EXTENT OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
The cork stopper industry had its permanent origin in Spain, in the Province of Gerona, town of Llacostera, towards the latter part of 1750 and was contemporaneous with the inception of the glass bottle, although corkwood was used many years before as a stopper for amphora, etc., as noted in a previous chapter.
The trade flourished there until wars and schisms rent the country and drove the industry to the mountains. There it slumbered and struggled for many years until the peace was restored and the people assured that the dangers were passed. Its revival was not very sudden, but slowly and surely it grew, and won itself a place in the trade life of Spain and finally became a necessity, so much so, that it began to attract attention and other countries sought to secure the secret. About 1828 the French agents at Catalonia found enough information to warrant them returning to France and there set up for themselves, the rivalry between the two becoming very keen, causing much excitement among the Spanish manufacturers; for up to that time they monopolized the trade and had a nice time of it. This lasted until 1849, when the trade assumed such proportions that both had all they could attend to and more. This insured a steady increase of the trade, and before long it assumed proportions that has surpassed the dreams of its founders. The industry spread until the raw material began to show a shortage due to the heavy demands made upon it. More frequent cuttings were compulsory to supply the market, and in consequence the grade became poorer.
The realization of this caused the Spanish Government to step in and protect the forests as a national necessity, and the result was the passing of laws to govern the cutting of corkwood from the trees. But the trade kept on growing in other countries and the raw stock was in great demand.
The result of the heavy exportation of corkwood again caused some notable alarm among the manufacturers and trades-workers in Spain and Portugal, but principally in the former, as most of the largest factories are located in its cities; so that the principal representatives of the cork industry convened at Madrid in December of 1911, at which convention resolutions were passed to urge upon the Government the necessity of imposing an export tax or duty on corkwood ranging from five to fifty gold pesetas ($.0965 to $9.65) per 100 kilos (220 pounds). By so doing it was thought to remedy the shortage in the home market.
The competition between the foreign and Spanish buyers for the raw corkwood output was largely in favor of the foreigner in 1911, owing to the unprotective export duties, and the result has been that the once flourishing national industry is now very badly handicapped for want of working material.
So simultaneously with the tariff revision, which went into effect on January 1, 1912, an endeavor was made to put in force the increase on export corkwood, but owing to the efforts of the American cork manufacturers, who have a great influence over the Spanish cork industry, the proposed increase did not meet with the desired success.
In the attempt to restrict the importation of raw material the Spaniards have failed, for its usefulness makes the demand too great and the foreigners have invaded the Iberian Peninsula and are now buying up even the raw stock on the trees. The corkwood markets are no longer confined to two or three, but extend round the world, the principal ones being: London, Paris, Rheims, Epernay, Maguncia, Dresden, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Buenos Ayres, Calcutta, Sydney, Melbourne and Yeddo. So it will be seen that a great demand is being made upon the forests, which must be cultivated for increased growth and production or an early investigation made for the growing of the trees in other countries.
Of course the industry remains very strong throughout Spain and Portugal, and particularly in the Andalusia District of Spain, where the manufacturing establishments play an important part in converting the corkwood into useful articles of commerce. The Spanish yield of raw material has remained slightly behind Portugal, but this does not affect the former’s influence in the trade. (See Appendix.)
It is inevitable that the greatest bulk of the trade should center around the countries in which the raw material is grown, for the greatest advantage is thus gained by those, so fortunate in their location.
But the spread of the corkwood’s fame has aroused others to action, and it appears as though the monopoly will suffer because of that fame. The demand grows daily, and the rapid growth of the American trade bids fair to being a very close rival to the long-established European manufactures at least.
The waste is rapidly assuming great importance and to this the newer entrant in the business is turning all his energy. The doctrine of conservation and utilization has been heeded by the corkwood industry and the waste is no longer such, rather standing as a cork product second only to the stopper, when the fact is considered that the grower or farmer receives about $58 per ton for raw corkwood and the waste sells from $22 to $32 per ton; its value is apparent.
A notable feature of the shipments from Spain is the waste and shavings, which doubled from 1906 to 1910, viz.:
| 1906—14,624 tons | 1909—20,198 tons |
| 1907—17,557 “ | 1910—29,257 “ |
| 1908—12,201 “ |
The uses to which corkwood may be put are unlimited, and as has been seen the uses already known are sufficient, in themselves, to make it a very important commodity. And yet when we speak of uses it is only those that have developed by reason of the corkwood’s own peculiarity that makes it the subject of discussion, and not the great number that it has been adapted to, for perhaps its utility will have no end, and in my estimation its particular qualities are but little appreciated. Of course its application as a stopper is ideal for that purpose, but it appears most certain that this wonderful growth is designed to be of greater service to man than the mere function of filling the neck of a bottle. Chemically, I think it has possibilities; the ancients found it useful in Materia Medica, and there may still be a use in this line. At any rate, it is the most wonderful bark of its kind, its service has been a long one, and its benefits, even as a stopper, have been many. A wonderful material truly, and of interest, so full that it seems I have failed to do it justice in these few words presented in my endeavor to describe the Quercus Suber of Linnæus.
APPENDIX
For those who may be interested in a few statistics of the trade is appended the following figures relating to the Spanish and American industry:
Spanish Industry, 1912
There were 892 factories throughout Spain in 1912, in 107 towns and cities, divided as follows:
| Seville District | 305 in 48 | towns |
| Barcelona District | 507 in 31 | “ |
| Other Districts | 80 in 28 | “ |
These factories employ approximately 40,000 people in the various branches of the industry at an average daily wage of 67 cents.
The raw material yield for 1912 is reported as: 7800 short tons, valued at $57.90 per ton to the grower, or $4,516,200.
It will also be of interest to show a few comparisons of values, for various years, in shipments to foreign parts, viz.:
| Description | Pounds | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Cork in sheets | 16,798,492 | $618,489 |
| Cork squares | 2,055,865 | 462,472 |
| Corks | 14,924,052 | 6,105,294 |
| Cork shavings | 64,367,448 | 526,642 |
| Other manufactured cork | 1,190,789 | 57,382 |
| ————— | ————— | |
| Total | 99,336,646 | $7,770,279 |
| Corrected figures showing totals as | 109,336,646 | $7,942,677 |
| Description | Pounds | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Corkwood | 17,928,000 | $528,810 |
| Cork squares | 1,492,000 | 356,229 |
| Corks mfrd.} Cork waste |
100,396,000 | {7,864,299 754,848 |
| Other mfrs. | 1,166,000 | 49,783 |
| ————— | ————— | |
| 120,982,000 | $9,553,969 |
The following is a comparison of the first six months of 1909, 1910 and 1911.
| Articles | Tons | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Corkwood | 1,686 | $158,644 |
| Cork squares | 262 | 129,646 |
| Corks | 2,624 | 2,361,620 |
| Cork waste and shavings | 9,589 | 172,604 |
| Cork, other manufactures | 211 | 25,987 |
| Articles | Tons | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Corkwood | 3,157 | $255,718 |
| Cork squares | 485 | 240,057 |
| Corks | 3,629 | 3,265,760 |
| Cork waste and shavings | 13,935 | 205,822 |
| Cork, other manufactures | 251 | 27,133 |
| Articles | Tons | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Corkwood | 5,129 | $415,432 |
| Cork squares | 442 | 218,755 |
| Corks | 4,057 | 3,669,075 |
| Cork waste and shavings | 18,143 | 326,573 |
| Cork, other manufactures | 248 | 32,657 |
The statistics showing the shipments to various countries are for 1909:
| Countries | Cork- wood |
Cork Sqs |
Corks | Cork Waste and Shav. |
Cork in Other Forms |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tons | Tons | Tons | Tons | Tons | Tons | |
| United States | 2,065 | — | 158 | 7,594 | 280 | 10,097 |
| Great Britain | 842 | 1,094 | 4 | 7,539 | 38 | 9,518 |
| Germany | 5 | 18 | 715 | 4,555 | — | 5,293 |
| France | 1,256 | 276 | 2,044 | 189 | 56 | 3,821 |
| Italy | 6 | 79 | 435 | 11 | — | 532 |
| Belgium | 164 | — | 136 | 215 | 11 | 526 |
| Russia | 463 | — | 1 | — | — | 464 |
| Aust-Hungary | — | 30 | 346 | — | — | 376 |
| Argentina | 164 | 123 | 57 | — | — | 344 |
| Other | 40 | 7 | 426 | 95 | 9 | 575 |
| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | |
| Total | 5,005 | 537 | 5,412 | 20,198 | 394 | 31,546 |
American Industry
In 1899, there were 62 factories in the United States of varying sizes and located in the following states: New York (Brooklyn), Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Wisconsin and Ohio. Employing 2340 wage earners. Importing a raw stock of $2,404,000, and making products valued at $4,392,000.
In 1904, the factories decreased to 50 in number, the wage earners increased to 2895, the imported raw material to $2,459,197 and the products to $4,490,952.
In 1909, the factories increasing again to 62 in number, the wage earners to 3142, the imported raw material to $3,435,000 and the products to $5,940,000: corks selling from 3 cents to 40 cents per pound.
This of course does not appear to be a very extensive business, but the nature of the commodity will readily convince that the money figures are not at all in comparison to the bulk of corkwood, for it would really seem that if the trade should increase to an amount sufficient to vie with other prominent ones, the ships would be at loss how to stow the other freight. The imports of corkwood into this country and the exports, for comparison, may be seen in the following tables:
| January | Seven Months ending January | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | 1913 | 1912 | 1913 | |
| Corkwood, Free: | $1,518 | $1,195 | $19,795 | $22,393 |
| Corks mfrd., Dutiable: | 209 | 1,086 | 3,078 | 2,170 |
And the periods ending December, 1913 will be of interest also.
| December | Twelve Months ending December | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | 1913 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 |
| Corkwood, Free: | ||||
| $300,253 | $468,937 | $3,819,651 | $3,182,131 | $3,616,177 |
| Corks mfrd., Dutiable: | ||||
| $164,711 | 194,457 | 2,070,672 | 2,440,399 | 2,370,527 |
| December | Twelve Months ending December | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | 1913 | 1912 | 1913 | |
| Corkwood, Free: | $2,960 | — | $34,404 | $25,091 |
| Corks mfrd., Dutiable: | — | $8,335 | 5,552 | 5,392 |
Footnotes:
[1] Letter from Prof. Nelson G. McCrea of Columbia University, June 12, 1910, to writer.
[2] According to “Spanish Dictionary” of Lopes et Bensley; Cortex: “La Parte exterior del Arbol.” Arbol in botany meaning “a tree.”
[3] Consul Schenck’s Report.
[4] Armstrong Cork Co.’s pamphlet.
[5] There are large forests of cork on the French Colony of Algeria, particularly on an estate granted by the Emperor Napoleon III to M. le duc de Montebello.—H. G. Glasspoole.
[6] Chambers Journal.
[7] One hectare = 2.471 acres.
[8] Consul Schenck’s Report.
[9] Chambers Journal.
[10] Garden and Forest, Vol. VIII, 52.
[11] Consul Schenck’s Report.
[12] Meter = 3.28 feet.
[13] In a cork-wood of Montenegro (municipal district of Quart, Province of Gerona) the property of D. Romulo Bosch, and near the place called La Mina, we measured in August, 1877, a tree that was 4.95 meters in circumference, breast high, and the trunk of the tree five meters high, calculating its age between one hundred and fifty and two hundred years old. Consul Schenck’s Report, 1890.
[14] Centimeter = .3937 inch.
[15] Consul Schenck’s Report, 1890. Authority M. Fee.
[16] Scientific American, 1906.
[17] Armstrong Cork Co.’s pamphlet.
[18] Kilogram = 2.205 pounds.
[19] Mr. Lamey, the author of a study upon cork in Algeria, published some interesting tables in this work regarding the annual increase and the mean thickness of cork. According to him cork-bark should not be removed before it has attained a thickness of 2.032 cm., and the formation of new cork has been well explained by Mr. Mathieu in his “Forestry Flora.”
[20] Armstrong Cork Co.’s pamphlet.
[21] See “Etymology of Word” in preceding chapter.
[22] “New English Dictionary,” Murray.
[23] Showing a permanent set of 12.5 per cent.
[24] “Standard Dictionary.”
[25] “Watt’s Dictionary” (“M” signifying metal).
[26] “Century Dictionary.”
[27] Review of Reviews, September, 1906.
[28] In the making of insulation material, the carbonization of the cork is accomplished without destruction of fibre and stands a high flame test.
[29] Using ordinary glass (armoured) thermometer for ascertaining degrees.
[30] One thousand degrees Fahrenheit, causing no greater combustion than the lower degree, other than the increased burning of remaining substance after the flash, due to the higher temperature.
[31] Scientific American Supplement.
[32] I have subsequently learned that this proved a failure.
[33] See Lawrence Whitcomb’s article in Industrial Engineering, September, 1910.
[34] Chambers Journal.
[35] The metric quintal is used officially in Spain, which is equal to 220.36 pounds, the Catalon quintal equaling 91.71 pounds.
[36] Millimeter = .0394 inch.
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MARTIN, G. Triumphs and Wonders of Modern Chemistry. A popular treatise on modern chemistry and its marvels written in non-technical language. 76 illustrations. 12mo. cloth. 358 pp.net, $2.00
MELICK, CHARLES W. Dairy Laboratory Guide. 52 illustrations. 12mo. cloth. 135 pp.net, $1.25
MERCK, E. Chemical Reagents: Their Purity and Tests. Second Edition, revised. 6 x 9. cloth. 210 pp.$1.00
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MUNBY, A. E. Introduction to the Chemistry and Physics of Building Materials. Illus. 8vo. cloth. 365 pp. (Van Nostrand’s Westminster Series.)net, $2.00
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NAQUET, A. Legal Chemistry. A guide to the detection of poisons as applied to chemical jurisprudence. Translated, with additions, from the French, by J. P. Battershall. Second Edition, revised with additions. 12mo. cloth. 190 pp.$2.00
NEAVE, G. B., and HEILBRON, I. M. The Identification of Organic Compounds. 12mo. cloth. 111 pp.net, $1.25
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PAKES, W. C. G., and NANKIVELL, A. T. The Science of Hygiene. A text-book of laboratory practice. 80 illustrations. 12mo. cloth. 175 pp.net, $1.75
PARRY, ERNEST J. The Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes. Second Edition, thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged. Illustrated. 8vo. cloth. 554 pp.net, $5.00
——Food and Drugs. In 2 volumes. Illus. 8vo. cloth.
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POPE, F. G. Modern Research in Organic Chemistry. 261 diagrams. 12mo. cloth. 336 pp.net, $2.25
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PYNCHON, T. R. Introduction to Chemical Physics. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 269 illustrations. 8vo. cloth. 575 pp.$3.00
RICHARDS, W. A., and NORTH, H. B. A Manual of Cement Testing. For the use of engineers and chemists in colleges and in the field. 56 illustrations. 12mo. cloth. 147 pp.net, $1.50
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ROTH, W. A. Exercises in Physical Chemistry. Authorized translation by A. T. Cameron. 49 illustrations. 8vo. cloth. 208 pp.net, $2.00
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SMITH, W. The Chemistry of Hat Manufacturing. Revised and edited by Albert Shonk. Illustrated. 12mo. cloth. 132 pp.net, $3.00
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SPEYERS, C. L. Text-book of Physical Chemistry. 20 illustrations. 8vo. cloth. 230 pp.net, $2.25
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SUDBOROUGH, J. J., and JAMES, J. C. Practical Organic Chemistry. 92 illustrations. 12mo. cloth. 394 pp.net, $2.00
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TUCKER, J. H. A Manual of Sugar Analysis. Sixth Edition. 43 illustrations. 8vo. cloth. 353 pp.$3.50
UNDERWOOD, N., and SULLIVAN, T. V. Chemistry and Technology of Printing Inks. 9 illustrations. 6 x 9. cloth. 145 pp.net, $3.00
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VINCENT, C. Ammonia and Its Compounds. Their manufacture and uses. Translated from the French by M. J. Salter. 32 ill. 8vo. cloth. 113 pp.net, $2.00
VON GEORGIEVICS, G. Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres. Translated from the German by Charles Salter. 47 illustrations. 8vo. cloth. 320 pp.net, $4.50
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VOSMAER, A. Ozone, Its Manufacture and Uses.In Press.
WADMORE, J. M. Elementary Chemical Theory. Illus. 12mo. cloth. 286 pp.net, $1.50
WALKER, JAMES. Organic Chemistry for Students of Medicine. Illus. 6 x 9. cloth. 328 pp.net, $2.50
WALSH, J. J. The Chemistry of Mining and Mine Ventilation.In Press.
WARNES, A. R. Coal Tar Distillation and Working Up of Tar Products. 67 illustrations. 53⁄4 x 83⁄4. cloth. 197 pp.net, $2.50
WHITE, C. H. Methods in Metallurgical Analysis. 106 illustrations. 5 x 71⁄2. cloth. 365 pp.net, $2.50
WILSON, E. J., and HEILBRON, I. M. Chemical Theory and Calculations. An elementary text-book. Illus., 3 folding plates. 12mo. cloth. 145 pp.net, $1.00
WOOD, J. K. The Chemistry of Dyeing. 5 x 71⁄2. cloth. 87 pp. (Van Nostrand’s Chemical Monographs.)net, $0.75
WORDEN, E. C. The Nitrocellulose Industry. A compendium of the history, chemistry, manufacture, commercial application, and analysis of nitrates, acetates, and xanthates of cellulose as applied to the peaceful arts. With a chapter on gun cotton, smokeless powder and explosive cellulose nitrates. Illustrated. 8vo. cloth. Two volumes. 1239 pp.net, $10.00
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Vol. VIII. Carbohydrate Carboxylates (Cellulose Acetate). Illustrated. 61⁄2 x 91⁄2. 515 pp.net, $5.00
(Other volumes to follow at short intervals.)
WREN, HENRY. Organometallic Compounds of Zinc and Magnesium. 5 x 71⁄2. cloth. 108 pp. (Van Nostrand’s Chemical Monographs.)net, $0.75