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England and the Orléans Monarchy

Chapter 31: FOOTNOTES:
By John Hall
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History - EuropeanHistory - Modern (1750+)

About This Book

The author recounts diplomatic interactions between Britain and the French Orléans regime, showing how cooperation over Belgian independence and other European disputes gradually unraveled amid competing interests. Drawing on diplomatic correspondence, the narrative follows successive crises—Belgium, the Eastern question and Egypt, Spanish and Portuguese succession disputes—and the ministerial rivalries that shaped responses. It highlights the influence of key statesmen, the impact of secret negotiations and misperceptions, and the interplay of domestic politics with foreign policy. Organized as chapter-length case studies of individual incidents, the work explains how personal distrust and divergent national aims converted an initial understanding into recurring tension.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] H. Heine, Letters from Paris (translated by Leland), I. pp. 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, and 354.

[2] The “pré carré,” the sea, the Rhine, and the Pyrenees.

[3] N. Senior, Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, etc., I. pp. 288, 323, and 334.

[4] L. Blanc, Histoire de dix ans., I. p. 383.

[5] F. Daudet, Revue des Deux Mondes. 1er décembre, 1909. “La police politique sous la Restauration.”

[6] Guizot, Mémoires, II. pp. 12-16.

[7] The son of the Duchesse de Berri. The Duc de Berri had been murdered at the Opera House on February 13, 1820, and his son had been born in the following September. The Duc de Bordeaux was therefore the grandson of Charles X. and the nephew of the Duc d’Angoulême, the Dauphin. He is better known by the title of the Comte de Chambord.

[8] L. Vitet, “La monarchie de” 1830, Revue des Deux Mondes. 1er décembre, 1860.

[9] L. Blanc, Histoire de dix ans., I. pp. 384-388.

[10] H. Heine, Letters from Paris (translated by Leyland), I. pp. 141, 142.

[11] Metternich, Memoires, V. pp. 26-28.

[12] Affaires étrangères 631, Angleterre, Baudrand à Molé, août 28, 1830. H. Bulwer, Life of Palmerston, I. p. 330. Edinburgh Review, October, 1830. Stockmar, Memoirs, I. pp. 131-134. C. Greville, Journals, II. pp. 94, 95. Correspondence of Princess Lieven with Earl Grey, II. Grey to Princess Lieven, July 29, 1830.

[13] Despatches and Correspondence of Wellington, VII. Wellington to Aberdeen, August 12th, 1830, pp. 162-169, Memorandum upon Relations with France. C. Greville, Journal, II. p. 21.

[14] Affaires étrangères 631, Angleterre: Baudrand à Molé, 23 août, 1830; Vaudreuil à Molé, 28 août, 1830.

[15] F.O. Austria 243, Lamb to Palmerston, September 3, 1833.

[16] Bolton King, History of Italian Unity, I. pp. 51-61.

[17] Metternich, Memoires, IV. p. 222: Metternich à Esterhazy, 7 août, 1825.

[18] Metternich, Memoires, V. pp. 10-17.

[19] Metternich, Memoires, V. pp. 17-30.

[20] E. Quinet, De l’Allemagne. Revue des Deux Mondes, V. Premier semestre.

[21] William A’Court, first Baron Heytesbury (1779-1860).

[22] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, August 17, 18, 19, 1830.

[23] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen (most secret and confidential), August 20, 1830.

[24] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, September 8, 14, 1830.

[25] Guizot, Mémoires, II. pp. 86-87.

[26] Broglie, Souvenirs, IV. pp. 41-42.

[27] Affaires étrangères, 631 Angleterre. Talleyrand à Molé, 25 septembre, 1830. Barante, Souvenirs, IV. p. 9.

[28] C. Greville, Journals, II. p. 57.

[29] La Jeune Captive.

[30] There is an interesting article on the subject of Montrond, by H. Welschinger, in the Revue de Paris of the 1er février, 1895, entitled “Un ami de Talleyrand.” His name figures constantly in T. Raikes’ Journal, Chroniques de Madame de Dino, C. Greville’s Journals, H. Greville’s Diary, Gronow’s Recollections, etc.

[31] T. Raikes, Journal, I. p. 268, and III. pp. 153-154. Among the papers discovered at the Tuileries, after the Revolution of 1848, and published in the Revue Retrospective, p. 37, Montrond’s name appears opposite a sum of 36,000 francs in the accounts of the secret service funds of the Foreign Office for the year 1842.

[32] Affaires étrangères, 631 Angleterre, Vaudreuil à Molé 31 août, 1830. Stockmar, Memoirs, I. pp. 144-147.

[33] F.O. France 405, Aberdeen to Stuart, October 3, 1830.

[34] Affaires étrangères, 681 (bis) Angleterre Talleyrand a Molé, 3, 6, 8 octobre, 1830.

[35] F.O. France 405, Aberdeen to Stuart, October 12, 1830. F.O. France 414, Stuart to Aberdeen, October 1, 8, 11, 1830, Guizot, Mémoires, II. pp. 95-98. Broglie, Souvenirs, IV. pp. 28-29. L. Blanc, Histoire de dix ans., II. pp. 103-114.

[36] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Molé, 11 octobre, 1830.

[37] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Molé à Talleyrand, 13 octobre, 1830. F.O. France 414 & 415, Stuart to Aberdeen, 12, 15 October, 1830.

[38] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Molé à Talleyrand, 9, 20 octobre, 1830; Talleyrand à Molé, 15, 23, 25 octobre, 1830; 1 novembre, 1830.

[39] F.O. France 405, Aberdeen to Stuart, October 22, 1830. F.O. France 415, Stuart to Aberdeen, October 18, 22, 25, 31, 1830.

[40] Broglie, Souvenirs, IV. pp. 87-91. Guizot, Mémoires, II. pp. 128-135.

[41] Affaires étrangères, 681 (bis) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, novembre 27, 1830.

[42] N. Senior, Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, etc., II. p. 280. C. Greville, Journals, III. p. 210.

[43] H. Bulwer, Life of Palmerston, I. pp. 315-316, 322; II. p. 8

[44] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, September 4, 1830.

[45] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Maison à Talleyrand, 13, 15, 22 novembre, 1830. F.O. France 416, Stuart to Aberdeen and Palmerston, November 22, 26, 29, 1830.

[46] F.O. Russia 187, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, October 12, 1830.

[47] Metternich, Memoires, V. pp. 43-48 and 51-57; Metternich à Esterhazy, 21 octobre, 1830. Memoire pour Orloff, 6 octobre, 1830.

[48] Affairs étrangères, 601 (bis) et 632, Angleterre, Talleyrand à Molé, 29 octobre, 1830; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 20 novembre, 1830, 10, 21 novembre, 1831.

[49] Schools upon the system advocated by Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838), i.e. upon the monitorial system. (Dictionary of National Biography.)

[50] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 28 décembre, 1830. Metternich, Memoires, V. p. 79, Metternich à Ficquelmont, 31 décembre, 1830.

[51] F.O. France 417, Stuart to Palmerston, December 10, 1830.

[52] Barante, Souvenirs, IV. pp. 174 and 187, Rémusat à Barante, 2 avril, 1831; Guizot à Barante, 8 avril, 1831. Cf. also N. Senior, Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, etc., Conversation with Victor Cousin, May 20, 1856.

[53] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 728, 729.

[54] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 749, 750. Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Talleyrand, à Sébastiani, 20 décembre, 1830.

[55] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 759-773.

[56] F.O. France 415, Stuart to Aberdeen, October 19, 1830.

[57] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Maison, 7 novembre, 1830.

[58] State Papers, XVII. p. 1242.

[59] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 27 novembre, 1830; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 25 décembre, 1830. Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 25 déc, 1830.

[60] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 2 décembre, 1830; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 30 décembre, 1830.

[61] F.O. France 416, Stuart to Palmerston, December 31, 1830; January 3, 1831.

[62] Lord Lamington, In the Days of the Dandies, pp. 127, 128. Dictionary of National Biography, Ponsonby, John, Viscount (1770-1855).

[63] Affaires étrangères, 187 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 19 décembre 1830; 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 8, 14, 18 janvier, 1831 (particulière et confidentielle).

[64] Affaires étrangères, 631 (bis) and 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 3, 10, 19 janvier, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 7 janvier, 1831.

[65] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 19 janvier, 1831.

[66] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 17 janvier, 1831.

[67] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 6 janvier, 1831.

[68] Affaires étrangères, 187 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 6 décembre, 1830.

[69] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 6 janvier, 1831.

[70] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 17 janvier, 1831 (particulière); 18 janvier, 1831 (particulière et confidentielle).

[71] F.O. France 426, Granville to Palmerston, January 21, 1831.

[72] T. Raikes’ Journal, III. p. 182.

[73] H. Bulwer, Life of Palmerston, II. pp. 37-40; Palmerston to Granville, February 8, 1831.

[74] F.O. France 426, Granville to Palmerston, January 14, 21, 22, 1831.

[75] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 25 janvier, 1831.

[76] T. Juste, Sylvain Van de Weyer, pp. 135-137 and notes.

[77] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 19 janvier, 1831.

[78] The leader of the Catholic party in Belgium.

[79] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 21 janvier, 1831.

[80] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 22, 24 janvier, 1831.

[81] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 29 janvier, 1831.

[82] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Lawoëstine à Sébastiani, 29 janvier, 1831.

[83] F.O. Belgium 4, Ponsonby to Palmerston, February 4, 1831.

[84] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 2, 4, 5 février, 1831.

[85] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 774-775.

[86] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 7, 9, 10 février, 1831.

[87] F.O. France 426, Granville to Palmerston, February 4, 9, 1831.

[88] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 8 février 1831.

[89] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, February 8, 1831.

[90] F.O. France 426 and 427, Granville to Palmerston, February 11, 12, 1831.

[91] F.O. Belgium 4, Ponsonby to Palmerston. February 11, 1831.

[92] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, February 25, 1831.

[93] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, February 28, 1831.

[94] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 12 février, 1831.

[95] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 9 février, 1831.

[96] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 12 février, 1831.

[97] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 13 février, 1831.

[98] The Comte de Chambord, the posthumous son of the Duc de Berri, in whose favour Charles X. and the Duc d’Angoulême had abdicated.

[99] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 27 février, 1831.

[100] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, March 14, 1831.

[101] Metternich, Mémoires, V. pp. 128-130; Metternich à Apponyi, 21 mars, 1831. H. Bulwer, Life of Palmerston, II. pp. 51-53, Palmerston to Granville, March 15, 1831.

[102] H. Heine, Letters from Paris (translated by C. Leland), I. pp. 114, 115, 118.

[103] Letters of Harriet, Countess Granville, II. p. 93, Lady Granville to Lady Carlisle, March 14, 1841.

[104] Chateaubriand, Mémoires, IV. p. 451.

[105] C. Greville, Journal, I. pp. 310-311.

[106] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, February 21, 24, 1831.

[107] Metternich, Memoires, V. pp. 157-161; Metternich à Apponyi, 16, 19 février, 1831.

[108] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, Ier mars, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 8, 24 mars, 1831. F.O. France 427 and 428, Granville to Palmerston, March 7, 21, 1831.

[109] The Austrian ambassador at Rome.

[110] Metternich, Memoires, V. p. 125, Metternich à Apponyi, 12 mars, 1831.

[111] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, March 18, 1831.

[112] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, March 28, 1831.

[113] Louis Philippe evidently considered that the large majority of his subjects had no religion at all.

[114] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 1, 1831.

[115] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, March 14, 1831.

[116] F.O. Russia 191, Heytesbury to Palmerston, March 21, 1831.

[117] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 4, 1831.

[118] Affaires étrangères, 682 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 24 mars, 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, March 25, 1831.

[119] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 1, 1831.

[120] Stockmar, Memoirs, I. pp. 80-127.

[121] C. Greville, Journals (I), II. p. 133. Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 4 avril, 1831.

[122] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 28 mars, 1831.

[123] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, March 18, April 1, 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 1, 1831.

[124] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 798-796. Affaires étrangères, 132 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 17 avril, 1831. F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, April 17, 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 22, 1831.

[125] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 12 août 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 8, 11, 1831.

[126] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 3 mai, 1831.

[127] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, May 17, 1831.

[128] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, June 7, 1831.

[129] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 9 juin, 1831.

[130] F.O. France 429, Granville to Palmerston, June 10, 1831.

[131] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 13, 15, and 22 juin, 1831; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 25 juin, 1831.

[132] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 802-806.

[133] Stockmar, Memoirs, I. pp. 161-172.

[134] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 4 mars, 1831, 16 avril, 1831, 13 juin, 1831. Talleyrand à Sébastiani, June 16, 1831.

[135] C. Greville, Journals, (I) II. p. 178.

[136] State Papers, XVIII. pp. 807-817.

[137] H. Bulwer, Life of Palmerston, II. pp. 96-98, Palmerston to Granville, August 5, 1831. F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, August 8, 1831.

[138] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 15 août, 1831.

[139] Stockmar, Memoirs, I. pp. 177-179. F.O. Belgium 6, Adair to Palmerston, August 22, 1831.

[140] Affaires étrangères, 134 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand 4 août, 1831. F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, August 4, 1831.

[141] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 7, 9 août, 1831.