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Cesare Lombroso, a modern man of science

Chapter 19: INDEX
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About This Book

A critical portrait traces the subject's family background and early influences, recounts his development of criminal anthropology and major theories, and surveys contemporary opposition, debates over female and political criminality, criminal psychology, and his reform efforts in jurisprudence and agrarian questions. The book evaluates his methods, personality, and claims about genius, considers the wider significance of criminal anthropology, and documents his unconventional investigations into spiritualism. Chapters summarize predecessors, outline social and legal implications, and conclude with bibliographic appendices and a tabular account of positivist thought.

INDEX

  • A.
  • Adaptation, deficient, of degenerates, 123
  • Africo-Hellene race of Calabria, 129
  • “Agrarian Investigation,” 114
  • Agrarian problems, Lombroso, 127
  • Agrarian reform, 156, 157
  • Aksakow, Von, 176
  • Alcoholism and criminality, 95
  • Altruism deficient in criminal types, 105
  • Analogies, Lombroso’s talent for the discovery of, 112
  • Anarchism, 149
  • Animal magnetism, 168
  • Anomalous character of genius, 162, 163
  • Anthropology, earlier and recent significations of the term, 10 note
    • subject-matter of, 132
    • Lombroso’s conception of, 135, 137, 138
    • according to Virchow, Broca, and Mantegazza, 135
    • criminal, 18–54. See also separate organs, as brain, skull, etc.
      • tabular statement of primatoid varieties, 27–29
      • fundamental notion of, 42
      • physiognomy, 47–53
      • tabular statement of distinctive anatomical characters, indicating abnormal congenital predisposition in more than 800 non-insane criminals, 54
      • significance of, 130–138
    • Congress for, 147, 148
    • of women. See “Woman as Criminal”
  • Anti-semitism, 149
  • Anti-social tendencies of degenerates, 104, 105
    • types, 119, 123
      • need for segregation of, 146
  • Ape-like characters. See Primatoid varieties
  • Apportionment of punishment, 131
  • Argot. See Jargon
  • Aristocracy, Jewish, 164, 165
  • Arrest of development in criminals. See also Atavism, 46
  • “Art for art’s sake,” in criminals, 89
  • Art, naturalism in, 133
  • Artistic method, new, the fruit of positivism, 134
  • Arts, industrial, and positivism, 133
  • Aschaffenburg, 60 note, 147, 177
  • Asymmetry, facial, 104
  • Atavism, 19–25, 45–48, 59, 60, 95, 96, 101, 105, 118, 160 162
    • and crime. See Atavism and prostitution, 59, 60
  • Austrian dominion in Italy, 165
  • B.
  • Bachofen, 180
  • Bacon, Francis, 113
  • Baer, A., 24 note
  • Bagehot, Walter, quoted, 66 note
  • Battery, Zamboni’s dry, 172
  • Bebel, 110
  • Beltrani-Scalia, 80
  • Benedikt, 94
  • Bianchi, 175, 177
  • Biogenetic law, the fundamental, 118
  • Biological determination of social phenomena, 107 et seq.
    • determinism. See also Determinism
  • Bismarck, 165
  • Bistolfi, 82
  • Blameworthiness, 131
  • Books consulted, list of, 177
  • Born criminal. See Criminal, born
  • Born criminals form a degenerative subtype, 105
  • Boucher de Perthes, 180
  • Bourgeois criminality, 87
  • Brain in criminals, 38–45
  • Bread-riots at Milan, 1898, 153
  • Breeding, racial improvement by, 129, 146
  • Broca, 135, 180
  • Bruant, 91
  • Brusa, 141
  • Büchner, 8, 179
  • Buckle, 107
  • Bunsen, 134, 179, 180
  • Burdach, 7
  • C.
  • Calabria, Lombroso’s work in, 114
  • Camorra, the, 91
  • Cannizzaro, 181
  • Capital punishment, Lombroso favours, 128
  • Cardan, Jerome, Lombroso’s work on, 112, 162
  • Carrara, 81, 177
  • Cause and prevention, 158
  • Causes and prevention of crime, 147
  • Ceccarel, 177
  • Cerebrogenous characters, 27–29, 54
  • Chamberlain, Houston, 129
  • Characteristics common to criminals and epileptics, 98, 99
  • Characters, cerebrogenous, primatoid, etc. See under Adjectival term
  • Charcot, 168
  • Charuigi, 7
  • Cheats, 169
  • Child criminals, 97
  • Ciolfi, 175
  • Class-interests, power of, in preventing spread of truth, 151, 152
  • Class struggle. See Class war
  • Class war, the, and social evolution, 121, 122, 124, 125
  • Classes, differentiation by and through, 121
  • Clinical observation, 136
  • Comte, vi, 178
  • Congenital. See Inheritance
  • Congress for Criminal Anthropology, 147, 148
  • Conventional element in crime, 90
  • Correlation of growth, 104
  • Cosmic causality, 136
    • determinism, 69, 132–134
    • influences, 159
  • Cranio-facial developments, ratios of, 31, 34
  • Craniology. See Skull
  • Craniometry. See Skull
  • Crest, internal frontal, 28, 29
    • temporal, 29
  • Crime. See also Criminal
    • and insanity, 84, 85
    • and imbecility, 84, 85
    • and disease, 97
    • causes and prevention of, 147
    • related to genius and to insanity, 164
    • political. See Political crime
  • Criminal. See also Anthropology, criminal
    • accidental, 131
    • anthropology. See also Anthropology, criminal
      • Congress for, 147, 148
      • positive foundation of, 134
      • significance of, 130–138
      • subject-matter of, 132
    • born, 100, 131. See also Criminal type
  • Criminal born, the insensibility of, 88, 89
    • degenerate, 131
    • epileptic, 140, 145
    • habitual, 140, 145
    • insane, 131, 140, 145
    • jargon of. See Jargon
    • jurisprudence. 139–149
  • “Criminal Man, the,” 140
  • Criminal nature, 131. See also Criminal type and Criminal, born
      • and epilepsy, 98–103
    • occasional, 131, 140, 145
    • by passion, 140, 145
    • political, 119, 120. See also Political criminal
    • psychology. 79–105. See also Psychology, criminal
      • significance of term, 93 note
    • tendencies, inheritance of, 96, 97, 101
    • type, the, 102
      • criticism of idea of, 55
      • meaning and limitations of the doctrine, 50
      • physiognomy of, 51
    • types, female, comparatively rare, 61–63
      • lack “mother-sense,” 63
    • woman. See “Woman as Criminal”
  • Criminality, atavistic, 160
    • by passion, 100
    • evolutionary, 160
    • influence of environment on, 160
  • Criminaloid, the, 64, 145
  • Criminals, cruelty of, 84–86
    • recklessness of, 84, 85
    • responsibility of, 85, 86
    • economic status of, 86, 87
  • Criminology, school of positive, 140
  • Crispi, 153
  • Cro-Magnon, prehistoric man of, 33
  • Crossing of races, and its effect on political evolution, 74
  • Cruelty in women, 58
    • of criminals, 84–86
  • Cunning and force, 160
  • D.
  • Dante, 173
  • Darwin, 33, 47, 117, 134, 180
  • Darwin’s “Descent of Man,” 33, 117
  • Darwinian tipped ear, 47
  • Darwinism. See Evolution
  • Death, indifference to, in criminals, 88, note
    • penalty, Lombroso favours, 128
  • Decentralization of Government, Lombroso favours, 127
  • Degenerate, the, an anti-social being, 104, 105
  • Degenerates, 123
  • Degeneration, 15 et seq., 103–105, 159, 160, 162
    • and crime, 103–105
    • genius and, 162
    • practical significance of term, 104
    • stigmata of, 103 105
    • theory of, 160
  • De Goncourt, 180
  • Democracy, Lombroso’s faith in, 125
  • Dental abnormalities, 104
  • De Perthes, Boucher, 180
  • “Descent of Man” (Darwin’s), 33, 117
  • Despine, 13, 14
  • Determinism, 69, 107 et seq., 116, 120, 121, 123, 132–134, 138, 161, 162
  • Development, moral. See Moral development
  • Diagnosis, differential. See Differential diagnosis
  • Dickens, Charles, quoted, 170
  • Differences, individual, comparatively unimportant, 161
  • Differential diagnosis of varieties of criminal, 83–91
  • Differentiation in human species, 122
    • sexual, 57, 58, 121
      • Lombroso’s law of, 57
  • Differentiation, sexual, in savages as compared with civilized races, 58
  • Discovery, fruitful period of, in association with a positivist view of the universe, 133
  • Disease and crime, 97
  • Disraeli, 165
  • Documents of positivism, 178–181
  • Donna delinquente, la. See “Woman as Criminal”
  • Dostoieffsky, 180
  • Dubois-Reymond, 178
  • Du Prel, 176
  • E.
  • Ear, Darwinian tipped, 47
    • handle-shaped and projecting, 104
    • Morel’s, 48
    • peculiarities of, in criminals, 47, 48
  • Earpoint of Darwin, 47
  • Economic determinism. See Determinism
    • factors of crime, 87
    • motive, supremacy of, 151, 152
    • status in relation to crime, 86, 87
  • Ellis, Havelock, vi, 58, note
    • quoted, 67 note
  • Environment, 132, 159, 160
    • and crime, 160
    • and individual, 132 et seq.
  • Epilepsy, 136
    • chronic, 100
    • and criminality, 98–103
    • and genius, 162
    • as an hereditary equivalent
    • of criminality, 103
    • larval, 100
    • Lombroso’s conception of, 99
  • Epileptic discharges, 161
  • Epileptoid states (Griesinger), 100
    • types common in prisons, 103
  • Epispadias, 104
  • Equanimity of criminals sentenced to death, 88 note
  • Equivalents, hereditary, criminality and epilepsy as, 103
  • Erotism, strong, abnormal in women, 59
  • Eskimo, skull of, 35
  • Esquirol, 7
  • Ethos and pathos, 164
  • Eugenics, 123, 128, 129, 146
  • Eurygnathism, 26, 29
  • Eusapia Palladino, 169, 172, 175, 176
  • Evolution of man from unknown primate asserted by Lombroso in 1871, 33
    • social, versus revolution, 120
  • Evolutionism, English, 7
  • Experimental method, Lombroso’s tendency to neglect the, 135–137
  • Extreme value of weights and measurements in criminal brains, 40, 41, 42
    • in criminal physiognomy, 49–51
    • in criminal skulls, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42
  • F.
  • Facts and documents of positivism, 178–181
    • Lombroso’s respect for, 134
  • Faraday, 178, 179
  • Fechner, 137, 180
  • Ferrati, 156
  • Ferrero, G., 56, 57, 81
  • Ferri, Enrico, 79, 140, 169, 177
  • Ferri, Luigi, 169
  • Feuerbach, 178
  • “First Principles,” 116
  • Flaubert, 179
  • Fontane, 180
  • Force and cunning, 160
  • Forehead, receding, 27, 31, 32
  • Forel, 168
  • Fossa, middle occipital, 28, 32
  • “Fra Diavolo,” skull of, 32
  • France and the revolutionary spirit, 68, 72–74
  • Frassati, 177
  • Free will, illusion of, 133
  • Frigerio, 48
  • Frigidity, sexual, of prostitutes, 63
  • G.
  • Gabelli, 141
  • Gall, 13, 14, 17
  • Garofalo, 140, 141
  • Gasparone, skull of, 32
  • Genius, 70–73, 119, 120, 162–164
    • and anomaly, 162
  • “Genius and Degeneration,” 162
  • Genius and epilepsy, 162
    • its freedom from misoneism, 70
    • function of, in promoting social evolution, 120
    • index of, for the departments of France, 72
    • in the insane, 163, 164
    • and republicanism, 72, 73
    • and revolution, 70–72
  • Géricault’s drawing, “Tête d’un Supplicié,” 51
  • Gladstone, W. E., 181
  • Gobineau, 129
  • Goethe, 111, 113
  • Goncourt, de, 180
  • Gosio, 156
  • Greek racial elements in Calabria, 129
  • Greenlander, brain of, 44, 45
  • “Greeting from the spirit-world, a,” 176
  • Griesinger, 7, 100, 180
  • Growth, correlation of, 104
  • Gudden, 7
  • H.
  • Haeckel, 118, 181
    • quoted, 118 note
  • Hamel, Van, 142, 143
  • Handle-shaped and projecting ear, 104
  • Harden, Maximilian, 81
  • Heinze, 88 note
  • Hellenic racial elements in Calabria, 129
  • Helmholtz, 134, 178, 179
  • “Henkelohr,” 47, 104
  • Hereditary equivalents, criminality and epilepsy as, 103
  • Heredity. See also Inheritance criminal, 96, 97
  • Herschel, 178
  • History, determinist view of, 107 et seq.
  • Hohlenfels, prehistoric man of, 33
  • Homo delinquens, 120.
    • See also Criminal industrialis, 122
    • neanderthalensis, 120.
    • See also Primitive man sapiens, 124
      • natural variability of, and its consequences, 120
  • Huggins, 180
  • Humanism, modern, 125
  • Huxley, 180
  • Hygiene, racial, 128
  • Hylozoism, 133
  • Hypnotism, 168
  • Hypospadias, 104
  • I.
  • Ibsen, 180
  • Ibsen’s “An Enemy of the People,” 154
  • Illusion of free will, the, 133
  • Imbecility. See also Insanity and crime, 84, 85
  • Impatience of reformers, 145
  • Imprisonment, Mittelstaedt on, 141
  • Impulsive criminality, 84, 85, 94
  • Inca bone, the, 35
  • Inchiesta Agraria,” 114
  • Incorrigibility of criminals, 97
  • Individual differences, comparatively unimportant, 161
    • and environment, 132 et seq.
      • factors influencing, 158–160
  • Individualism and Socialism, Lombroso’s attitude towards, 124
  • Industrial arts and positivism, 133
  • Inheritance of criminal tendencies, 96, 97, 101
  • Inhibition, lack of, in criminals, 42, 94
  • Innovation and misoneism, 66–69
  • Insensibility of born criminal, 88, 89
  • Insanity and crime, 84, 85
  • Insanity, moral, 100–103, 117
    • a professional disease of prisoners, 97
  • Inspiration, cosmic determination of, 163
  • “Intellectuals,” the, and Italian Socialism, 149
  • Italian influence on penal reform, 143, 144
  • J.
  • Jargon of criminals, 88 note, 91, 92
  • Jewish aristocracy, the, 164, 165
    • spirit, the, 129
  • Jews, civil disabilities of, 2
  • Joule, 178
  • Judenhetze. See Anti-semitism
  • Jurisprudence, criminal, 139–149
  • K.
  • Kant, 111
  • Kirchhoff, 180
  • Kirn, 103
  • Knecht, 103
  • Kosciuszko’s “spirit,” 170
  • Kraepelin, 141
  • Krauss, 94
  • Kuliszew, Madame, 81
  • Kurella, 177
  • Kurella’s “Naturgeschichte des Verbrechers,” 94, 96
  • L.
  • Labour bureaus, Lombroso advocates, 128
  • La donna delinquente, la prostituta, e la donna normale,” 56.
    • See also “Woman as Criminal”
  • Land reform, 156, 157
  • Laschi, 78
  • Lassalle, 71, 180
    • characterization of, 71
  • Lavater, 111
  • Law, Lombroso’s interest in, 126
    • uniformity of, 137
  • Le Play, 179
  • Levi, Zefira (mother of Cesare Lombroso), 2, 3
  • Liebig, Von, 179, 181
  • Life-work as social reformer, Lombroso’s, 106–129, 148
  • List, 178
  • Liszt, Von, 141
  • Lombroso, Aron, 1
  • Lombroso, Cesare, birth, 1
    • the family, 1–3
    • childhood and youth, 1–10
    • family history, 1–3
    • antecedents, 1–13
    • revolutionary tendencies, 4
    • and Marzolo, 5, 6
    • and Panizza, 7, 33
    • and Moleschott, 7, 8, 9, 10
    • and Skoda, 9
    • and Virchow, 9
    • and Mantegazza, 10
    • and Golgi, 11
    • predecessors in research, 13–17
    • criminal anthropology, 18–54
    • comparison of European
    • with melanodermic races (“L’uomo bianco e l’uomo di colore”), 33
    • opposition to his views, 55, 56
    • merits and defects of his work, 56, 57, 65
    • “Woman as Criminal and Prostitute,” 56–64
    • “Political Criminals and Revolutions,” 64–79
    • L’ uomo di genio,” 72
    • “The Man of Genius,” 72
    • Archivia di psichiatria, 79
    • home life at Turin, 79–83
    • criminal psychology, 79–105
    • daughters of, 80
    • Palimsesti del carcere,” 95 note
    • on the relations between epilepsy and criminality, 98–103
    • his conception of epilepsy, 99
    • and the term “degeneration,” 104, 105
    • as a social reformer, 106–129
    • his methods, 106–129
    • his significance in the history of science, 106 et seq.
    • his method of work, 111 et seq.
    • his pathographies, 112
    • work on “Cardanus,” 112
    • talent for analogy, 112
    • work in Calabria, 114
    • on the conception of “the social organism,” 116, 124
    • his principal contributions to sociology, 118 et seq.
    • and the class war, 121, 122, 124
    • and “revaluation,” 119, 128
    • his attitude towards Socialism, 124
    • his philosophy, 124
    • as municipal councillor, 124 note
    • not a “party man,” 124
    • and democracy, 125
    • and humanism, 125
    • and social reform, 125–129
    • views on Parliamentary government, 125 note, 128
    • views on universal suffrage, 126 note
    • interested in the legal rather than the economic order, 126
    • and capitalism, 127
    • and industrialism, 127
    • and the agrarian problem, 127
    • and “protection,” 127
    • and decentralization of government, 127
    • and labour bureaus, 128
    • views on punishment in general, and on capital punishment in particular, 128
    • advocates artificial selection, 128
    • and eugenics, 128
    • on pellagra, 129
    • on races of Southern Italy, 129
    • significance of criminal anthropology, 130–138
    • on criminal law and its enforcement, 131
    • hylozoist ideas, 133
    • and positive science, 134
    • his respect for facts, 134
    • his hunger for material, 134
    • insufficient verification of facts by, 135
    • occasional credulity of, 135
    • spiritualistic experiences, 135
    • his conception of anthropology, 135, 136
    • his preference for observing states rather than processes, 135
    • and the experimental method, 135, 136
    • and Fechner’s psycho-physics, 137
    • often misunderstood by German biologists and psychiatrists, 137
    • and the notion of uniformity, 137
    • and positivism, 138
    • and determinism, 138
    • and social reactivity, 138
    • and responsibility, 138
    • and apportionment of punishment, 138
    • L’ uomo delinquente,” 140
    • and criminal jurisprudence, 139–149
    • and “School of Positive Criminology,” 140
    • on punishment, 140, 145
    • and Ferri, 140
    • and Garofalo, 141
    • and Kraepelin, 141
    • and the science of law, 144
    • a utilitarian, 146
    • and the Congress for Criminal
    • Anthropology in 1906, 147, 148, 157
    • pessimism, tendency to, in old age, 148
    • mystical tendency, 148
    • an optimist in the field of social reform, 148
    • as leader of Italian political radicalism, 149
    • and Marxist Socialism, 124 et seq., 149
    • freedom from opportunism, 149
    • opposed to compromise, 149
    • the pellagra controversy, 149–157
    • proscribed for political reasons in 1898, 153
    • boycotted by the well-to-do, 154
    • “Cause and Prevention” the keynote of his life-work, 154
    • as experimental pathologist, 155
    • and agrarian reform, 156, 157
    • his character, 157
    • as “an enemy of the people,” 154, 157
    • on “Cause and Prevention,” 158
    • on the influence of environment, 159, 160
    • “Causes and Prevention of Crime,” 160
    • his biological determinism, 161, 162
    • “The Man of Genius,” 162, 163
    • “Genius and Degeneration,” 162
    • “Insanity of Cardanus,” 162
    • life-work of, 164
    • his genius and personality, 164–166
    • a member of the Jewish aristocracy, 164, 165
    • “the slave of facts,” 165
    • his ready grasp of the essential, 166
    • contributions to Italian culture, 166
    • spiritualistic researches, 167–176
    • and Eusapia Palladino, 169, 172, 175, 176
    • effect on his character of the hostile reception of his theories regarding the etiology of pellagra, 172, 173
    • Studi sull’ ipnotismo e sulla credulità,” 173, 174
    • on the material nature of the will, 174
    • on muscle-reading, 174
    • on thought-transference, 174
    • on misoneism as a hindrance to the acceptance of new discoveries, 175
    • Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotisi e spiritici” (a posthumous work), 176
    • and the “Spirit-World,” 176
    • Gina, 177
    • Paola, 177
    • contributions to “Positivism,” 180, 181
  • Loria, 78, 124
  • Lubbock, 181
  • Lucas, 14
  • Lucchini, 141
  • Lumbroso, 1 note
  • Lunatic, the criminal, 140, 145
  • L’ uomo delinquente,” 140
  • Luzzati, Luigi, 78
  • Lyell, 134, 179, 180
  • M.
  • Maffia, the, 91
  • Magnet, its alleged influence upon suggested colour sensations 173, 174
  • Magnetism, animal, 168
  • “Man of Genius, the,” 162, 163
  • Man, palæolithic, 44
    • prehistoric. See Primitive man
    • primitive. See Primitive man
  • Manet, 180
  • Man’s place in Nature, 117, 134
  • Mantegazza, 10, 135
  • Marriage and prostitution, 67 note
  • Marx, Karl, 107, 108, 110, 116, 124, 149, 179
    • and Marxism, 124
  • Marzolo, 5, 6, 157
  • Masochistic nature of woman, 59
  • Material nature of the will, 174
  • Materialism, 107 et seq. See also Determinism
    • German, 7
  • Matteucci, 178
  • Mattoids, 77, 118
    • and revolts, 71
  • Mayer, R., 134, 178
  • Measurement of punishment, 131, 138
  • Medievalism, persistent, 5
  • Mediterranean region, races of, 129
  • Mediums, spiritualistic, 136
  • Meteorological influences, 159
  • Method of work, Lombroso’s, 111 et seq.
  • Meynert, 181
  • Microcephaly, partial, in relation to criminality, 41
  • Milan, bread-riots at, 1898, 153
  • Mill, J. S., 178, 180, 181
  • Millet, 179
  • Misoneism, 66–76
    • as manifested in the pellagra controversy, 151
    • in relation to new discoveries, 175
  • Mittelstaedt, 141
  • Moeli, 103
  • Moleschott, 7, 8, 9, 10, 134, 179
  • Moral development, inferior in women, 59
      • ultimate goal of, 59
    • imbecile, the, 102
    • imbecility, 104
    • insanity, 100–103
  • Morality, traditional and ideal, 67 note
  • Morbidity and crime, 97
  • Morel, 13–17, 105, 179
  • Morel’s ear, 48
  • “Morlocks,” the, 123 note
  • Mosso’s plethysmograph, 172
  • Motherhood, woman’s function of, its influence on her sexual differentiation, 57–59
  • Mother-sense, lack of, in genuine women criminals and in prostitutes, 63
    • unimpaired, in female criminals, by passion, and female occasional criminals, 62, 63
  • Müller, F. Max, quoted, 92 note
  • Muscle-reading, 174
  • N.
  • Naegeli, 179
  • Naturalism in art, 133
  • Nature, criminal. See Criminal type
  • Nature, man’s place in, 117, 134
  • Neanderthal, 32, 120
  • Nicolson, 14, 16
  • Nietzsche, Friedrich, 86, 163
  • Non-moral, woman fundamentally so (in Lombroso’s view), 59
  • O.
  • Occasional criminals form the majority of women criminals, 62–64
  • Occultism. See Spiritualism
  • Organizations, criminal, 91
  • “Organism” of human society, 116
    • a strained metaphor, 124
  • Organs, rudimentary. See Rudimentary
  • Ossification of sutures of skull, peculiarities in, 34, 35
  • P.
  • Palæolithic man, 44
  • Palladino, Eusapia, 169, 172, 175, 176
  • Panizza, Bartolomeo, 7, 33
  • Parasitism of criminals, 95
  • Parliamentary government, Lombroso on, 125 note, 128
  • Passion, criminality by, 100
  • Pasteur, 180
  • Pathographies, 112, 163
  • Pathological inheritance, 161
  • Pathos and ethos, 164
  • Pellagra, 12, 129, 149–157, 172, 173
    • recent theories as to its etiology, 152, 153 note
    • in the United States, 156 note
  • Pellagrozeïn, 156
  • Pellizzi, 45, 156
  • Penal reform, 139–149
  • Perthes, Boucher de, 180
  • Pflüger, 134, 179
  • “Physical phenomena” of spiritualism, Lombroso’s interpretation of, 171
  • Physiognomy, the criminal, 47–53
  • Pickmann, 172, 176
  • Place in Nature, man’s, 134
  • Play, le, 179
  • Plehve, 110
  • Plethysmograph, Mosso’s, 172
  • Poetry and art, naturalism in, 133
  • Political crime, essence of, 67
    • individual factors of, 76–79
  • “Political crime,” 119
  • Political criminals, 55
    • classification of, 55, 56
  • “Political Criminals and Revolution,” 64–79
  • Politics, realism in, 133
  • Porta, 173
  • Positive criminology, school of, 140
    • view of the world, 133
  • Positivism, 134, 138
    • French, 7
    • and the industrial arts, 133
    • and scientific progress, 133
    • preparatory work (1841–1850), 178
    • dominance (1851–1860), 179
    • four classical years (1857–1860), 179, 180
    • after-effects (1861–1865), 180, 181
    • facts and documents of, 178–181
  • Predisposition to crime, 160
    • its organic character, 97
  • Prehistoric man. See Primitive Man
  • Prel, du, 176
  • Preyer, 168
  • Prichard, 14, 16, 17
  • Primatoid varieties, 27, 29, 30, 43, 44, 54
    • definition of term, 30, 31
  • Primitive man, 32, 33. See also Atavism
  • Professional crime, 90
  • Prognathism, 27, 31
  • Progress as influenced by climatic and other physical conditions, 72–76
    • inevitable slowness of, 68
    • positivism and, 133
    • prerequisites of, 67 et seq.
  • Proletarian, the, 122
    • criminality, 86
  • Prometheus, the fire of, 164
  • Prostitute, the, 56
  • Prostitutes, commonly sexually frigid, 63
  • Prostitution, 115
    • antiquity of, 59
    • an atavistic phenomenon in Lombroso’s view, 58, 59
    • as counterpart of major criminality in the male, 60–62
    • and marriage, 67 note
  • Protection, Lombroso opposed to, 127
  • Pseudo-genius and revolt, 71
  • Psycho-physics, 137
  • Psychology, criminal, 79–105
  • Punishment, 138
  • Q.
  • Quetelet, 107, 160, 178
  • R.
  • Races of Calabria, 114, 129
  • Races of Southern Italy, 114, 129
  • Radicalism, Lombroso and, 149
  • Ranke, Johannes, 40–42
  • Reaction the fruit of too rapid innovation, 68–70
  • Reactivity, social, 131, 138, 142
  • Realism in politics, 133
  • Receding forehead. See Forehead Recidivism, 97
  • Reciprocal action between individual and environment, 132–134
  • Recklessness of criminals, 84, 85
  • Reform, agrarian, 156, 157
    • penal, 139–149
  • Reformer, social, Lombroso as, 106–129, 148
  • Reformers, impatience of, 145
  • Reforms, true, how effected, 126.
    • See also Misoneism
  • Reich, 8
  • Relapses into crime, 97
  • Renan, 8, 180
  • Republicanism and genius, 72, 73
  • Researches into spiritualism, 167–176
  • Responsibility, 83–86, 97, 130, 132, 133, 138
  • Revaluation of old values, 119, 128
  • Revolts, 71
  • Revolution, 64–79.
    • See also Political crime
    • nature of, 70
  • Revolutionist. See Political criminal
    • by passion, 77
  • Ribot, 96
  • Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotisi e spiritici,” 176
  • Richet, 168, 169
  • Ride du vice, 53
  • Ridges, superciliary, 27, 32
  • Romance peoples of Mediterranean region, 129
  • Roncoroni, 45
  • Rudimentary organs, 45–47
  • Ruhmkorff, 179
  • Russell, Lord John, 181
  • S.
  • Sander, 103
  • Scaphocephaly, 35
  • Schaeffle, 117
  • Schiff, 179
  • Schleicher, 180
  • Schönlank, 110
  • School of Positive Criminology, 140
  • Schopenhauer, 107, 117, 179
  • Science. See Positivism
  • Scientific. See Positive
  • Segregation of anti-social types, 146
  • Selection, artificial, 128. See also Eugenics
  • Semitic racial elements, importance of, 129
  • Semper, 180
  • Sensibility, lesser, of woman, 58
    • lack of, in born criminals, 88, 89
      • and in epileptics, 99
  • Sergi, 169
  • Sexual differentiation, 57, 58, 126,
      • See also Differentiation
    • Lombroso’s law of, 57
    • in savages as compared with civilized races, 58
  • Sexual frigidity of prostitutes, 63
  • Sexuality increased in genuinely criminal feminine types, 63
    • not increased in female criminals by passion and female occasional criminals, 63
  • Siemiradzki, 169, 170, 176
  • Significance of criminal anthropology, 130–138
  • Simian characteristics of criminals.
    • See Primatoid varieties
  • Skoda, 9
  • Skull, anomalies of, in relation to
    • moral imbecility, 104
    • cubical capacity of, 36–38
    • Eskimo, 25
    • eurygnathism, 26, 29
    • Inca bone, 35
    • measurements of, extreme values common in criminals, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42
    • peculiarities of, in relation to criminal anthropology, 26–39
    • peculiarities in ossification of sutures, 34, 35
    • prognathism, 27, 31
    • scaphocephaly, 35
    • stenocrotaphy, 41
    • submicrocephalic, in criminals, 37
    • sutures, ossification of, 34, 35
    • Wormian bones, 35
  • Slang. See Jargon
  • Social environment, man and, 132–134
    • inadequacy of degenerate individuals, 104
    • reactivity, 131, 138, 142
      • versus punishment, 142
    • reformer, Lombroso as, 106–129, 148
  • Social sentiments, their congenital character, 119
  • Socialism, Italian school of, 124
    • Lombroso and, 124 et seq., 149
  • Socialist? was Lombroso a, 124
  • Society as an “organism,” conception of, 116, 117
  • Sociology, Lombroso’s principal contribution to, 118 et seq.
  • Sommer, 103, 177
  • Soutenage, 60
  • Spencer, Herbert, 116, 117, 178, 180
  • Spinoza, 107, 117
  • Spiritualistic researches, 167–176
  • “Spirit-world,” the, 176
  • Spy, prehistoric human remains of, 32
  • Statistical method, the, 134, 136
  • Steinheil, Madame, 83
  • Stenocrotaphy, 41
  • Stigmata of degeneration, 103–105, 136
  • Stone Age, 44
  • Struggle, the class. See Class war
  • Subject-matter of criminal anthropology, 132
  • Suffrage, universal, Lombroso’s views on, 126 note
  • Suggestion in the waking state, 168
  • Superman, criminal’s own persuasion that he is, 46
  • Supermen, breeding of, 123, 128, 129
  • Sutures of skull, peculiarities in ossification, 34, 35
  • Sympathy, greater development of, in women, 58, 59
  • T.
  • Taine, 181
  • Tamburini, 175
  • Tariffs, protectionist, Lombroso opposed to, 127
  • Tattooing, 92, 93
  • Teeth, abnormalities of, 104
  • Telepathy, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175
  • Teleurgists, 169
  • Telluric influences, 159
  • Temperature and political crime, 75, 76
  • Thaumaturgy, 168, 169
  • Theory of punishment, 145, 146
  • Theromorphism, 12, 19, 20, 21, 58
  • Theromorphs in women, their significance greater than in men, 58
  • Thomson, J. Bruce, 14
  • Thought-reading, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175
  • Thought-transference, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175
  • “Time Machine, the,” quoted, 122 note
  • Tirelli, 156
  • Tocqueville, 179
  • Toldt’s “Atlas of Human Anatomy,” 35 note
  • Tolstoy, 180
    • and “The Hanging Czar,” 153
  • Torus occipitalis, 29
    • palatinus, 26
  • Tourgueneff, 180
  • Traditional criminality, 90
  • Trance, 136
  • Trance-state, the, 176
  • Trickery, “spiritualistic,” 169
  • Troppmann, 88 note
  • Truth, alleged dangers of, 9
  • Tubercle of Darwin, 47
  • Type, criminal. See Criminal
  • U.
  • Universal suffrage. See Suffrage
  • V.
  • Values, extreme, of weights and measurements. See Extreme values
  • Van Hamel, 142, 143
  • Vanity of habitual criminal, 89
  • Variability, lesser, of woman, 58
  • Vico, 5, 107
  • Villon, François, 91
  • Virchow, 9, 135, 179
  • Von Alesakow, 176
  • Von Liebig, 179, 181
  • Von Liszt, 141
  • W.
  • Wages and prices in relation to crime, 87, 88
  • Wagner, A., 180
  • Wagner, Richard, 163, 178, 179
  • War, the class. See Class war
  • Weber, W., 178
  • Wells, H. G., quoted, 122 note
  • Westermarck, 59
  • Whitman, Walt, 179
  • Will, the, and action at a distance, 174
    • material nature of, 174
  • Woman, lesser variability of, 58
    • lesser sensibility of (general, and to pain), 58
    • sympathy, greater development of, 58, 59
    • cruelty in, 58
    • masochistic nature of, 59
    • erotism, strong, abnormal in, 59
    • moral development, inferiority of, 59
  • Woman as criminal, 55–64
    • absence of distinctive anthropological characters in, 55, 56
    • prostitution in women regarded by Lombroso as counterpart of criminality in men, 60, 61
    • comparative infrequency of criminality in women, 61, 62
    • chiefly criminals by passion and occasional criminals, 62, 63, 64
  • Woolner’s tip, 47
  • World-all, the, 132 et seq.
  • Wormian bones, 35
  • Wundt, 180
  • Y.
  • Youthful criminals, 97
  • Z.
  • Zamboni’s dry battery, 172
  • Zola, 180
  • Zöllner, 168
  • Zukunft, 81