Essays on the Microscope / Containing a Practical Description of the Most Improved Microscopes, a General History of Insects, etc., etc.

The above remarks, it is hoped, will afford some useful hints to gentlemen intending to visit India; as well as plead in justification of those who, unacquainted with the difficulty of preserving collections in so warm a climate, have previous to their departure precipitately made promises to their friends, which for want of being realized, have too frequently exposed them to unmerited censure.

A
COPIOUS LIST
OF
MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS.

In the introductory part to our author’s list of objects in Chap. X. he very justly observes, that from the nature of the subject the list must be very imperfect, &c. it is not with the vain idea of rendering that complete which he has left imperfect, and which indeed must ever remain so, that the following general list is introduced; but principally with the view of still farther assisting the tyro, and pointing out a variety of articles, that might not otherwise so readily occur to him. In most instances, I have mentioned where the objects may be sought for with a probability of success; to have described them would have exceeded my limits. The specimen here given, will convince the reader, that it would be no very difficult task, so to enlarge this list, as to constitute a volume; but, it is presumed, that in its present state it will be found sufficiently extensive, and of considerable utility. To those who are already conversant with the subject, it may prove acceptable as a kind of index to assist their memories; and to such as may be disposed to form a cabinet, it will serve the purposes of directing them in their choice of the principal objects, and exhibiting some idea of the manner in which they are to be arranged.

I. ANIMALS, AND THEIR PARTS.

THE HUMAN SPECIES, QUADRUPEDS, &C.

• The human hair
• Horse hair
• Hog’s bristles
• Mouse hair
• Smellers of cats, tygers, &c.
• Cuticle, or scarf skin of the human body
• The skin itself
• Membrana adiposa
• Muscular fibres
• Nerves
• Arteries and veins
• Intestines or guts
• Lacteals
• Lympha ducts
• Lungs
• Liver
• Pancreas, &c.
• Brain
• Eye, its coats, humours, &c.
• Nose, its ossa spongiosa, &c.
• Ear, its hair, wax, tympanum, &c.
• Tongue, its fibres, nervous papillæ, &c.
• Blood, its globules, circulation, &c.
• Nails and hoofs in thin slices
• Bones, &c. &c.

OBJECTS PECULIAR TO BIRDS.

• Feathers and their plumage
• Pith of ditto cut transversely
• Red combs and gills of cocks
• Scaly skin of the legs
• Web or membrane of waterfowl
• Fleshy fibres, particularly the gizzard
• Eggs, their beautiful teints
• Coloured iris of the eye in some, &c.
• The breast bones and scapulæ of small birds; to which may be added,
• The membranaceous wings of the bat

OBJECTS PECULIAR TO FISHES.

Many of these exhibit most beautiful objects, from the elegant variety of the colours and teints of their skins and scales

• Their spines
• Fins
• Fleshy fibres
• Sperm or hard roe
• Teeth
• Brain
• Eye, its iris
• Lungs and other viscera
• Gills
• Circulation of the blood in the fins and tails of small fishes
• Shells of most kind of shell-fish
• Fimbriæ or fringed extremities of shells, &c.

INSECTS.

1. Coleoptera.

• The entire insect if not too large
• The head
• Antennæ
• Wings
• Elytra
• Legs, &c.
• Scarabæus auratus, rose-chaffer; on flowers
• Dermestes domesticus, the death-watch of Geoffroy
• Dermestes pulicaris, flea beetle; on flowers
• Ptinus pectinicornis; in old trunks of willows
• Ptinus fur; very destructive in cabinets
• Ptinus fatidicus (Shaw) death-watch, see page 688.
• Gyrinus natator, water-flea
• Byrrhus scrophularia; on flowers
• Silpha pustulata; on trees
• Silpha aquatica
• Silpha pulicaria; frequently running on flowers
• Cassida viridis on verticillated plants and thistles
• Cassida nebulosa; on thistles
• Cassida nobilis
• Coccinella, 2 punctata; on alder and other trees
• Coccinella, 5 punct. in gardens
• Coccinella, 7 punct. lady-cow or lady-bird
• Coccinella, 9 punct. on trees
• Coccinella, 14 punct.
• Coccinella, 16 punct.
• Coccinella, 22 punct.
• Coccinella, 14 guttata; in woods
• Coccinella, 2 pustulata; on trees and flowers
• Chrysomela tanaceti; on tansy
• Chrysomela alni; on common alder
• Chrysomela betulæ; on birch trees
• Chrysomela polygoni; on grass
• Chrysomela polita; on willows
• Chrysomela populi; on poplar trees
• Chrysomela sanguinolenta; in woods
• Chrysomela hyoscyami; on henbane
• Chrysomela exsoleta; in gardens

• Chrysomela 12 punctata;
  Chrysomela asparagi;

   } on asparagus

   

• Curculio cyaneus; on willows
• Curculio cerasi; on black cherry trees
• Curculio pruni; on cherry trees
• Curculio acridulus; on plants of the genus tetradynamia
• Curculio granarius, weevil
• Curculio dorsalis; on the lesser celandine
• Curculio pini; on Scotch fir
• Curculio lapathi; on docks, particularly water dock
• Curculio scaber; on nettles
• Curculio quercus; on leaves of oak
• Curculio viscariæ; on lychnis viscaria
• Curculio pericarpius; on fig-wort
• Curculio betulæ; on birch and alder
• Curculio beccabungæ; on veronica beccabunga
• Curculio alni; on leaves of alder
• Curculio fagi; on beech trees
• Curculio pomorum; on apple trees
• Curculio nucum; in hazel nuts
• Curculio scrophulariæ; on fig-wort
• Curculio tortrix; in the twisted leaves of poplars
• Curculio pyri; on pear trees
• Curculio argentatus; in gardens
• Cerambyx moschatus;[169] on willows, roses, &c.
• Lampyris noctiluca; glowworm
• Cantharis ænea; on flowers
• Elater castaneus; on the bark of trees in woods
• Elater sanguineus; on the bark of trees

• Cicindela riparia;
  Cicindela aquatica;

   } on wet sandy ground

   

• Dytiscus cinereus;
  Dytiscus sulcatus;

   } water

   

• Carabus granulatus; in fields near London
• Carabus crepitans; under stones
• Carabus 6 punctatus; on sand near brooks
• Carabus 4 maculatus; on sandy banks of rivers
• Mordella aculeata; on flowers
• Staphylinus murinus; on horse-dung
• Staphylinus riparius; on wet sand
• Staphylinus chrysomelinus; on sand and near walls
• Forficula auricularia, earwig
• Forficula minor, small ditto

2. Hemiptera.

• Parts to be viewed the same as the Coleoptera
• Blatta orientalis; in bakehouses and near chimnies
• Gryllo-talpa, mole-cricket; chiefly under ground
• Gryllus domesticus, house-cricket
• Gryllus campestris; under ground
• Gryllus grossus, common grass-hopper
• Gryllus verrucivorus, great green grass-hopper
• Cicada cornuta; on trees, &c.
• Cicada spumaria, black-headed frog-hopper, cuckow-spit, or froth-worm; in froth on sundry plants
• Cicada viridis; on water plants
• Cicada ulmi; on elms
• Cicada rosæ; on rose trees
• Notonecta glauca, common boat-fly; swims on its back in smooth water
• Notonecta striata, brown boat-fly; on water
• Notonecta minutissima, little boat-fly; swims on its back
• Nepa cinerea, water scorpion; on water
• Nepa cimicoides; on water
• Nepa linearis; on stagnant water
• Cimex lectularius, bed bug
• Cimex scaraboides; on flowers in meadows
• Cimex corticalis; on trees
• Cimex betulæ; on birch trees
• Cimex filicis; on fern
• Cimex baccarum; on gooseberry bushes
• Cimex personatus; in houses
• Cimex hyoscyami, scarlet bug; on henbane
• Cimex umbratilis; on flowers
• Cimex striatus; in woods near Hampstead
• Cimex populi; in woods, particularly on the trunk of the poplar
• Cimex abietis; on Scotch fir
• Cimex lacustris; runs quick on still water
• Cimex stagnorum; on stagnant waters
• Aphis ribis, currant louse; on the bushes
• Aphis ulmi, elm
• Aphis sambuci, elder
• Aphis rumicis, dock
• Aphis aceosæ, sorrel
• Aphis lychnidis, campion
• Aphis rosæ, rose
• Aphis tiliæ, lime
• Aphis brassicæ, cabbage
• Aphis sonchi, sow thistle
• Aphis cardui, thistle
• Aphis tanaceti, tansey
• Aphis absinthii, wormwood
• Aphis jaceæ, knapeseed
• Aphis betulæ, birch
• Aphis fagi, beech
• Aphis quercus, oak; under the bark
• Aphis salicis, willow
• Aphis populi, poplar
• Aphis aceris, maple; on the leaves
• Aphis atriplicis; rolled up in the leaves of the grass-leaved orach
• Chermes graminis; on grass
• Chermes pyri; on pear trees
• Chermes scorbi; on mountain ash
• Chermes urticæ; on nettles
• Chermes alni; on common alder
• Chermes quercus; on leaves of oak
• Chermes abietes; on fir
• Chermes fraxini; on ash trees
• Coccus hesperidum, greenhouse bug; on orange trees
• Coccus betulæ; on the divarications of the branches of birch trees
• Coccus philarides; on canary grass
• Thrips junipera; on bark of old trees
• Thrips fasciata; on flowers
• Thrips physapus; on dandelion, &c. p. 350.

3. Lepidoptera.

• Their wings, scales, and feathers, tongue or proboscis, head, eyes, antennæ, chrysalides, eggs, legs, &c.
• Papilio cardamines, orange tip; in hedge sides
• Papilio Io, peacock; in lanes and hedge sides
• Papilio Mæra, great Argus or wall; on walls and banks
• Papilio galathea, white marbled; in meadow
• Papilio cardui, painted lady; on furzes and teazles
• Papilio Iris, purple emperor; in woods
• Papilio polychtoros, large tortoise-shell; in lanes
• Papilio urticæ, small tortoise-shell; on banks
• Papilio maturna, heath fritillary; on heaths
• Papilio cinxia, glanville or plantain fritillary; meadows
• Papilio paphia, silver wash or great fritillary; in woods
• Papilio aglaja, dark green fritillary; in woods
• Papilio cuphrosyne, pearl border fritillary; in woods
• Papilio quercus, purple hair streak; in bushes
• Papilio rubi, bramble or green; in woods
• Papilio pamphilus, small gate keeper; in meadows
• Sphinx ocellata, eyed hawk moth; on willows
• Sphinx populi, poplar hawk moth; poplars and willows
• Sphinx tiliæ, lime hawk moth; on lime tree bark
• Sphinx convolvuli, unicorn hawk moth; in fields where bindweed grows
• Sphinx ligustri, privet hawk moth; in privet hedges
• Sphinx atropos, jasmine hawk moth, bee-tyger, or death head; in potatoe fields
• Sphinx elpenor, elephant moth; on vines, convolvulus, &c.
• Sphinx stellatarum, large bee moth, or humming bird; in gardens on flowers
• Sphinx filipendulæ, burnet moth; on grass in meadows
• Phalæna pavonia, emperor; on osier grounds
• Phalæna rubi, fox; near woods
• Phalæna pini, pine lappet; on pines
• Phalæna vinula, puss; on barks of trees
• Phalæna neustria, lacky; thorns
• Phalæna caja, great tyger; on banks
• Phalæna villica, cream spot tyger; on banks which face the rising sun
• Phalæna monacha, black arches; in woods
• Phalæna salicis, white sattin; in willow bark
• Phalæna zigzag, pebble; ibid.
• Phalæna cossus, goat; p. 334
• Phalæna libatrix, furbelow
• Phalæna jacobææ, cinnabar or pink underwing; commons
• Phalæna pronuba, large yellow underwing; in gardens
• Phalæna festucæ, gold spot; in ditches near marshes
• Phalæna psi, grey dagger; in bark of willows
• Phalæna meticulosa, angled shades; on nettles
• Phalæna aceris, sycamore tussock; near sycamores
• Phalæna exsoleta, sword grass; in marshes
• Phalæna oxyacanthæ, Ealing’s glory; in hedges at Ealing
• Phalæna pisi, broom, or favourite; in meadows
• Phalæna amataria, buff argus; in lanes
• Phalæna syringaria, Richmond beauty; in hedges
• Phalæna prunaria, orange; in lanes and hedges
• Phalæna verticalis, mother of pearl; on nettles
• Phalæna evonymella, small ermine; in orchards
• Phalæna salicella, rose; gardens
• Phalæna sarcitella; frequent in houses
• Phalæna granella; in houses and granaries
• Phalæna pomonella, codling or apple tree; in orchards
• Phalæna didactyla, brown-feathered; among nettles
• Phalæna pentadactyla, white-feathered; in woods
• Phalæna hexadactyla, many-feathered; on the lonicera, &c.

4. Neuroptera.

• Their wings, head, eyes, antennæ,&c.
• Libellula depressa
• Libellula Ænea
• Libellula grandis
• Libellula forcipata
• Libellula virgo
• Libellula puella
• Ephemera vulgata
• Ephemera vespertina
• Ephemera culiciformis
• Ephemera horaria
• Ephemera striata
• Phryganea bicaudata
• Phryganea nebulosa
• Phryganea striata
• Phryganea rhomboidica
• Phryganea flavilatera
• Phryganea nigra
• Phryganea longicornis
• Hemerobius perla, golden eye; on plants, page 206
• Hemerobius chrysops
• Hemerobius sexpunctatus
• Hemerobius formicarum
• Panorpa communis; meadows

5. Hymenoptera.

• Wings, sting, proboscis, &c.
• Cynips glecomæ; in tubercles on leaves of ground-ivy.
• Cynips quercus baccarum; in small tubercles on the under side of oak leaves
• Cynips quercus folii; in large tubercles on oak leaves
• Cynips quercus petioli; in tubercles on the petiolus of oak leaves
• Cynips quercus gemmae; in the large imbricated galls on the extreme buds of oak trees
• Tenthredo lutæa; on willow, alder, birch
• Tenthredo rustica; on willows
• Tenthredo scrophulariæ; on fig-wort
• Tenthredo rosæ; on rose trees
• Tenthredo cynosbati; on hips
• Tenthredo caprææ; on willows
• Ichneumon comitator; in wasps nests
• Ichneumon manifestator; woods
• Ichneumon puparum; in the chrysalides of butterflies
• Ichneumon aphidum; breeds in the bodies of aphides
• Ichneumon globatus; breeds in white silky balls about one inch long, which are found on different plants in meadows
• Ichneumon glomeratus; breeds in the caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly
• Ichneumon pectinicornis; in the chrysalides of butterflies
• Sphex viatica
• Sphex cribraria
• Chrysis ignita; in walls
• Vespa crabro, hornet; builds in hollow trees
• Vespa vulgaris, common wasp
• Vespa coarctata, small wasp
• Apis centuncularis; builds in old trees
• Apis rufa, small field bee
• Apis mellitica, common hive bee
• Apis manicata; on flowers
• Apis conica; builds on the ground
• Apis terrestris, humble bee; builds deep in the ground
• Apis subterranea, great humble bee
• Formica herculeana, horse ant, large
• Formica rufa; in gardens
• Formica fusca, brown, common ant
• Formica nigra, black
• Formica rubra, little red ant

6. Diptera.

• Oestrus bovis, breeze or gad fly, see page 294, note
• Oestrus hæmorrhoidalis, see page 295, note
• Oestrus ovis, grey fly, see page 296, note
• Tipula crocata; in meadows
• Tipula lunata; ibid.
• Tipula cornicina; ibid.
• Tipula plumosa, sea tipula, resembles a gnat, and is frequently mistaken for it
• Tipula littoralis; on trees
• Tipula monilis; in meadows and on windows, &c.
• Musca chamæleon, p. 248
• Musca morio; in gardens
• Musca pyrastri; ibid.
• Musca menthastri; flowers
• Musca pipiens; on mint, &c.
• Musca inanis; on flowers
• Musca pellucens; on rose trees
• Musca cæsar; in woods and gardens
• Musca cadaverina; on flesh
• Musca vomitoria, blue flesh fly
• Musca carnaria, common flesh fly
• Musca domestica, common house fly
• Musca cellaris; frequently found dead in wine and vinegar
• Musca putris; breeds in cheese and dung
• Musca stercoraria; on dung
• Musca vibrans; on trees
• Musca flava; on flowers
• Musca solstitialis; on thistles
• Tabanus bovinus, great horse fly
• Tabanus pluvialis; in meadows
• Culex pipiens, common gnat, see page 187 note, 623
• Culex bifurcatus; in watery places
• Culex pulicaris; in gardens in the spring
• Conops calcitrans, differs from the common fly, in having a sharp hard proboscis, with which it strikes our legs in autumn
• Conops macrocephala; in meadows
• Asilus craboniformis, hornet fly; in wet meadows
• Asilus forcipatus; in gardens
• Asilus morio; in wet woods
• Bombylius major, humble bee fly, sucks flowers without resting on them
• Bombylius medius; hovers in the air like a hawk, and darts with great celerity
• Bombylius minor; in Caen wood, near Hampstead
• Hippobosca equina; fastens on dogs and cattle
• Hippobosca hirundinis; in swallows’ nests

7. Aptera.

• Lepisma saccharina; in the joints of sash windows that are wet and seldom opened
• Podura viridis; on plants in April
• Podura plumbea; on trees, solitary
• Podura villosa; on stones
• Podura aquatica; numerous on the leaves of aquatic plants
• Termes pulsatorium, the death-watch of Linnæus, p. 688, note
• Pediculus humanus, common louse, see p. 619
• Pediculus pubis, crab louse
• Pediculus bovis, cattle
• Pediculus vituli, ibid.
• Pediculus corvi, raven
• Pediculus gallinæ, capon
• Pediculus columbæ, pidgeon
• Pulex irritans; see page 616
• Acarus reduvius, sheep louse or tick
• Acarus ricinus, dog tick
• Acarus passerinus; on many species of small birds
• Acarus aquaticus; on stagnant water, swims quick
• Acarus holosericeus, scarlet spider; on the ground and on plants
• Acarus coleoptratorum, beetle-tick; hundreds are found on the belly of a beetle
• Acarus longicornis; under stones, &c.
• Phalangium opilio, long-legged spider
• Phalangium cancroides, scorpion tick; on garden pots, sometimes in houses
• Aranea cucurbitina; on fruit trees
• Aranea labyrinthica; in fields
• Aranea domestica, house spider
• Aranea redimita; in gardens
• Aranea senaculata, large; on walls, &c.
• Aranea scenica, black; on old walls and windows; spins no web
• Aranea aquatica, pale brown
• Aranea viatica, resembles a crab, moves slow, &c.
• Cancer pisum, pea, size of a pea; in mussels
• Cancer minutus, minute, smaller than the preceding; among sea weeds
• Cancer longicornis, long horned, size of the last
• Cancer plati-cheles, great clawed, size of a horse bean
• Cancer Bernardus, hermit; in the deserted shells of wilks, &c.
• Cancer gammarus, lobster
• Cancer homarus; on the coast of Ireland
• Cancer astacus, cray-fish
• Cancer serratus, prawn
• Cancer squilla, white shrimp
• Cancer crangon, shrimp
• Cancer linearis, linear shrimp
• Cancer atomos, atom shrimp
• Cancer locusta, locust; frequently skipping in summer on the sea shore
• Cancer mantis; Weymouth
• Cancer pulex, water flea; in rivulets
• Cancer salinus; in Lymington salt water
• Monoculus apis; in fish ponds and ditches
• Monoculus pulex, very minute; frequent and numerous in stagnant water
• Monoculus quadricornis
• Oniscus asilus, sea louse
• Oniscus entomon, sea wood-louse; on the coasts
• Oniscus aquaticus; in clear springs
• Oniscus asellus, millepes or wood louse; in old walls, &c.
• Oniscus armadillo; under stones
• Julus terrestris, feet 200; under stones
• Julus sabulosus, feet 240

VERMES.

1. Intestina.

• Gordius aquaticus, like a horse hair; in water and clay
• Gordius lacustris; in the liver of the pike
• Ascaris vermicularis; at the bottom of lakes, and in the intestines of children and horses
• Ascaris lumbricoides; in the human intestines
• Lumbricus terrestris, earth worm; in the ground and in the human intestines
• Lumbricus marinus, sea worm
• Fasciola hepatica, gourd worm; in ditches, rivulets, and in the liver of sheep
• Fasciola intestinalis; in the intestines of fishes
• Fasciola barbata; in the intestines of the sepia loligo
• Sepunculus nudus; in the sea
• Hirundo medicinalis, common leech; in shallow waters
• Hirundo sanguisuga, horse leech; in fresh water
• Hirundo geometra; in fresh water
• Hirundo muricata, sea leech

2. Mollusca.

• Limax ater, black snail; in moist shady places
• Limax rufus, red; at the foot of mountains
• Limax maximus, large grey; in thick woods
• Limax agrestis, small grey; on cabbages
• Limax flavus, amber; on plants
• Doris argo, sea lemon
• Doris verrucosa; Aberdeen
• Doris elutrina; Anglesea
• Aphrodita acculeata, sea mouse; often found in the stomach of a cod
• Aphrodita squamata; Anglesea
• Aphrodita minuta; ibid.
• Nereis noctiluca, scarce visible to the naked eye; shines by night in the sea, so as to make the water appear on fire
• Nereis locustris; in clayey water
• Ascidia rustica; Scarborough
• Actinea sulcata; rocks of Cornwall and Anglesea
• Holothuria pentactes; in the deep
• Lernea cyprinacea; in fishponds, adhering to the sides of carp
• Lernea salmonea; adheres to the gills of salmon
• Lernea asellina; in the gills of cod, &c.
• Sepia officinalis, ink or cuttlefish; in the sea
• Sepia sepiola; off Flintshire
• Medusa cruciata
• Medusa aurita, sea nettle
• Medusa capillata, sea lungs
• Asterias rubens, five-fingered star fish
• Asterias glacialis, common ditto
• Asterias oculata, dotted ditto
• Asterias minuta; Denbigh
• Asterias hastata; Cornwall
• Asterias nigra; ibid.
• Echius esculentus, sea hedgehog; on the coast, near Scarborough
• Echius spatagus, sea egg; on the Yorkshire coast

3. Testacca.

• Chiton crinitus, hairy chiton; Aberdeen
• Chiton marginatus; in the sea, at Scarborough
• Chiton levis, lock broom; West Ross, North Britain
• Lepas. Animal, triton
• Lepas balanus; adhering to rocks and shells
• Lepas balanoides, acorn fish; frequently adheres to oysters
• Lepas tintinabulum; on bottoms of ships
• Lepas anatifera, barnacle, see page 344
• Pholas. Animal, ascidia
• Pholas dactylus, piddock; in stones, shines by night
• Pholas crispatus; frequent on the Yorkshire coast
• Solen. Animal, ascidia
• Solen siliqua; frequent on the shore near Scarborough
• Solen vagina; Anglesea
• Solen pellucidus; ibid.
• Solen legumen; ibid.
• Tellina. Animal, tethys
• Tellina cornea, size of a pea; in pools of fresh water
• Cardium Animal, tethys
• Cardium echinatum; on the Yorkshire coast
• Cardium edule, common cockle
• Mactra. Animal, tethys
• Mactra solida; on the Yorkshire coast
• Mactra lutraria; sea, at the mouth of rivers
• Donax. Animal, tethys
• Donax trunculus; on the coast near Scarborough
• Ostrea maxima, large scallop; on the Irish coast, and near Portland
• Ostrea obliterata, small scallop
• Ostrea edulis, common oyster
• Anomia truncata; in limestones
• Anomia crispa; in bluish limestone, in Craven, and other parts
• Anomia squamula; on oysters, crabs, and lobsters
• Anomia ephipium; adhering to oyster shells
• Mytilus. Animal, ascidia
• Mytilus rugosus; in lime-stone
• Mytilus edulis, common muscle
• Mytilus cygneus; in many lakes in the north
• Buccinum. Animal, limax
• Buccinum lapillus, larger English purple fish; on the shore
• Buccinum minimum, less than a pea
• Helix, snails. Animal, limax
• Helix lapicida; in woods in Lincolnshire
• Helix planorbis; in rivulets
• Helix cornea; in still rivers and pools
• Helix vivipera; ibid.
• Helix putris; in rivers and pools
• Serpula. Animal, terebella.
• Serpula spirorbis; adheres to sea weeds on the coast
• Sabella. Animal, nereis
• Sabella alviolata, English tubular sand coral; on the Yarmouth coast, and on Peington strand, Devon

4. Lithophyta.

• Coral, calcareous, fixed, built by animals
• Madrepora. Coral, with cavities, lamellosa-stellated. Animal, medusa
• Madrepora musicalis; on the Irish coast
• Millepora. Animal, hydra
• Millepora fascialis, stony foliaceous coralline; adhering to an oyster shell, on the coast of the Isle of Wight
• Cellepora, coral, submembranaceous, composed of round shells. Animal, hydra
• Cellepora pumicosa, appears in the microscope like a pumice-stone; found on the sickle coralline, like white sand

5. Zoophyta.

• Gorgonia placomus, warted sea fan; on the Cornish coast
• Gorgonia anceps, sea willow
• Gorgonia flabellum, Venus fan
• Alcyonium. Florets, hydræ, between the cortex; epidermis vesicular, porous
• Alcyonium digitatum, dead-man’s hand; frequently taken up by fishermen trawling for flat fish on the Kentish coast
• Alcyonium schlosseri; on the Cornish coast
• Alcyonium ficus, sea-fig; near Sheerness
• Spongia oculata, branched sponge; on the coast
• Spongia dicotoma, forked sponge; on the Cornish and Yorkshire coasts
• Spongia lacustris, creeping sponge; at the bottom of lakes in Westmoreland
• Spongia fluviatilis, river sponge; in the Thames, Cam, &c.
• Flustra foliacea, broad-leaved horn-wrack; on the coast
• Tubularia indivisa, tubular coralline
• Tubularia ramosa, small rarified tubular coralline
• Tubularia fistulosa, bugle coralline
• Tubularia campanulata, creeping, extremely minute
• Corallina officinalis, coralline of the shops; fixed to rocks and shells, by stony joints
• Corallina rubens, crested or coxcomb coralline, like moss in round tufts, resembling a bird’s crest; the microscope shews the filaments to be dichotomous
• Corallina corniculata, white slender-jointed coralline; adheres to small fuci
• Sertularia rosacea, lily-flowering oralline; on oysters
• Sertularia pumila, sea-oak coralline; about Sheerness
• Sertularia abietina, sea-fir; on oysters, muscles, &c.
• Sertularia argentea, squirrel’s tail; on oysters in the Isle of Shepey
• Sertularia cornuta, very minute—with many others
• Vorticella, see page 396 & seq.
• Hydra, see page 363 & seq.
• Tænia solium; in the intestines of various animals
• Tænia vulgaris, common tapeworm; in the intestines of men and brutes
• Animalcula infusoria, see page 428 & seq.[170]

II. FOSSILS.

• Ketton or kettering stone
• Spar opake; in mines in Wales, Derbyshire, &c.
• Spar refracting; in lead mines in Derbyshire, &c.
• Spar diaphonous; in various parts of the kingdom
• Spar stalactitical, Knaresborough, &c.
• Fluor transparent, diaphonous resembling emeralds, saphires, topazes, amethysts, &c.

METALS.

• Aurum nativum; said to be found in some rivers in North Britain
• Argentum mineralizatum; in small quantities in lead and copper ores
• Plumbum galena, lead glance; in various parts of England
• Plumbum stibiatum, antimonial lead ore
• Plumbum crystallinum, lead crystals
• Plumbum spatosum, lead spar
• Plumbum calciforme, lead ochre
• Plumbum nativum, native lead
• Cuprum nativum
• Cuprum cæruleum montanum, mountain blue; in the mines of Derbyshire
• Cuprum viride montanum, mountain green; in copper mines of England, Ireland, and the Isle of Man
• Cuprum rubrum, glass copper ore; generally found with native copper
• Cuprum cinereum, grey copper ore
• Ferrum crystallinum, crystalline ore; Forest of Dean, Langron in Cumberland
• Ferrum cærulescens, bluish ore
• Ferrum micaceum, glimmer

SEMI-METALS.

• Vismutum ochra, flowers of bismuth
• Vismutum mineralizatum, bismuth ore
• Antimonium striatum, striated antimonial ore
• Antimonium rubrum, red antimonial ore

PETREFACTIONS.

• Animals, or parts of animals, changed into a fossile substance

Vermes.

• Helmintholithus ammonita, nautilus; in strata of earth and stones, on the sea-shore, &c.
• Helmintholithus anomites; in great abundance, particularly at Sherborne in Gloucestershire
• Helmintholithus gryphites; in chalk hills, &c.
• Helmintholithus judaicus; in many parts, particularly chalk pits in Kent
• Helmintholithus echinites; Surrey, Essex, Kent, Middlesex, in chalk and gravel pits
• Helmintholithus astrion, sea-star; in chalk pits, &c.
• Helmintholithus astroites, star stone; Gloucestershire, Norfolk, &c. and many more.

Vegetables.

• Phytolithus plantæ; grass, reeds, horse-tail, &c. found in the black slate called plate, immediately above the pit coal, in various parts of England.
• Phytolithus filices, ferns; ditto, Newcastle, &c.
• Rhizolithus, roots of trees and plants buried in the earth
• Lithophyllum, leaves of trees; at Knaresborough, also impressed in stone
• Carpolithus, fruits, particularly impressions of the cones of pines, hazel, oak

Fishes.

• Ichthyolithus siliquastra, fossile pods, often resembling half the pod of a lupine, &c. sometimes extremely minute, at other times near two inches long.
• Ichthyolithus vertebra, of various genera, often in pits and quarries, particularly at Richmond in Surrey, on the cliffs of Shepey Island, &c.

Insects.

• Enthomolithus cancri, claws, or parts of claws; in pits in several parts of England

Shrubs.

• Graptolithus dentrides, representing shrubs, plants, or moss; on various stones, slates, and flints, in many parts of England, &c.

III. VEGETABLES.

Having thus enumerated a considerable variety of articles in the animal and fossile kingdoms, the only part which remains to be noticed is that of vegetables. To any person possessing but a superficial knowledge of botany, it must be obvious that this branch of natural history is extensive in the extreme; and that, consequently, to point out but a small number of such plants as form interesting objects for the microscope, would greatly extend this list, already sufficiently large; for,

“How incompetent is human effort to portray the beauties of this sublime subject! How inadequate the most descriptive talent to approximate to our view the vegetative profusion contained within the recess of nature! How limited have been our public researches! How contracted the knowledge which has been as yet obtained! What an incomprehensible store remains yet concealed, impenetrable to mortal view!”[171]

From a source so abundant, the botanist will be under no difficulty in selecting for himself; those who have not made the science a part of their studies, will be materially assisted by having recource to the elegant figures and their descriptions in the Botanical Magazine, by W. Curtis, F. L. S. the well-known author of Flora Londinensis; and English Botany, by J. E. Smith, M. D. F. R. & Pres. L. S. published by Ja^s. Sowerby, F. L. S. I shall, therefore, just mention in general terms those parts of plants which are peculiarly adapted for microscopical investigation. These are as follow:

• The trunk, composed of
• Epidermis or cuticle
• Cortex or outer bark
• Liber or inner bark
• Alburnum
• Lignum or wood
• Medulla or pith
• The root cut transversely or longitudinally
• Leaves and their fibres
• The parts of fructification, consisting of
• The calyx or flower cup
• corolla or foliation, containing the leaves or petals, and the nectarium
• stamina or threads, their filaments and anthera or summit, and the pollen contained therein[172]
• The pistillum or pointal, its germen, style, and stigma
• pericarpium, seed vessel, or germen grown to maturity
• semina, seeds and their parts
• receptaculum, the base on which the fructification is seated

Of the various classes of plants, that called cryptogamia is eminently calculated for microscopical observation; comprizing the filices, the musci, the algæ, and the fungi. On these subjects Hedwig has produced a valuable work, entitled Theoria Generationis et Fructificationis de Plantarum Cryptogamicarum, of which a new and much improved edition has just appeared, and to which for further information I refer the reader.

A LIST OF MR. CUSTANCE’S VEGETABLE CUTTINGS, THAT USUALLY ACCOMPANY THE MOST COMPLETE SORT OF MICROSCOPES MADE BY MESSRS. W. AND S. JONES.

• English oak.
• Evergreen ditto.
• Norway oak.
• Ash.
• Cedar.
• Cork.
• Savin.
• Fir.
• Ceanothus.
• Hazel.
• Lime.
• Elm.
• Elm root.
• Mulberry ditto.
• Grape root.
• Lime ditto.
• Beech.
• Birch.
• Plum.
• Ivy.
• Spanish elder.
• American climber.
• Cissampelos.
• Virgin’s bower.
• Magnolia grandiflora.
• Gelder-rose.
• Althæa frutex.
• Tulip tree.
• Ash.
• Spanish chesnut.
• Platanus orientalis.
• Viburnum lantana.
• Oak root.
• Ash root.
• Asp root.
• Walnut ditto.
• Grape vine.
• Indian turpeth.
• China root.
• Jasmine.
• Dog rose.
• Raspberry.
• Barberry.
• Briar.
• Elder root.
• Ditto branch.
• Willow root.
• Ditto branch.
• Mulberry.
• Fig.
• Sycamore.
• Maple.
• American dogwood.
• Ptelea trifoliata.
• Ligneous night-shade.
• Sumach.
• Apricot.
• Medlar.
• Bay.
• Laurel.
• Sea weed.
• Longitudinal cutting of plane tree.
• Ditto of Spanish elder.
• Ditto of briar.
• Common cane.
• Ditto with curious center.
• Bamboo cane.
• Sarsaparilla.
• Longitudinal cuttings of sugar cane.
• Elder.
• Rose tree.
• Mugwort.
• *Longitudinal slices of elder.
• *Ditto grape vine.
• *Transverse ditto.
• *Dogwood.
• *Plane tree.
• *Beech.
• *Grape vine.
• *Spanish chesnut.
• *Walnut.
• *Fig.
• *Ditto longitudinal.
• Asparagus.
• Artichoke.
• Thistle.
• Fennel.
• Parsley.
• Ditto root.
• Sunflower.
• Ditto root.
• Agrimony.
• Eryngo.
• Potatoe stalk.
• Centaurea.
• Indian reed.
• Ditto corn.
• Amaranthus.
• Bromelia pinguin.
• Campanula.
• Monkshood.
• Lavatera.
• Solidago.
• Mugwort.
• Chrysanthemum.
• Helianthus.
• Wormwood.
• Bulrush.
• Portugal reed.
• Burdock.
• Ditto.
• Wild mustard.
• Aloe flower stalk.
• Solomon’s seal.
• Tulip.
• Calamus aromaticus.
• Buckbean.
• Gourd.
• Melon.
• Crown imperial.
• Flower-de-luce.
• Pine apple.
• White lily.
• Asparagus.
• Ragwort.
• Water flag.
• Sugar cane.
• Stems of leaves of hog’s fennel.
• Hemlock.
• Chesnut.
• Wild turnip.
• Stems of the leaves of red dock.
• Horse-radish.
• Cabbage.
• Carrots.
• Roots of phytolacca.
• Teasel.
• Carrot.
• Fennel.
• Stinging-nettle roots curiously variegated.
• Roots of parsley and wormwood variegated.
• Stalks of fern, with variations.

N. B. Those marked with an * Mr. Custance conceives prove Dr. Hill in an error, when he observed, that the pith of a shoot is not connected with the pith of the branch. See his Construction of Timber, &c. p. 103, 8vo edition.

SALTS, AND VARIOUS CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

SALTS.

• Salt ammoniac, crude
• Salt ammoniac, volatile
• Salt of amber
• Salt of Benjamin, commonly called flowers of Benjamin
• Salt of berberry
• Salt of buckthorn
• Salt of butcher’s broom
• Salt of carduus
• Salt of chamomile
• Salt of coral
• Salt of cucumber
• Salt, Epsom, so called
• Salt of fennel
• Salt gem
• Salt, glauber’s, vitriolated natron
• Salt of hartshorn
• Salt of lavender
• Salt of lead, commonly called sugar of lead
• Salt of limons
• Salt of liquorice
• Salt of millepedes
• Salt of mugwort
• Salt of nitre, or salt petre
• Salt of Peruvian bark
• Salt polychrest
• Salt Rochelle
• Salt of tartar
• Salt of tartar vitriolated
• Salt of tobacco
• Salt of urine
• Salt of wood sorrel
• Salt of wormwood, and a great variety of others.[173]

PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY.

• Acetated quicksilver
• Calcined ditto
• Calomel
• Muriat, commonly called corrosive sublimate
• Red nitrated, or red precipitate
• Sulphurated, or factitious cinnabar

MISCELLANEOUS.

• Camphor
• Crystals (called cream) of tartar
• Iron, ammoniacal, or martial flowers
• Verdigrise, ditto distilled
• Vitriol, blue, or vitriolated copper
• Vitriol, green, or vitriolated Iron
• Vitriol, white, or vitriolated zinc, &c. &c.

After having particularized so many of the works of NATURE, let us now pay some attention to those of ART. But what an humiliating contrast shall we meet with! If our design in viewing objects by the microscope be to discover beauty, harmony, and perfection, it will be necessary to limit our inquiries to the former, happily alone sufficiently abundant; if, on the contrary, we are desirous of discovering deformity and imperfection, we must confine ourselves to the latter. Even those works of art that appear to the unassisted eye as decisive proofs of consummate skill in the workman, and which excite our admiration for their apparent neatness and accuracy, when brought to this test, exhibit their real state; and, consequently, tend but to display the inferiority of the most finished performance of the ablest artist, when put in competition with the glorious productions of nature. The finest works of the loom and of the needle, if exhibited with the microscope, prove so rude and coarse, that were they to appear thus to the naked eye, so far from affording delight to our belles, would be rejected with disgust. But the more we inquire into the works of nature, the more fully are we satisfied of their divine origin: in a flower, for instance, we see how fibres too minute for the unassisted sight are composed of others still more minute, till the primordial threads or first principles are utterly indiscernible; whilst the whole substance presents a celestial radiance in its colouring, with a richness so superior to silver or gold, as if it were intended for the cloathing of an angel, and we have the highest authority for asserting, that the greatest monarch of the East in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these. A very few specimens of art will, therefore, suffice.

• The edge of the sharpest razor or penknife
• Teeth of rasps and files
• Threads of the finest screws
• Finest engravings on gold, silver, copper, &c.
• Coins, medals
• Seals, intaglios
• Best executed miniature paintings, prints, drawings, &c.
• The finest laces, silks, and ribbons
• Smallest needles, pins, &c.
• Woolen and linen cloth, plain or printed; camblets, bombazeens, &c.
• A drop of ink on paper
• Paper, from the coarsest to the finest
• The writing of the ablest penman
• The finest specimens of the typographic art, &c. &c.

An inspection of a few of the above articles only will clearly demonstrate, that as in the moral and political world, so in the works of art, perfection is unattainable by mortal man. With the fullest impression of which truth in the mind of the editor, and an appeal to the candour of his readers towards those imperfections which they may have discovered in this performance, he shall now conclude with,

FINIS.

ADDITIONS.

The following is a new, useful, and ready method of making globules for microscopes, differing from the customary one described in page 8, and is extracted from Mr. W. Nicholson’s scientifical Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts. No. 3, June 1, 1797. p. 134.

“The usual method has been to draw out a fine thread of the soft white glass called crystal, and to convert the extremity of this into a spherule by melting it at the flame of a candle. But this glass contains lead, which is disposed to become opake by partial reduction, unless the management be very carefully attended to. I find that the hard glass used for windows seldom fails to afford excellent spherules. This glass is of a clear bright green colour when seen edgeways. A thin piece was cut from the edge of a pane of glass less than one-tenth of an inch broad. This was held perpendicularly by the upper end, and the flame of a candle was directed upon it by the blow-pipe at the distance of about an inch from the lower end. The glass became soft, and the lower piece descended by its own weight to the distance of about two feet, where it remained suspended by a thin thread of glass about one five-hundredth of an inch in diameter. A part of this thread was applied endways to the lower blue part of the flame of the candle without the use of the blow-pipe. The extremity immediately became white-hot, and formed a globule. The glass was then gradually and regularly thrust towards the flame, but never into it, until the globule was sufficiently large. A number of these were made, and being afterwards examined by viewing their focal images with a deeper magnifier, proved very bright, perfect, and round.”

The opake solar microscope has been made by the late Mr. Martin of larger dimensions than described in page 106. The illuminating lens, at A B, Plate V. Fig. 1, and the breadth of the mirror were about four inches and an half, instead of three inches, which gives more than double the light of the former; and, consequently, all the larger sort of opake and transparent objects, to the size of one and an half or two inches in diameter, as well as diverting objects painted on glass, like the magic lanthorn sliders, are shewn with the greatest distinctness, and has by Mr. Martin been called the MEGALASCOPE of the apparatus.

The same ingenious and learned artist applied a lattice of small squares about one-tenth of an inch, each square made of fine wire, or lines drawn strongly on glass in a circle of one inch in diameter, and placed these in the compound body of a microscope or telescope, in the focus of the glasses next to the eye. And having a copper-plate lattice of squares disposed into a circle, and to any size as may be wanted, the observer or artist may then with great facility make an exact drawing on the paper of the object observed. The same contrivance is applicable to the solar microscope. This he called the GRAPHICAL MICROSCOPE OR PERSPECTIVE.

Page 127, line 24—Any pocket telescope, the drawers of which are made to allow of a further extension than usual, may be used as a compound microscope for examining birds or insects alive, in a garden on the flowers, shrubberies, &c. from a window near to the objects. There are few pocket achromatic telescopes or perspectives, but what will define and magnify objects from about six feet to any distance from the instrument. The magnifying power is inversely as the distance of the object from the telescope, and, consequently variable in an infinite degree; on which account Mr. Martin named it the POLYDYNAMIC MICROSCOPE.

LIST OF THE PRICES
AT WHICH THE MICROSCOPES AND APPARATUS ARE MADE AND SOLD BY MESSRS. JONES, HOLBORN, LONDON.

Magazines of microscopical apparatus, with collections of objects, fitted up to any extent and to order.

INDEX.