204.
• Modulus of propulsion, 415.
• Mogul locomotive, 430, 567.
• Molecular activity, 376.
• Momentum of piston, 230, 244; creates resistance to turning of crank, 246.
• Motion, reciprocating, 5; rotary, 5.
• Motion curves, 34, 196; how drawn, 197, 204, 208.
• Motion diagram, 213, 214.
• Mud-drum, 148.
• Mud-holes, 148.
• New York elevated railroad, 441; locomotive for, 583.
• Nitric acid, 368.
• Nitrogen, 368.
• Nitrous acid, 368.
• Nitrous oxide, 368.
• Nuts, 341; proportions of, 348.
• Oil, 360; animal, 504; manner of applying, 360; mineral, 504.
• Oil boxes, for tender, 354.
• Oil cellars, 179, 290.
• Oil-cock, 169.
• Oil-cup, 176.
• Open-road, 428; running on, 489.
• Operating locomotives, cost of, 448.
• Outside shell of fire-box, 75.
• Overflow, 120.
• Overflow-nozzle, 121.
• Oxalate of ammonia, 454.
• Oxygen, 368, 370.
• Packing, 173.
• Packing-bolts, 173.
• Packing-nuts, 132, 173.
• Packing-rings, 172; inspection of, 468; setting out, 469.
• Packing-springs, 172.
• Parabolic reflector, 337.
• Parallel motion, 233.
• Parallel-rods, 177.
• Passenger traffic, 427; locomotive for, 436.
• Perforated pipe, 488.
• Performance and cost of operating locomotives, 448.
• Periods of distribution of steam, 220.
• Periphery of wheel, 277.
• Pet-cock, 118, 149.
• Petticoat-pipe, 113.
• Pile-driving machine, 28.
• Pilot, (see cow-catcher,) 294, 338.
• Piston, 1; accident to, 509, 522; diameter of, 69, 164, 416; construction of, 172; how oiled, 169; inspection of, 467; momentum of, 38, 230, 244; stroke of, 416.
• Piston-head, 172.
• Piston-rod, 2; action of, 174; breaking of, 509; construction of, 171.
• Pitch of screw-threads, 341, 343.
• Plan, xiv.
• Plates, 551.
• Potential energy, 24, 28.
• Pre-admission, 197, 220, 237, 240.
• Preface, iii.
• Pre-release, 221, 226, 249.
• Pressure-valve, 115.
• Priming, 170, 484; cause and prevention of, 486; effect of, 488.
• Properties of saturated steam, table of, 585.
• Proportions of locomotives, 412.
• Prosser’s expander, 84.
• Pump, 115; construction of, 115; failure of, 509, 518; freezing of, 120, 507, 532; inspection of, 466; location of, 119; regulation of, 119; working of, 176; in a snow storm, 532.
• Pump-barrel, 115.
• Pump-lug, 177.
• Pump-plunger, 155, 177.
• Pump-valve, 115.
• Punched holes, 9, 93, 103.
• Punching holes, 91, 93.
• Pushing-bar, 338.
• Pyrometer, 397.
• Quadrants, 261.
• Radiation, 18, 111; from boiler, 397.
• Rain storm, running in, 497.
• Receiving-tube, 120.
• Reciprocating motion, 5.
• Reflector, 337.
• Release of steam, 41, 221; governed by, 227; how affected by link, 217.
• Repulsion of particles, 28.
• Requirements and duties of locomotive runners, 547.
• Reserve engine, 497.
• Resistance of trains, 406; on curves, 410; on grades, 408; table of, 407, 596.
• Responsibility and qualifications of locomotive runners, 544.
• Reverse-lever, 66, 187; breaking of, 530; construction and location of, 261; length of, 263.
• Reverse-rod, 187, 261; breaking of, 530.
• Reversing gear, 264.
• Richardson safety valve, 140.
• Richard’s steam engine indicator, 231.
• Riveted seams, 91; strength of, 93, 95, 106.
• Riveting, chain, 100; double, 100; machine, 97; single, 95; strength of, 103; strongest form of, 99.
• Rivets, 90; arrangement of, 91; crushing of, 95, 98; diameter of, 98; proportions of, 91; shearing of, 94; staggered, 101; strength of, 94; zigzag, 101.
• Rocker, 7; accident to, 529.
• Rocker-arm, breaking of, 529; length of, 204.
• Rocker-pin, 185.
• Rocking grate, 152.
• Rogers Locomotive Works, 402, 571, 573.
• Rotary motion, 5.
• Running-board, 337.
• Running-gear, 268; inspection of, 473.
• Running locomotives, 478.
• Running off the track, 509, 512.
• Russia iron, 111.
• Saddles, 296.
• Safety chains, 340, 350.
• Safety-valve, 134; effect of blowing off, 485; inspection of, 465; pressure on, 136; Richardson’s, 140.
• Safety-valve lever, 135.
• Safety-valve seat, 139.
• Sand box, 335; use of, 481.
• Saturated steam, 13; properties of, 585.
• Scalds, treatment of, 542.
• Scale, 453.
• Screw-threads, 341; form of, 343; proportions of, 345; system of, 342; table of, 348.
• Seams, riveted, 91; strength of, 95.
• Section, xiv.
• Sectional view, xiv.
• Sectors, 261; arrangement of notches in, 263.
• Sellers, William, 342; system of screw-threads, 342, 344.
• Sellers, William & Co., turn table by, 456.
• Setting out packing, 469.
• Set-screws, 179.
• Shaking grate, 152.
• Shearing, 94, 98.
• Shock, treatment of, 541.
• Shoes, 297.
• Shunting, 427.
• Side-bearing, 356.
• Side elevation, xiv.
• Side rods, 177.
• Side view, xiv.
• Signals, 447; observance of, 481, 489, 493.
• Slack of the train, 481.
• Slides, 174; how oiled, 176; wear of, 175.
• Slide-valve, 6, 30; advance of, 38; conditions which it must fulfill, 30; disadvantages of first form of, 37; first form of, 30; how made steam tight, 169; inspection of, 472; lap of, 40; middle position of, 184; motion of modified by the proportions of link motion, 248; oiling of, 169, 492; proportions of, 260; setting of, 264; travel of, 38.
• Smith, A. F., 441.
• Smith’s vacuum brake, 442.
• Smoke, 368; cause of, 372; prevention of, 503.
• Smoke-box, 66, 111; temperature in, 396.
• Smoke-stack, 66; construction of, 112; inspection of, 465; proportions of, 112; size of, 69.
• Snow, 497; melting of, 532.
• Snow storm, blockade by, 532; running in, 497.
• Sobriety, importance of, 545.
• Soot, 371.
• Spacing rivets, 96, 98.
• Spark deflector, 112.
• Speed of locomotives, 450.
• Spherical joints, 160.
• Spider, 172.
• Spread of wheels, 285.
• Spring, 295, 297; breaking of, 509, 525; construction of, 297; curvature of, 301, 307; elasticity of, 297, 303, 306; necessity for, 295; number of plates of, 306; proportions of, 304; span of, 306; strength of, 303.
• Spring balance, 137.
• Spring balance lever, 138.
• Spring hanger, 297; attachment of, 308; breaking of, 509.
• Spring strap, 300.
• Staggered rivets, 101.
• Starting-valve, 126.
• Stations, running into, 494; running past, 492; stop at, 503.
• Stay-bolts, 76; breaking of, 79, 463; strain on, 78.
• Steam, 10; absolute pressure of, 13, 585; admission of, 30, 155; advantages of using expansively, 55; application of, 1; condensation of, 17; cut-off, 41; effective pressure of, 14; exhaust of, 30; expansion of, 14, 41, 47; expansive force of, 1; generation of greatest amount of, 500; pressure in cylinders, 47, 52, 53, 223; pressure, limit of, 134; pressure of, 11; pressure of after expansion, 16; properties of, 56, 585; quantity required, 420; release of, 41; saturated, 13; superheated, 13; total heat of, 29, 57, 585; temperature of, 585; weight of, 585; volume of, 14, 163, 585; wire drawn, 59.
• Steam-dome, 110; location of, 110.
• Steam-chest, 6; bursting of, 509, 522; construction of, 169; protection of, 170.
• Steam-chest cover, 169.
• Steam-gauge, 140; connection of, 145; inspecting of, 465; testing of, 145.
• Steam indicator, 231; method of applying, 234.
• Steam line, 236.
• Steam passage, 165.
• Steam pipes, 111, 155; bursting of, 509, 522; construction of, 158.
• Steam ports, 5; opening of, 217.
• Steam space, 109.
• Steam ways, 5, 122; effect of, 228.
• Steam whistle, 146.
• Steel plates, 479.
• Straps, 177.
• Stroke, 16.
• Stub-end, 179.
• Studies for mechanics, locomotive runners, &c., 549.
• Stuffing-box, 173; inspection of, 470.
• Suburban railroads, 427; locomotives for, 436, 438.
• Suction-pipe, 115.
• Suction-valve, 115.
• Sun stroke, treatment of, 543.
• Superheated steam, 13.
• Surface-cock, 487.
• Suspending-link, 250.
• Suspension, point of, 249.
• Suspension-links, 318.
• Switch, 269.
• Switching locomotive, 427, 428; running of, 499; engraving of, 553.
• Tangent, 209.
• Tank, 68, 349; capacity and weight of, 69, 346, 359; how strengthened, 350.
• Tank locomotive, 428, 432, 571, 573, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583.
• Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company, 428.
• Temperature in fire-box, 387; necessary to ignite coal gas, 387.
• Tender, 68; capacity and weight of, 69, 349, 357; construction of, 349.
• Tender trucks, 350, 356.
• Tender-valve, 350.
• Tensile strain, 89.
• Ten-wheeled locomotive, 430, 565.
• Testing of boilers, 461; of steam gauges, 145.
• Threads (of screws); see screw-threads, 341.
• Three-legged principle, 317.
• Throttle-pipe, 111.
• Throttle-valve, 155; failure of, 510, 530; inspection of, 466; operation of, 158; use of, 481.
• Throttle-valve lever, 158.
• Throw of eccentric, 31.
• Thumb tool, 84.
• Tires, 63, 285; breaking of, 509, 524; how fastened, 286; standard size of, 288.
• Tools for engine, 476.
• Top view, xiv.
• Total heat of combustion, 380, 393; of steam, 29, 57.
• Total pressure of steam, table of, 585.
• Tourniquet, 537.
• T pipe, 159.
• Traction, 319.
• Tractive power, 321.
• Traffic, freight and passenger, 427.
• Trailing wheels, 65; breaking of, 524.
• Train, protection of, 514.
• Transverse section, xv.
• Travel of valve, 38; effect of changing, 42, 195, 214, 216; how changed, 187.
• Tread of wheel, 277.
• Truck, 268; construction of, 314; effect of on movement of locomotive around curves, 273; for tender, 356; lateral motion of, 317; resistance to rolling, 280; use of, 269; with single pair of wheels, 271, 430.
• Truck axle, 280; breaking of, 524.
• Truck boxes, 292, 314.
• Truck frame, 314.
• Truck springs, 314.
• Truck wheels, 65, 268; breaking of, 524; construction of, 291; size of, 68; slip of, 273; weight on, 69; why two are used, 269.
• Truss-bars, 316.
• Try-cocks, 130.
• Tubes, 66; arrangement of, 81; bursting or collapse of, 509, 516; fastening of, 83; number and size of, 69, 74.
• Tube-expander, 84.
• Turn-table, 451; construction of, 455.
• Unguent, 360.
• Ultimate strength, 90; of springs, 302.
• Unit of heat, 58.
• Unit of work, 23.
• United States standard for screw-threads, 343.
• Vacuum brake, 442; construction of, 446.
• Vacuum line, 48.
• Valve, slide, 6. (See slide-valve).
• Valve, Allen’s, 224.
• Valve-face, 40.
• Valve-gear, 181; construction of, 181; dimensions of, 216; injury to, 510; inspection of, 472; model of, 250.
• Valve-rod, 7.
• Valve-seat, 5.
• Valve-stem, 7; accident to, 529.
• Vapor, 10.
• Variable exhaust, 163.
• Venous bleeding, 536.
• Vertical section, xiv.
• Volume, 14.
• Wagon top, 109.
• Waist of boiler, 67.
• Ward’s air brake, 442.
• Water, amount evaporated per pound of coal, 73, 394; freezing of, 507; height of in boiler, 130, 484; muddy, 486; “solid,” 487; supply exhausted, 531.
• Water crane, 452.
• Water gauge, 130, 132.
• Water grate, 152.
• Water space, 67; size of, 69, 75.
• Water supply, 453.
• Water table, 399.
• Water tank, effect of carrying weight of on driving-wheels, 433, 451.
• Wedges, 294, 297; bolts for, 475.
• Weight, distribution of, 413.
• Welt, 100, 103.
• Westinghouse brake, 442.
• Wheels, driving, 268; adhesion of, 62; breaking of, 509, 524; carrying, 268; size of, 68; trailing, 65; truck, 65, 268.
• Wheel-base, 69, 285.
• Wheel centres, 63, 286.
• Wheel guards, 340.
• Wild engine, 498.
• Wire drawn, 59, 197, 482.
• Wire netting, 465; method of cleaning, 466.
• Work, 22; convertible into heat, 25.
• Working water, 170.
• Wrist-pin, 175.
• Wyman, D. W., locomotive by, 583.
• Y, 460.
• Zigzag rivets, 101.