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Dante

Chapter 46: POPES
By Edmund G. Gardner
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About This Book

A concise, scholarly primer that situates the poet within his political and cultural milieu and summarizes his life, political activity, and long exile. It surveys the shorter vernacular poems and lyrical pieces, outlines the author’s Latin treatises and correspondence, and offers a structured reading of the three-part epic, discussing its moral, allegorical, and political dimensions in Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Chapters combine biographical narrative, textual commentary, and interpretive notes, while bibliographical appendices, diagrams, and indexes guide further study; the volume presents itself as a revision that balances allegorical readings with the poet’s symbolic national role.

VII. PRINCIPAL SOVEREIGNS CONTEMPORARY WITH DANTE

(1265-1321)

POPES

Clement iv, 1265-1268.

[Purg. iii. 125.]

B. Gregory x, 1271-1276.

B. Innocent v, 1276.

Adrian v, 1276.

[Purg. xix. 88-145.]

John xxi, 1276-1277.

[Par. xii. 134.]

Nicholas iii, 1277-1280.

[Inf. xix. 31 et seq.]

Martin iv, 1281-1285.

[Purg. xxiv. 20-24.]

Honorius iv, 1285-1287.

Nicholas iv, 1288-1292.

St. Celestine v, 1294.

[Inf. iii. 59-60; Inf. xxvii. 105.]

Boniface viii, 1294-1303.

[Inf. xix. 52-57, 76-78; xxvii. 70-111; Purg. viii. 131; xx. 85-90; xxxii. 153-156; Par. ix. 126; xii. 90; xvii. 50; xxvii. 22; xxx. 148.]

B. Benedict xi, 1303-1304.

[Epist. i. 1. Nowhere else mentioned in Dante’s works, though some identify him, rather than Boniface, with the ‘defunct high-priest’ of Epist. viii. 10.]

Clement v, 1305-1314.

[Inf. xix. 82-87; Purg. xxxii. 157-160; Par. xvii. 82; xxvii. 58; xxx. 142-148; Epist. v. 10; vii. 7; viii. 4.]

John xxii, 1316-1334.

[Par. xviii. 130-136; xxvii. 58.]

EMPERORS

Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273-1291.

[Purg. vi. 103; vii. 94-96; Par. viii. 72; Conv. iv. 3.]

Adolph of Nassau, 1292-1298.

[Conv. iv. 3.]

Albert of Hapsburg, 1298-1308.

[Purg. vi. 97 et seq.; Par. xix. 115; Conv. iv. 3.]

Henry of Luxemburg, Henry vii, 1308-1313.

[Purg. vii. 96; Par. xvii. 82; xxx. 133-138; Epist. v., vi., vii., vii.*, vii.**, vii.***]

Louis of Bavaria, 1314-1347.

KINGS OF FRANCE

St. Louis ix, 1226-1270.

[Not mentioned by Dante; unless, perhaps, indirectly in Purg. vii. 127-129, and xx. 50.]

Philip iii, 1270-1285.

[Purg. vii. 103-105.]

Philip iv, 1285-1314.

[Inf. xix. 87; Purg. vii. 109-111; xx. 91-93; xxxii. 152; Par. xix. 120; Epist. viii. 4.]

Louis x, 1314-1316.

Philip v, 1316-1322.

KINGS OF ENGLAND

Henry iii, 1216-1272.

[Purg. vii. 131.]

Edward i, 1272-1307.

[Purg. vii. 132; Par. xix. 122.]

Edward ii, 1307-1327.

KINGS OF NAPLES AND SICILY

Manfred of Suabia, 1258-1266.

[Purg. iii. 103-145; V. E. i. 12.]

Charles i of Anjou, 1266-1282.

[Inf. xix. 99; Purg. vii. 113, 124; xi. 137; xx. 67-69.]

(After the Vespers of Palermo, Sicily under House of Aragon separated from Angevin Naples.)

KINGS OF NAPLES[42]

Charles i of Anjou, 1282-1285.

Charles ii of Anjou, 1285-1309.

[Purg. v. 69. vii. 126; xx. 79; Par. vi. 106; viii. 72; xix. 127-129; xx. 63; Conv. iv. 6; V. E. i. 12.]

Robert of Anjou, 1309-1343.

[Par. viii. 76-84, 147; Epist. vii. 7; perhaps the ‘Golias’ of Epist. vii. 8.]

KINGS OF SICILY[42]

Peter iii of Aragon, 1282-1285.

James ii of Aragon, 1285-1296.

Frederick ii of Aragon, 1296-1337.

[Purg. iii. 116; vii. 119; Par. xix. 130; xx. 63; Conv. iv. 6; V. E. i. 12.]

KINGS OF ARAGON

James i, 1213-1276.

Peter iii, 1276-1285. (Also King of Sicily after 1282.)

[Purg. vii. 112-129.]

Alfonso iii, 1285-1291.

[Purg. vii. 116.]

James ii, 1291-1327. (King of Sicily from 1285 to 1296.)

[Purg. iii. 116; vii. 119; Par. xix. 137.]

FOOTNOTES:

[42] The Angevin sovereigns of Naples retained the title “King of Sicily and Jerusalem,” the Aragonese ruler of Sicily being “King of Trinacria.”