[168] Neuere Geschichte der Missions Anstalten. 48 stück. Halle 1796.
The above remarks, it is hoped, will afford some useful hints to gentlemen intending to visit India; as well as plead in justification of those who, unacquainted with the difficulty of preserving collections in so warm a climate, have previous to their departure precipitately made promises to their friends, which for want of being realized, have too frequently exposed them to unmerited censure.
In the introductory part to our author’s list of objects in Chap. X. he very justly observes, that from the nature of the subject the list must be very imperfect, &c. it is not with the vain idea of rendering that complete which he has left imperfect, and which indeed must ever remain so, that the following general list is introduced; but principally with the view of still farther assisting the tyro, and pointing out a variety of articles, that might not otherwise so readily occur to him. In most instances, I have mentioned where the objects may be sought for with a probability of success; to have described them would have exceeded my limits. The specimen here given, will convince the reader, that it would be no very difficult task, so to enlarge this list, as to constitute a volume; but, it is presumed, that in its present state it will be found sufficiently extensive, and of considerable utility. To those who are already conversant with the subject, it may prove acceptable as a kind of index to assist their memories; and to such as may be disposed to form a cabinet, it will serve the purposes of directing them in their choice of the principal objects, and exhibiting some idea of the manner in which they are to be arranged.
Many of these exhibit most beautiful objects, from the elegant variety of the colours and teints of their skins and scales
Chrysomela 12 punctata;
Chrysomela asparagi;
} on asparagus
Cicindela riparia;
Cicindela aquatica;
} on wet sandy ground
Dytiscus cinereus;
Dytiscus sulcatus;
} water
[169] I have caught great numbers of these on white rose trees and rasp-berry bushes, in the vicinity of London; their smell has to me always appeared approaching nearer to that of oil of rhodium than of musk.
[170] Those who are desirous of seeing well delineated and elegantly coloured figures of a variety of curious objects among the insect class, particularly such as require investigation by the microscope, will be amply gratified by having recourse to Donovan’s History of British Insects. From the Naturalists Miscellany, by G. Shaw, M. D. F. R. & Vice Pres. L. S. numbers of beautiful subjects may likewise be selected.
Having thus enumerated a considerable variety of articles in the animal and fossile kingdoms, the only part which remains to be noticed is that of vegetables. To any person possessing but a superficial knowledge of botany, it must be obvious that this branch of natural history is extensive in the extreme; and that, consequently, to point out but a small number of such plants as form interesting objects for the microscope, would greatly extend this list, already sufficiently large; for,
“How incompetent is human effort to portray the beauties of this sublime subject! How inadequate the most descriptive talent to approximate to our view the vegetative profusion contained within the recess of nature! How limited have been our public researches! How contracted the knowledge which has been as yet obtained! What an incomprehensible store remains yet concealed, impenetrable to mortal view!”[171]
[171] Observations on the Structure and Economy of Plants, by R. Hooper, M. D., F. L. S. page 128. This work contains an ingenious display of the analogy which subsists between the animal and the vegetable kingdom.
From a source so abundant, the botanist will be under no difficulty in selecting for himself; those who have not made the science a part of their studies, will be materially assisted by having recource to the elegant figures and their descriptions in the Botanical Magazine, by W. Curtis, F. L. S. the well-known author of Flora Londinensis; and English Botany, by J. E. Smith, M. D. F. R. & Pres. L. S. published by Jas. Sowerby, F. L. S. I shall, therefore, just mention in general terms those parts of plants which are peculiarly adapted for microscopical investigation. These are as follow:
[172] The pollen or meal is a fine dust designed for the impregnation of the germen; a small quantity of this meal being put into hot water and applied to the microscope, will exhibit the bursting of the elastic covering of each grain; and the escape of the smaller atoms, which is the true farina.
Of the various classes of plants, that called cryptogamia is eminently calculated for microscopical observation; comprizing the filices, the musci, the algæ, and the fungi. On these subjects Hedwig has produced a valuable work, entitled Theoria Generationis et Fructificationis de Plantarum Cryptogamicarum, of which a new and much improved edition has just appeared, and to which for further information I refer the reader.
N. B. Those marked with an * Mr. Custance conceives prove Dr. Hill in an error, when he observed, that the pith of a shoot is not connected with the pith of the branch. See his Construction of Timber, &c. p. 103, 8vo edition.
[173] To ascertain the true configurations of salts, particular attention should be paid to obtain them genuine; it may therefore be proper to apprize the reader, that some of those above enumerated are not easily procured in that state; consequently, though they exhibit pleasing figures, yet they may not be those of the real salt purposed to be investigated. Many hundred weights of some salts are annually manufactured, and sold under names very different from what they really are. Nor is this circumstance confined to salts only: for want of botanical knowledge, preparations of different plants have been frequently sold possessed of medical properties very different from those intended. A valuable medicine, the extract of Hemlock, for instance, instead of being prepared of the conium maculatum, has been made in large quantities of the chærophyllum sylvestre, and thus administered! On this unpleasant subject I could enlarge, were it not digressing from that before us. Whilst such evils exist, need we wonder if the physician as well as the patient are often disappointed in the beneficial effects expected from the adhibition of medicines?
After having particularized so many of the works of NATURE, let us now pay some attention to those of ART. But what an humiliating contrast shall we meet with! If our design in viewing objects by the microscope be to discover beauty, harmony, and perfection, it will be necessary to limit our inquiries to the former, happily alone sufficiently abundant; if, on the contrary, we are desirous of discovering deformity and imperfection, we must confine ourselves to the latter. Even those works of art that appear to the unassisted eye as decisive proofs of consummate skill in the workman, and which excite our admiration for their apparent neatness and accuracy, when brought to this test, exhibit their real state; and, consequently, tend but to display the inferiority of the most finished performance of the ablest artist, when put in competition with the glorious productions of nature. The finest works of the loom and of the needle, if exhibited with the microscope, prove so rude and coarse, that were they to appear thus to the naked eye, so far from affording delight to our belles, would be rejected with disgust. But the more we inquire into the works of nature, the more fully are we satisfied of their divine origin: in a flower, for instance, we see how fibres too minute for the unassisted sight are composed of others still more minute, till the primordial threads or first principles are utterly indiscernible; whilst the whole substance presents a celestial radiance in its colouring, with a richness so superior to silver or gold, as if it were intended for the cloathing of an angel, and we have the highest authority for asserting, that the greatest monarch of the East in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these. A very few specimens of art will, therefore, suffice.
An inspection of a few of the above articles only will clearly demonstrate, that as in the moral and political world, so in the works of art, perfection is unattainable by mortal man. With the fullest impression of which truth in the mind of the editor, and an appeal to the candour of his readers towards those imperfections which they may have discovered in this performance, he shall now conclude with,
FINIS.
The following is a new, useful, and ready method of making globules for microscopes, differing from the customary one described in page 8, and is extracted from Mr. W. Nicholson’s scientifical Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts. No. 3, June 1, 1797. p. 134.
“The usual method has been to draw out a fine thread of the soft white glass called crystal, and to convert the extremity of this into a spherule by melting it at the flame of a candle. But this glass contains lead, which is disposed to become opake by partial reduction, unless the management be very carefully attended to. I find that the hard glass used for windows seldom fails to afford excellent spherules. This glass is of a clear bright green colour when seen edgeways. A thin piece was cut from the edge of a pane of glass less than one-tenth of an inch broad. This was held perpendicularly by the upper end, and the flame of a candle was directed upon it by the blow-pipe at the distance of about an inch from the lower end. The glass became soft, and the lower piece descended by its own weight to the distance of about two feet, where it remained suspended by a thin thread of glass about one five-hundredth of an inch in diameter. A part of this thread was applied endways to the lower blue part of the flame of the candle without the use of the blow-pipe. The extremity immediately became white-hot, and formed a globule. The glass was then gradually and regularly thrust towards the flame, but never into it, until the globule was sufficiently large. A number of these were made, and being afterwards examined by viewing their focal images with a deeper magnifier, proved very bright, perfect, and round.”
The opake solar microscope has been made by the late Mr. Martin of larger dimensions than described in page 106. The illuminating lens, at A B, Plate V. Fig. 1, and the breadth of the mirror were about four inches and an half, instead of three inches, which gives more than double the light of the former; and, consequently, all the larger sort of opake and transparent objects, to the size of one and an half or two inches in diameter, as well as diverting objects painted on glass, like the magic lanthorn sliders, are shewn with the greatest distinctness, and has by Mr. Martin been called the MEGALASCOPE of the apparatus.
The same ingenious and learned artist applied a lattice of small squares about one-tenth of an inch, each square made of fine wire, or lines drawn strongly on glass in a circle of one inch in diameter, and placed these in the compound body of a microscope or telescope, in the focus of the glasses next to the eye. And having a copper-plate lattice of squares disposed into a circle, and to any size as may be wanted, the observer or artist may then with great facility make an exact drawing on the paper of the object observed. The same contrivance is applicable to the solar microscope. This he called the GRAPHICAL MICROSCOPE OR PERSPECTIVE.
Page 127, line 24—Any pocket telescope, the drawers of which are made to allow of a further extension than usual, may be used as a compound microscope for examining birds or insects alive, in a garden on the flowers, shrubberies, &c. from a window near to the objects. There are few pocket achromatic telescopes or perspectives, but what will define and magnify objects from about six feet to any distance from the instrument. The magnifying power is inversely as the distance of the object from the telescope, and, consequently variable in an infinite degree; on which account Mr. Martin named it the POLYDYNAMIC MICROSCOPE.
| Plate | VIII. | Fig. | 8. | A triple magnifier, tortoise-shell and silver | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| —— | 7. | A ditto to combine, in tortoise-shell | 0 | 8 | 0 | ||
| VI. | 14. | A small pocket microscope for insects or flowers | 0 | 7 | 6 | ||
| —— | 1. | Dr. Withering’s pocket botanical microscope | 0 | 15 | 0 | ||
| —— | 2. | Jones’s universal pocket microscope, according to the apparatus, from 1l. 6s. to | 2 | 10 | 0 | ||
| II. B. | 1 and 2. | Wilson’s screw-barrel, or single microscope, 2l. 12s. 6d. to | 3 | 13 | 6 | ||
| —— | 3 and 4. | —— opake microscope, | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| VII. B. | 3. | Ellis’s aquatic microscope | 2 | 12 | 6 | ||
| VI. | 3. | Lyonet’s anatomical microscope | 2 | 12 | 6 | ||
| VII. A. | 1, &c. | Cuffs double constructed microscope and apparatus, in a case | 5 | 15 | 6 | ||
| IV. | 3. | Culpeper’s compound microscope and apparatus, in a mahogany case | 4 | 14 | 6 | ||
| —— | 1. | Jones’s improved universal ditto, and apparatus | 6 | 6 | 0 | ||
| —— | 2. | —— best and most improved ditto, with a greater variety of apparatus, packed in a mahogany case | 10 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Ditto, with the additions of a set of micrometers and vegetable cuttings | 12 | 12 | 0 | ||||
| VI. | 4, 5, &c. | Transparent solar microscope and apparatus in brass, in a mahogany case | 5 | 15 | 6 | ||
| V. | 1, | &c. Opake and transparent solar microscope and apparatus, with objects, &c. in ditto case | 10 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Ditto with additional apparatus for large objects, called a megalascope, &c. 12l. 12s. to | 16 | 16 | 0 | ||||
| III. | 1, &c. | Lucernal microscope, as mounted by Adams, with apparatus, complete | 20 | 0 | 0 | ||
| IX. | 3 and 4. | Jones’s improved ditto, with or without rack-work to the stage, and other additions, from 12l. 12s. to | 18 | 18 | 0 | ||
| —— | 6. | Lanthorn microscope | 6 | 6 | 0 | ||
| VIII. | 3. | Pocket achromatic 20-inch telescope and microscope | 3 | 13 | 6 | ||
| IX. | 1 and 2. | Cutting engine for slices of vegetable objects | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||
| II. A. | 10. | Micrometers on pearl or glass, in sets, from 10s. 6d. to | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Ivory sliders prepared for transparent objects, per dozen | 0 | 12 | 0 | ||||
| Custance’s fine vegetable cuttings in large ivory sliders, from a set of six sliders to four dozen, per dozen | 1 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| Bottles of salts for configurations, packed in mahogany portable cases, according to the number, from 2l. 2s. to | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||||
Magazines of microscopical apparatus, with collections of objects, fitted up to any extent and to order.
| A. | |
| Abdomen of insects, | 201 |
| Activity of minute animals, | 212, note 427 |
| Adams improves lucernal microscope, | 21 |
| —— —— —— described, | 64 |
| Advantages of microscopes, whence derived, | 45 |
| Æpinus, his microscopic telescope, | 3, 22 |
| Agility of jerboa, note 212—kanguroo, | ibid. |
| Air destroys and produces animation, | 173 |
| Anatomical microscope, Lyonet’s, | 122 |
| Angle of incidence, what, 32—of refraction, | ibid. |
| Animalcula, a variety of diseases attributed to them, | note 433 |
| —— in teeth, their existence doubted, | note 432 |
| —— in infusions, to procure, | 151 |
| —— infusoria, history of, | 415 |
| —— —— erroneous opinion concerning them, 421—refuted, | 423 |
| —— —— monas, 430—proteus, 436—volvox, 437—enchelis, 443—vibrio, 451—cyclidium, 479—paramæcium, 482—kolpoda, 484—gonium, 489—bursaria, 491—cercaria, 492—leucophra, 500—trichoda, 507—kerona, 530—himantopus, 533—vorticella, 536—brachionus, 563—additional, | 570 |
| Antennæ of insects described, 190—conjectures on their use, | note 191, 192 |
| —— their characters, | 192 |
| Ants, white, or termites, history of, | 308 |
| Aphides, their transformations, | 260 |
| —— —— generation, | 274 |
| —— —— —— experiments on by Bonnet, | 274 |
| —— —— —— —— by Richardson, | 275 |
| Apis or bee, its proboscis to dissect, | 144 |
| —— sting to dissect, | ibid. |
| —— proboscis described, | 181 |
| —— generation of, | 279 |
| Apparatus to Cuff’s microscope, | 90 |
| —— Adams’s lucernal microscope, | 77 |
| —— Jones’s improved microscope, | 96 |
| —— most improved, 101—additional, | 102 |
| —— Culpeper’s microscope, | 105 |
| —— Martin’s opake solar, | 109 |
| Aptera, order of insects, 220—to collect, | 687 |
| Aquatic microscope by Ellis, | 119 |
| Aranea or spider, | 621 |
| Argand’s lamp described—the management of, | 69 |
| Aristotle, polypes mentioned by, | note 360 |
| Athens, cruelty punished at, | note 152 |
| Augustine (St.) polypes not unknown to him, | note 359 |
| B. | |
| Baker, his method of viewing particles of blood, | 149 |
| Banks (Sir Jos.) his approbation of Walker’s publication on shells, | 630 |
| Barbut, his remedy for sting of gnats, | note 188 |
| —— his opinion on sense of hearing in insects, | note 217 |
| —— on the brent goose, | note 347 |
| Barker’s compound microscope, | 17 |
| Barnacle, or lepas anatifera, beard of, to prepare, | 145 |
| Bee, its proboscis to dissect, | 144 |
| —— sting, to dissect, | ibid. |
| —— proboscis described, | 181 |
| —— generation of, 279—Schirach’s account of, 280—Debraw’s ditto, | 281 |
| —— fecundity of, | 290 |
| Beetle, its transformations, | 242 |
| —— diamond, its transcendant beauty, | 204 |
| Beetles, to procure, | 680 |
| Blatta, cockroach, mischief occasioned by them, | note 683 |
| Blea of vegetables, to prepare, | 162 |
| Blood, its circulation and particles to examine, | 148 |
| —— —— in flounders, &c., | 149 |
| —— —— in tails of eels, | ibid. |
| Boat-fly, its wings, | 143 |
| Body of insects, | 200 |
| Bones, to examine, | 146 |
| Bonnet, theory of transformation of insects, | 261 |
| —— experiments on aphides, | 274 |
| —— on the interior structure of vegetables, | 575 |
| Botanical microscope by Withering, | 123 |
| —— —— pocket and universal, | 124 |
| —— magnifiers, | 125 |
| Box, breeding, figure of, | 671 |
| Brain of insects, to prepare, | 146 |
| Brass micrometer, by Coventry, | 60 |
| Breeze-fly, its proboscis to dissect, | 144 |
| Brent-goose, curious idea of its origin, | 346, note 347 |
| Buffon, his hypothesis, | 421 |
| —— refuted by Ellis, | 423 |
| Bug, bed, described, 618—introduced after the fire of London, | note 684 |
| Butterfly net, figure of, | 674 |
| Butterflies, wings of, | 144, 207 |
| —— remarks on their substance, | note 207 |
| —— proboscis of, | 186 |
| —— and moths, to collect and preserve, | 669 |
| —— figure of the manner of setting them, | 677 |
| C. | |
| Cabinet, instructions for forming, | 693 |
| —— how to preserve insects in, | 694 |
| —— Drury’s, short account of, | 695 |
| Cantharis, its value in medicine and commerce, | note 175 |
| Cast skin of insects, to prepare, | 145 |
| Caterpillars, habitations of, | 325 |
| Cavallo applies pearl micrometers to telescopes, | 60 |
| Change of insects to pupa state, 229—to fly or perfect state, | 236 |
| Chrysalis, see pupa | |
| Chrysomela asparagi described, | 353 |
| Cimex striatus described, | 352 |
| —— lectularius, | 618 |
| Circulation of blood, to examine, | 148 |
| —— in eels, flounders, and gudgeons, | 149 |
| Clark, his account of British oestri, | note 294 |
| Cochineal, to prepare tincture of, | 61 |
| —— its beautiful dye, | note 175 |
| Compassion to animals formerly not regarded, | note 177 |
| Coleoptera order of insects, | 219 |
| —— to collect, | 680 |
| Configurations of salts, to prepare, | 163 |
| —— —— to view by the microscope, | 166 |
| Conjectures on the use of antennæ, | note 191, 192 |
| —— on sense of hearing, and on sounds proceeding from insects, | note 216 |
| Construction of timber, | 575 |
| Cossus, caterpillar of, described, | 334 |
| Coventry, his glass, pearl, &c. micrometers, | 60 |
| —— —— —— —— how used, | ibid. |
| Creation, wisdom of God in the, | 167 |
| —— providence in ditto, 174—goodness, 175—the effect it ought to produce, | 176 |
| Criteria, distinguishing, of insects, | 216 |
| Cruelty to animals, reflections on, | 150, note, ibid. |
| Cuff, his double constructed microscope described, 89—apparatus to ditto, 90—how to use, | 91 |
| Culex, its proboscis to dissect, | 144 |
| —— pipiens, its proboscis described, | 187 |
| —— its unpleasant effects, note, ibid.—farther described, | 623 |
| Culpeper’s microscope, | 104 |
| —— —— apparatus to, | 105 |
| —— —— to use, | ibid. |
| Curculio imperialis, | 204 |
| Custance, list of his vegetable cuttings, | 709 |
| Cynips or gall-fly, its transformation, | 260 |
| D. | |
| Death-head moth, the harbinger of mortality!, | note 669 |
| —— watch of Linnæus—Geoffroy—Shaw—Fabricius—Gmelin, note 688—the terror it occasions, note 689—quotations from Brown—Swift—Gay and Shakspeare, | ibid. |
| Debraw, his account of bees, | 281 |
| De Geer, on the generation of a moth, | 291 |
| De la Hire first notices the stemmata of insects, | 199 |
| Dellebarre’s compound microscope, | 16 |
| Dermestes tesselatus, | note 688 |
| De Saussure, a writer on the interior structure of vegetables, | 575 |
| Diptera order of insects, | 219 |
| —— —— —— to collect, | 687 |
| Dissecting table, Lyonet’s, to use, | 123 |
| —— —— Musschenbroeck’s, | 137 |
| —— Swammerdam’s method of, | 138 |
| —— Lyonet’s ditto, | 141 |
| —— Hooke’s observations on, | 142 |
| Divinis compound microscope, | 15 |
| Dragon-fly, eyes of, to dissect, | 145 |
| Drebell introduces the microscope into England, | 2 |
| Drone-fly, eyes of, | 196 |
| Drury, his magnificent cabinet of insects, | 695 |
| —— illustrations of natural history, | 696 |
| Du Hamel writes on the interior structure of vegetables, | 575 |
| Dutch claim the invention of the microscope, | 1 |
| E. | |
| Earwig, its wings, | 143, 205 |
| Eels, scales of, to examine, | 147 |
| —— circulation of blood in, | 148 |
| —— paste, to procure, 152—to preserve, ibid.—described, | 462 |
| —— vinegar, 461—fresh water, 468—salt water, 469—in blighted wheat, | ibid. |
| Ellis’s aquatic microscope, | 6, 119 |
| —— refutes Buffon, &c., | 423 |
| Eggs of insects, 286—tenthredo—hemerobius, ibid.—phalæna neustria, 287—oestrus tarandi, 288—ephemera—phryganea—libellula, ibid.—moths, 289—bees—wasps—spiders—ants, | ibid. |
| Elytra of insects, | 204 |
| Ephemera, eyes of, | 197 |
| Exuvia of insects, to prepare, | 145 |
| Eye, nature of vision in, | 28 |
| Eyes of insects, 193—drone, 196—silkworm, ibid.—libellula, ibid.—lobster, 197—ephemera, | ibid. |
| F. | |
| Fat of insects, to prepare, | 146 |
| Fibres, muscular, to prepare, | ibid. |
| Fishes, their scales to examine, | 147 |
| Flea described, 616—remarks on, | note 617 |
| Flies, to dissect eyes of, | 145 |
| Fly, Spanish, its utility, | note 175 |
| —— or perfect state of insects, | 236 |
| —— spider, see hippobosca equina | |
| Focus, what it is, | 31 |
| Fontana, an early maker of microscopes, | 3 |
| Food of polypes, | 155 |
| —— insects, 291—gryllus migratorius, 293—oestrus bovis, 294—equi—hæmorrhoidalis—veterinus—ovis, note 294—ichneumon fly, | 295, note 297 |
| Forceps for catching insects, figure of, | 675 |
| Forficula auricularia, its wings, 143—farther described, | 205 |
| Frog, circulation of blood in, | 150 |
| G. | |
| Gay, quotation from, | note 690 |
| Generation of aphides, 273—Bonnet’s experiments on ditto, 274—Richardson’s ditto, | 275 |
| —— bees, 279—Schirach’s account of, 280—Debraw’s, | 281 |
| Gerard, author of the Herbal, his credulity, | note 347 |
| Globules, glass, applied to the microscope, 8—manner of making them, ibid., 11—by Butterfield, 9—Di Torre, 10—Gray, | 12 |
| —— lenses described, | 34 |
| —— micrometer, Coventry’s, | 60 |
| Gnat, its proboscis to dissect, 144—described, 187—a formidable weapon, note ibid.—Barbut’s remedy for its sting, 188—preventives recommended, ibid.—mischiefs occasioned by them at Oxford, 623—formidable in the West Indies, note 189—Hooke an advocate for them—remarks on ditto, | ibid. |
| —— farther described, | 623 |
| Gray, his water microscope, | 13 |
| Greeks not unacquainted with the single microscope, 3—spectacles known to them, | ibid. |
| Grew, on the interior structure of vegetables, | 575 |
| Gryllus migratorius, 293—mischiefs occasioned by, note 684—many seen in England, | ibid. |
| H. | |
| Habitation of insects, | 299 |
| Haddock, scale of, | 356 |
| Halteres of insects, | 204 |
| Hartsoeker applies glass globules to the microscope, | 8 |
| Heads of insects, | 179 |
| Hemerobius perla, its wings described, | 206 |
| Hemiptera order of insects, 219—to collect, | 683 |
| Hewson, his method of viewing particles of blood, | 149 |
| Hieronymus, curious passage quoted from, | note 178 |
| Hill (Dr.) writes on the interior parts of vegetables, 575—on the rind, 576—vessels between rind and bark, 580—bark, 582—cellular tissue, 585—vasa propria interiora, 586—blea, ibid.—wood, 587—corona, 590—pith, 592—sap vessels, 594—vasa propria intima, | 595 |
| —— (Mr. John) his improvement on the lucernal microscope, | 84 |
| Hippobosca equina survives the loss of its head, note 151—its transformations, | 261 |
| Hogarth, his five stages of cruelty, | note 152 |
| Home, account of the particles of the blood, | note 626 |
| Hooke applied glass globules to the microscope, 8—his compound microscope, 15—observations on dissecting insects, 142—pleads in justification of gnats, note 189—computation on the eyes of silkworm, 196—on the motion of butterflies wings, | 209 |
| Hooper, quotation from, | 710 |
| Hornet, to dissect sting of, | 144 |
| Humanity towards insects recommended, | note 152 |
| Hunter’s remarks on Schirach and Debraw’s experiments, | note 285 |
| Hydræ or fresh water polypes, history of the discovery of, 357—improperly called insects, note 363—viridis—fusca—grisea, 365—their food, 373—generation, 379—re-production, 382—hydra pallens, 389—hydatula, 390—stentorea, 392—socialis, | 395 |
| Hymenoptera order of insects, | 219 |
| —— —— —— to collect, | 686 |
| I. | |
| Jansens and son among the first introducers of the microscope, | 2 |
| Jerboa, its agility, note 212—kanguroo, | ibid. |
| Jerom, curious passage from, | note 178 |
| Imperfections of microscopic glasses, | 46 |
| Improvements on lucernal microscope, | 80 |
| —— compound microscope, | 92, 99 |
| Infusions, animalcula in, to procure, | 151 |
| —— of pepper, &c., | 153 |
| Insects, Lyonet’s table to dissect, | 123 |
| —— Musschenbroeck’s ditto, | 137 |
| —— wings to dissect, 143—proboscis, 144—eyes, 145—exuvia, to prepare, 145—muscular fibres, 146—fat, ibid.—brains, ibid.—muscles, | ibid. |
| —— their wonderful mechanism, | 172 |
| —— preferred by Swammerdam to other parts of the creation, | ibid. |
| —— not included in divine omniscience, | note 178 |
| —— general description of, 178—definition of, 179—divisions, ibid.—head, ibid.—mouth, 180—jaws, 181—tongue and proboscis, ibid.—proboscis of a bee, 182—butterfly, 186—gnat, 187—tabanus, 188—antennæ, 190—conjectures on their use, note 191, 192—their characteristics, 193—palpi—eyes, ibid.—reticulated eyes, 195—drone—silk-worm—libellula—ephemera—experiments on the eyes, 197—monoculus polyphemus, 198—spider, 199—stemmata, | ibid. |
| —— trunk of—thorax—scutellum—sternum, | 200 |
| —— abdomen—spiracula, | 201 |
| —— limbs—wings, 201—halterers, 204—elytra and wings under ditto, 204—wings of forficula auricularia, 205—hemerobius perla, 206—legs, 210—tail and sting, | 213 |
| —— distinguishing criteria of, 215—conjectures on their sense of hearing and the sounds proceeding from them, note 217—Barbut’s opinion, ibid.—remarks on ditto, | ibid. |
| —— classes or orders into which they are divided, | 219 |
| —— transformation of, 220—egg to larva, 222—change to pupa, 229—preparation for change to perfect state, 234—change to ditto, 236—metamorphosis of silk-worm, 240—beetle, 242—rhinoceros beetle, 245—musca chamæleon, 248—libellula, 257—cynips, 260—aphides, ibid.—hippobosca equina, 261—Bonnet’s theory of, | ibid. |
| —— respiration of, 265—experiments on by Lyonet, 267—Musschenbroeck, | 268 |
| —— —— in musca pendula, | 269 |
| —— generation of—aphides, 272—Bonnet’s experiments on, 274—Richardson’s, 275—Bees, 279—Schirach’s account of, 280—Debraw’s ditto, 281—eggs of insects, 286—tenthredo, ibid.—hemerobius—phalæna neustria—oestrus tarandi—ephemera—phryganea—libellula—moths—bees—wasps—spiders—ants, | ibid. |
| —— fecundity of, 290—Reaumur’s calculation of that of the queen bee, ibid.—Lyonet’s on the generation of a moth, 291—De Geer’s, | ibid. |
| —— food of, 291—gryllus migratorius, 293—oestrus bovis, 294—equi—hæmorrhoidalis—veterinus—ovis, note 294—ichneumon fly, | note 295, 297 |
| —— habitations of, 299—spiders—aquatic bugs—gyrinus—podura—libellula—ephemera—phryganea—culices—tipulæ—notonecta—nepa, 300—julus—scolopendra—oniscus, 301—formica-leo, note, 301—solitary bees, 303—ichneumon wasp, 306—termites, 308—caterpillars, | 325 |
| —— internal parts of, 334—Lyonet’s account of the caterpillar of the cossus, ibid.—muscles—spinal marrow, 339—tracheal arteries, 340—corpus crassum—oesophagus—ventricle, 342—intestines, | 343 |
| —— to collect and preserve, 665—the pursuit recommended, 666—method of procuring lepidoptera, 668—in their caterpillar state, 670—manner of breeding them, 671—figure of breeding box, ibid.—to collect them in their chrysalis state, 673—in their fly state, 674—figure of the net, ibid.—figure of forceps, 675—to manage them in their fly state, with a figure, 677—coleoptera, to collect, 680—hemiptera, 683—neuroptera, 685—hymenoptera, 686—diptera, 687—aptera, ibid.—proper time for collecting, 696—instructions to form a cabinet, 693—Drury’s collection described, 695—remarks on collecting Asiatic insects, | 696 |
| Instrument for cutting sections of wood, by Adams, 19—Cumming, ibid.—Custance, ibid.—described, 127—appendage to ditto, | 128 |
| Jones, improved lucernal microscope, 80—lanthorn microscope, 88—improved compound microscope, 92—most improved, 99—apparatus to ditto, 101—additional, | 102 |
| Italians claim the invention of the microscope, | 1 |
| Ivory micrometer by Coventry, | 60 |
| K. | |
| Kanguroo, its agility, | note 212 |
| L. | |
| Lamp, Argand’s, described, | 69 |
| —— —— applied to lucernal microscope, | 76 |
| Lanthorn microscope, | 88 |
| Larva state of insects, | 223 |
| Leaves of trees and plants to examine, | 147 |
| Leeuwenhoek’s single microscope, | 7 |
| —— description of blood vessels in eels, | 149 |
| Legs of insects, | 210 |
| Lenses, different kinds of, 34—their properties, | ibid. |
| Lepas anatifera, beard of, to prepare, 145—described, | 344 |
| Lepidoptera order of insects, | 219 |
| —— —— to procure and preserve, | 668 |
| Leucopsis dorsigera, | 347 |
| Libellula, eyes of, to dissect, | 145 |
| —— described, | 195 |
| Lice, polypes infested with them, | 156 |
| —— plant, see aphides | |
| Lieberkühn, single microscope used by him, | 6 |
| —— improves ditto, | 20 |
| Light, to manage for microscope, | 134 |
| Limbs of insects, | 201 |
| Linnæus, his system commended, | 168 |
| —— classification of insects, | 219 |
| Lists of microscopic objects, | 608, 698 |
| Lizard, its skin to examine, | 147 |
| Lobster, eyes of, to dissect, | 145 |
| —— insect, 348—first noticed in this country by Mr. J. Adams, 348—described by Martin—two in Mr. Marsham’s possession, ibid.—known to Aristotle—to Wolphius—Scaliger—De Geer—Fabricius—four in the editor’s possession—a living one presented to him—two found alive in Percy street—Rösel’s account of it—Seba probably mistaken, | note 350 |
| Locusts, 293—dreadful scourge, | note 684 |
| —— many seen in England in 1748, | ibid. |
| Louse, common, described, | 619 |
| Lump-sucker described, | 352 |
| Lyonet, single microscope used by him, | 6 |
| —— anatomical microscope, 122—method of dissecting, 141—experiments on the respiration of insects, 267—generation of a moth, 290—description of the caterpillar of the cossus, | 334 |
| M. | |
| Magnifiers, botanical, | 125 |
| Malpighi writes on the structure of vegetables, | 575 |
| Marsham on the ichneumon fly, | note 297 |
| Martin improves solar microscope, | 20 |
| —— list of his tracts on the microscope, | note 21 |
| —— applies slips of glass, &c. to microscopes, | 60 |
| —— improved opake and transparent solar microscope, 106—objects, | 110 |
| Medicines, their operations attributed to animalcula!, | note 433 |
| Medium, rare, 32—dense, | ibid. |
| Meloe monoceros described, | 354 |
| Metamorphoses of insects, | 220 |
| Micrometer needle described, 54—how used, | 55 |
| —— glass, pearl, &c. by Coventry, 60—how used, | 61 |
| —— —— —— a set accompanies Jones’s best microscope, | 63 |
| Microscope, date of its invention, 1—name of inventor not known, ibid.—its excellence, 2, 23—early introduced by Jansens, 2—one brought to England by Drebell, ibid.—made by Fontana in 1616, 3—to prepare vegetable substances for, | 158 |
| —— single, probably known to the Greeks and Romans, 3—account of, 5—rationale of, 40—used by Leeuwenhoek, &c., 6—described, 7—glass globules applied to, 8—how made by Butterfield, 9—Di Torre, 10—to make glass globules, | 11 |
| —— water by Gray, 13—extempore, | ibid. |
| —— Swammerdam’s described, | 138 |
| —— single, Wilson’s, or screw barrel, 115—with a scroll and mirror, 117—small, for opake objects, 118—Ellis’s aquatic, 119—Lyonet’s anatomical, 122—Withering’s botanical, 123—pocket botanical and universal, | 124 |
| —— compound, by Hooke, Divinis, and Bonnani, 15—Delebarre, 16—Barker, 17—Smith, | ibid. |
| —— —— its principles, 42—magnifying powers, 49—experiments on ditto, 51—how ascertained, 53—of more general use than any other, note 89—Cuff’s described, ibid.—apparatus to ditto, 90—to use, 91—chest, note 90—Jones’s improved, 92—apparatus to ditto, 96—how to use, 98—Jones’s most improved, 99—apparatus, 101—additional apparatus, 102—how to use, 103—Culpeper’s or three pillared, 104—apparatus, 105—to use, | ibid. |
| —— lanthorn, | 88 |
| —— solar, by Lieberkühn, 17—improved by him, 20—by Ziehr, ibid.—Martin, ibid.—its principles, 45—as improved by Martin described, 106—apparatus to, 109—to use, | 110 |
| —— lucernal, Adams’s, 21—described, 64—to examine opake objects with, 71—ansparent ditto, 74—apparatus to, 77—improvements on, by Jones, Prince and Hill, | 80 |
| —— portable, and telescope, | 125 |
| —— to prepare for observation, 130—to prepare objects for, | 137 |
| —— concise list of objects for, 608—opake, 609—transparent, 614—copious list of ditto, | 698 |
| Millepedes food for polypes, | 155 |
| Minerals, to examine, | 148 |
| Minute animals, their strength, activity, and vivacity, | note 427 |
| —— shells, arrangement and description of, | 629 |
| Monoculus Polyphemus, its eyes described, | 198 |
| Montaigne’s remarks on kindness to animals, | note 151 |
| Moths, wings of, | 144, 207 |
| Motion of butterflies wings, experiments on, by Hooke, 209—remarks on, 212—dittoby Reaumur, | 213 |
| Mouth of insects, | 179 |
| Müller on animalcula infusoria, | 428 |
| Münchhausen’s hypothesis, | 421 |
| —— —— refuted by Ellis, | 423 |
| Musca chamæleon, its transformation, 248—pendula ditto, 256—its respiration, | 269 |
| Muscles and fibres of insects, to prepare, | 146 |
| Musschenbroeck’s table for dissecting insects, | 137 |
| —— experiments on their respiration, | 268 |
| Musquetos, their sting formidable, | note 189 |
| N. | |
| Natural history, importance of, | 167 |
| Needham, his hypothesis of animalcula in infusions, 421—refuted, | 423 |
| Needle micrometer, | 54 |
| Net, figure of butterfly, | 674 |
| Neuroptera order of insects, 219—to collect, | 685 |
| Notonecta, its wings, | 143 |
| O. | |
| Objects to prepare for the microscope, | 137 |
| —— —— Swammerdam’s method, | ibid. |
| —— —— Lyonet’s ditto, | 141 |
| —— for the microscope, concise list of, 608—copious list of, | 698 |
| Observation, to prepare microscope for, | 130 |
| Observations, Hooke’s on dissecting, | 142 |
| —— on Hooke’s apology for gnats, | note 189 |
| Omniscience of God denied with respect to insects, &c., | note 177 |
| Opake objects, to examine with the lucernal microscope, 71—list of, | 608 |
| Opake and transparent solar microscope, by Martin, | 106 |
| —— small, microscope, | 118 |
| Optical glasses, their several kinds, 34—different effects, ibid.—their imperfections, | 47 |
| Orders into which insects are divided, | 219 |
| Ores and minerals to examine, | 148 |
| Ox-fly, its proboscis described, | 188 |
| Oxford, swarms of gnats which appeared at note, 188—the mischiefs they occasioned, | ibid. |
| P. | |
| Palpi of insects described, | 193 |
| Parrot-fish, scale of, | 355 |
| Particles of blood to examine, | 149 |
| —— —— their true form ascertained, | ibid. and note 626 |
| Paste eel described, | 462 |
| Pearch, sea, scale of, | 356 |
| Pearl micrometer, Coventry’s, | 60 |
| Pediculus humanus described, | 619 |
| Plancus on minute shells, | 629 |
| Plant lice, see aphides | |
| Plants, their leaves to examine, | 147 |
| Pocket botanical and universal microscope, | 124 |
| Polypes to procure and feed, 153—infested with lice, 156—to preserve in health, ibid.—to observe with accuracy, 157—to preserve in sliders, ibid.—their food, | 291 |
| Pores of skin to examine, | 147 |
| Portable microscope and telescope, | 125 |
| Proboscis of insects, to dissect, 144—culex—tabanus—bee, ibid.—described, 181—bee, ibid.—butterfly, 186—gnat, 187—tabanus, | 188 |
| Prince, (Rev. Dr.) his improvement on lucernal microscope, | 84 |
| Ptinus fatidicus, | note 688 |
| —— pulsator, | ibid. |
| Puceron, see aphides | |
| Pulex aquaticus food for polypes, | 155 |
| —— irritans described, | 616 |
| Pupa, change of insects to, | 229 |
| R. | |
| Ray, incident, 32—refracted, | ibid. |
| Reaumur on the motion of insects, | 212 |
| —— —— fecundity of queen bee, | 290 |
| Redi, his observations on the production of flies, | 174 |
| Reflections on cruelty to animals, | 150, note ibid. |
| Refraction, its principles, 32—ascertained by experiments, | 33 |
| Remarks on the substance of butterflies wings, | note 207 |
| —— on Barbut’s opinion on the sense of hearing in insects, | note 217 |
| —— on collecting Asiatic insects, | 696 |
| Respiration of insects, 265—experiments on, by Lyonet, 267—Musschenbroeck, | 268 |
| —— musca pendula, | 269 |
| Richardson’s experiments on the generation of aphides, | 275 |
| Rind of vegetables to prepare, | 160 |
| Romans probably acquainted with the single microscope, | 3 |
| —— spectacles known to them, | ibid. |
| S. | |
| Salts and saline substances, to prepare, | 163 |
| —— their crystallization, 600—what understood by it, 601—phænomena of ditto, 602—their various figures, 603—Bergman’s account of their forms, | 605 |
| —— list of, for microscopic observation, | 710 |
| Sap vessels of plants, to fill, | 162 |
| Scales of fish to examine, 147—eel, to prepare, | ibid. |
| —— parrot fish, 355—sea pearch, haddock—West-India pearch—sole fish, | 356 |
| Scutellum of insects, | 200 |
| Sections of wood, instrument for cutting, 127—appendage to ditto, | 128 |
| Seeds, vegetable, a descriptive list of a variety of, 645—lithospermum, ibid.—cyminum, 646—papaver, 647—cardirus, ibid.—plantago, 648—staphis agria, 649—anisum, ibid.—fœniculum, 651—grana Paradisi, 652—petroselinum, 653—petroselinum Macedonicum, 654—coriandrum, 655—seseli, ibid.—hyoscyamus, 657—cicer, 658—laurus, 659—ficoides afra, 660—palma aricefera, 661—juniperus, ibid.—santonicum, 662—scabiosa, | 663 |
| Sentiments of learned men in earlier times on minute parts of creation, | note 177 |
| Shakspeare, quotation from, on the feeling of insects, note 150—parody on a passage in, | note 690 |
| Shells, to view, 148—minute, arrangement and description of, 629—manner of procuring them, 632—observations on, ibid.—serpula, 633—dentale, 635—patella, ibid.—helix, ibid.—turbo, 636—trochus, 638—buccinum, 639—voluta, ibid.—bulla, 640—nautilus, ibid.—Mytilus, 642—anomia, 643—arca, ibid.—cardium, 644—lepas, ibid.—echinus, ibid.—asterias, | 645 |
| Shoots, vegetable, to obtain, | 159 |
| Silk-worm, its eyes, 196—metamorphosis, | 240 |
| Skin, pores of, to examine, | 147 |
| —— of sole-fish, 356—lizards, | 147 |
| Smith, his compound microscope, | 17 |
| Sole-fish, scale of, 356—skin of, | ibid. |
| Spanish-fly, its utility in medicine and commerce, | note 175 |
| Spider, eyes of, 199—described, | 621 |
| Spiracula of insects, | 201 |
| Stemmata of ditto, | 199 |
| Sternum of ditto, | 200 |
| Stillingfleet, his remarks on the importance of natural history, | 331 |
| Sting of bee to dissect, 144—described, | 214 |
| Stings of insects, | 213 |
| Strength of minute animals, | note 427 |
| Swammerdam uses the single microscope, 6—his method of preparing objects, 137—his microscope described, 138—manner of dissecting, | ibid. |
| Swift, quotation from, on the death-watch, | note 689 |
| System, Linnean, commended, | 168 |
| T. | |
| Tabanus, its proboscis described, | 188 |
| Tail of insects, | 213 |
| Telescope, portable microscope and, | 125 |
| Termes pulsatorium, | note 688 |
| Termites or white ants, history of, | 308 |
| Thorax of insects, | 201 |
| Thrips physapus described, | 350 |
| Timber, organization of, | 574 |
| Tincture of cochineal, to prepare, | 161 |
| Tongue of insects, | 181 |
| Transformation of insects, 220—rhinoceros beetle, 245—musca chamæleon, 248—pendula, 256—libellula, 257—cynips, 260—aphides, ibid.—hippobosca equina, 261—theory of, by Bonnet, | ibid. |
| Transparent objects to examine with the lucernal microscope, 74—to transmit on a screen, | 75 |
| —— —— list of, | 614 |
| Trees, leaves of, to examine, | 147 |
| Trunk of insects, | 201 |
| Tubularia campanulata, | 411 |
| V. | |
| Vegetable substances, to prepare for the microscope, 159—young shoots, ibid.—rind, 160—blea, 162—sap vessels, to fill, | 162 |
| —— seeds, descriptive list of, | 645 |
| Vegetables, their beauty and perfection, | 574 |
| Vinegar eel described, | 461 |
| Vision, its principles shewn by experiments, | 27 |
| Vivacity of minute animals note, | 427 |
| Vorticellæ described, 396—anastatica, 397—pyraria, 400—cratægaria, ibid.—opercularia, 401—umbellaria, 402—berberina, 406—digitalis, ibid.—convallaria, 407—urceolaris, 408—tubularia campanulata, | 411 |
| W. | |
| Walker on minute shells, 630—commended by Sir Jos. Banks, ibid.—extracts from, | 633 |
| Wasp, its sting to dissect, | 145 |
| Water, eel in fresh, 468—in salt ditto, | 469 |
| Wheat, eel in blighted, | 467 |
| Wheel animal, | 549 |
| Willughby detects a pretended discoverer of animalcula, | note 432 |
| Wilson, his screw-barrel microscope, 115—ditto with scroll, | 117 |
| Wings of insects to dissect, | 143 |
| —— forficula auricularia, ibid.—notonecta, ibid.—butterflies and moths, 144, 207—described, 201—hemerobius perla, | 206 |
| Wisdom, divine, displayed in the creation, 267, 174—providence, 174—benevolence, | 175 |
| Withering, his botanical microscope, | 115 |
| Wood, instrument for cutting sections of, 127,—appendage to, | 128 |
| Worm, silk, its eyes described, | 196 |
| Worms, red, food for polypes, | 155 |
| Z. | |
| Ziehr improves solar microscope, | 20 |