Exercises upon the Different Parts of Italian Speech, with References to Veneroni's Grammar / to which is added an abridgement of the Roman history, intended at once to make the learner acquainted with history, and the idiom of the Italian language

[1] Finchè governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] You are in the right, sir, Ella ha ragióne.

[3] I am in the wrong, sir, ho torto.

When a Verb is followed by l’opportunità, l’occasione, il tempo, il mezzo, la volontà, il cuóre, il potére, l’autorità, that Verb ought to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. When I have
2. quando [1]avére
1. an opportunity to see
2. occasione vedére
1. your father,
2. padre
1. I will tell him
2. dire
1. how much
2. quanto
1. you deserve
2. meritáre
1. to be praised for
2. éssere lodáto
1. your uncommon diligence.
2. straordinário diligénza.

1. Whilst we have
2. mentre [2]avére
1. it in our power to acquire
2. potére acquistáre
1. knowledge,
2. cognizióne
1. let us improve
2. profittáre
1. such precious opportunity.
2. tale prezióso opportunità.

1. I wonder how
2. maravigliársi
1. men have the heart
2. uómo avére cuóre
1. to hate
2. odiársi
1. one another.
2. gli uni gli altri.

1. God has given
2. Iddio dáre
1. to kings
2. Re
1. power to command,
2. potére comandáre
1. and to judges
2. giúdice
1. authority to judge.
2. autorità giudicáre.

[1] I have, put it in the future, and say, avrò.

[2] We have it, is changed into it is for the Italian idiom.

When after the Verb substantive éssere there follows either of these nouns conténto, obbligáto, in pena, sul punto, in perícolo, the following Verb is to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. I am very glad
2. éssere conténto
1. to hear that
2. sentíre
1. you overcame your
2. víncere
1. enemies,
2. nemíco
1. and I should have been sorry
2. [1]rincréscere
1. to have heard
2. sentire
1. the contrary.
2. contrário.

1. I return you
2. réndere
1. many thanks
2. molto grázia
1. for your friendship,
2. amicízia
1. for I was in danger of
2. perchè éssere in perícolo
1. losing my suit.
2. pérdere lite.

1. I was anxious
2. ansióso
1. to know
2. sapére
1. what had happened to you;
2. succédere
1. and if
2. se
1. you had not come,
2. éssere veníre
1. I was on the point of
2. éssere sul punto
1. going to see you.
2. venire vedére.

[1] I should have been sorry; mi sarébbe rincresciúto.

The Verbs avvezzársi, impiegáre, incoraggíre, eccitáre, invitáre, esibírsi, dilettársi, tenérsi pronto, lavoráre, will have after them an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or ad before a vowel.

1. We ought
2. dovere
1. to employ
2. impiegáre
1. the days of our life
2. giórno vita
1. in preparing ourselves
2. preparársi
1. for the other world.
2. altro mondo.

1. Masters who
2. maéstro
1. use mildness
2. usáre dolcézza
1. in teaching
2. insegnáre
1. their scholars,
2. scoláro
1. encourage them more
2. incoraggíre
1. to learn well
2. imparáre bene
1. than those who
1. use
2. usáre
1. too much severity.
2. troppo severità
1. An honest man
2. onésto uómo
1. takes always pleasure
2. dilettársi sempre
1. in obliging his friends.
2. favorire amíco.

1. The love of God
2. amóre Dío
1. invites us
2. invitáre
1. to love
2. amáre
1. one another.

1. Let us keep ourselves
2. tenérsi
1. in readiness
2. pronto
1. to appear before
2. comparíre innánzi
1. the living God.
2. vivénte Dío.

1. Let us labour
2. lavoráre
1. continually
2. continuaménte
1. to obtain
2. ottenére
1. eternal life.
2. etérna vita.

When vi è, or v’è, precedes the Adverb niénte, the next Verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition da, or a.

1. There is nothing to fear
2. non vi è niénte temére
1. in serving God.
2. [1]servíre Iddío.

1. There is nothing to say
2. non v’è niénte dire
1. to what you have done.
2. avére fatto.

1. There is nothing to do
2. niénte fare
1. in that at present.
2. adésso.

1. There is nothing so easy to learn
2. niénte così fácile imparáre
1. as the Italian language.
2. Italiáno lingua.

[1] In serving God, nel servíre Iddío.

When an Adverb of quantity follows v’è, it requires an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or da.

1. There is a great deal of
2. v’è gran [1]
1. satisfaction
2. soddisfazióne
1. in teaching
2. insegnáre
1. diligent boys,
2. diligénte ragázzo
1. but there is a great deal of trouble
2. gran incomodo
1. in instructing
2. istruíre
1. idle scholars.
2. pigro scoláro.

1. There is a great deal
2. v’è molto
1. to say against
2. dire contro
1. the conduct of
2. condótta
1. wicked people;
2. malvágio gente
1. but there is nothing
2. non v’è niénte
1. to say against
2. dire contro
1. the conduct of
2. condótta
1. honest people.
2. onésto gente.

[1] See Gram. p. 210, a great deal of.

On the English Participle in ing.

When the English Participle in ing comes after a Verb of motion with the Preposition a before it, we use the corresponding substantive, instead of the Verb, though sometimes the latter.

1. He who goes a hunting
2. quello che andáre caccia
1. or visiting his friends,
2. [1] visitáre amíco
1. when business requires
2. quando affáre richiédere
1. his care and time,
2. cura tempo
1. shows
2. mostráre
1. by his conduct
2. condótta
1. that he prefers
2. [2]preferíre
1. his diversion before
2. divertiménto
1. his profit,
2. profítto
1. the company of his friends
2. compagnía amíco
1. before the advantage
2. vantággio
1. of his family.
2. famíglia.

1. The boy who
2. ragázzo
1. goes a playing
2. andáre giuocáre
1. with his school-fellows,
2. condiscepolo
1. when he ought to be
2. quando dovére éssere
1. diligently employed
2. diligéntemente intórno
1. at the task
2. a lavoro
1. his master gave him,
2. maéstro assegnare
1. evinces,
2. prováre
1. by his neglect,
2. negligénza
1. that he prefers play to
2. preferíre giuóco
1. his master’s love,
2. maéstro affétto
1. and his own profit.
2. profítto.

[1] Ibid. p. 201, on verbs of motion.

[2] Preferisce il divertimento al profitto, la compagnia degli amici al, &c.

The English Participle in ing, after from, must be put in Italian in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. The providence of God
2. provvidenza Dio
1. keeps us from perishing;
2. impedíre períre
1. the power of God
2. poténza Dio
1. hinders us from doing
2. impedíre fare
1. those things
2. cosa
1. which displease him;
2. dispiacére
1. the grace of God
2. grazia Dio
1. prevents us from sinning;
2. impedíre peccáre
1. the goodness of God
2. bontà
1. preserves us from suffering
2. preserváre soffríre
1. afflictions.
2. afflizióne.

The English Participle in ing after a Verb importing to cease, to leave, or to go over, must be rendered in Italian by the Infinitive mood with the Preposition di.

1. He who
2. quello che
1. leaves off doing
2. cessáre fare
1. praise-worthy actions,
2. lodévole azióne
1. and plunges into vice,
2. immergérsi vízio
1. was never truly good.
2. éssere mai veraménte buono.

1. A wise man
2. sávio uómo
1. never leaves off learning
2. mai tralasciáre imparáre
1. whilst he lives;
2. finchè vivere
1. for he who has great wisdom,
2. perchè è dotato di grande sapere
1. has still need of
2. ancora bisógno
1. more knowledge.
2. maggiore conoscènza.

When the Participle in ing follows the auxiliary Verb to be, this verb must be left out, and the Italian Verb that represents the Participle, must be put in the same tense, number, and person as the auxiliary is.

1. A diligent boy
2. diligénte ragázzo
1. is always learning,
2. sempre studiare
1. not only while
2. non solaménte mentre
1. the master is instructing,
2. maéstro istruíre
1. but also while
2. ma anche
1. other boys are playing.
2. altro ragázzo giuocáre.

1. Apelles was
2. Apélle
1. daily drawing
2. ogni giórno dipingere
1. some excellent pictures
2. eccellénte pittúra
1. with wonderful art;
2. maraviglióso arte
1. no day passed
2. nessúno giórno passáre
1. without a line.
2. senza linéa.

1. Those who
1. do not employ their time well
2. impiegáre bene tempo
1. in the beginning of their lives,
2. [1] princípio vita
1. will be perpetually lamenting
2. perpetuamente piangere
1. their folly;
2. pazzia
1. they will be incessantly condemning
2. ad ogni moménto condannársi
1. themselves, and
1. saying, Ah!
2. díre Ah!
1. at what a price
2. prezzo
1. would I not purchase
2. compráre
1. the time past!
2. tempo passato!

[1] In the beginning of their lives; i. e. nella loro gioventù.

Of the Participle past.

When one of these Pronouns che, il, lo, la, &c. meets before the compound tenses, the Pronoun ought to agree with the Participle in gender and number.

1. I received
2. ricévere
1. the books which
2. libro
1. my brother sent me;
2. fratéllo mandáre
1. I read them all,
2. léggere tutto
1. they are very good,
2. éssere buóno
1. and well written.
2. bene scrítto.

1. The letter which
2. léttera
1. my father wrote to me
2. padre scrivere
1. is very severe;
2. éssere sevéro
1. I showed it to
2. mostráre
1. my mother, and
2. madre
1. she is very sorry for it.
2. [1]dispiacére.

[1] She is very sorry for it; glíene dispiáce moltíssimo.

When these Pronouns, mio, me, te, noi, voi, &c. are the case of the Verb, they must agree with the Participle in gender and in number.

1. My dear friends,
2. caro amíco
1. I have always loved you
2. avére sempre amáto
1. like my children,
2. come figlio
1. I have often admonished you
2. avére spesso ammoníre
1. for your own good;
2. proprio bene
1. I have several times exhorted you
2. spesse volte esortáre
1. to practise virtue;
2. praticáre virtù
1. if
2. se
1. you are not
1. truly virtuous,
2. veraménte virtuóso
1. it is not my fault.
2. éssere colpa.

1. I met your brother
2. incontráre fratéllo
1. this morning,
2. mattína
1. we embraced
2. abbracciársi
1. one another
1. like good friends,
2. da buóno amíco
1. and I rejoice that
2. rallegrársi
1. we are reconciled.
2. riconciliársi.

1. The books which
2. libro
1. I have seen you reading
2. avére vedére léggere
1. are not good.
2. buóno.

1. These are
2. ecco
1. all the copies
2. tutto cópia
1. which you have given me
2. avére dare
1. to write.
2. scrívere.

1. Your brothers
2. fratéllo
1. have done
2. fare
1. quite the contrary of
2. tutto contrário
1. what I had advised them
2. avére consigliáre
1. to do.
2. fare.

On Adverbs.

[See Gram. p. 209.]

Adverbs are generally put after the Verb, and in compound tenses between the Verb and the Participle.

1. It is
1. a lamentable thing
2. doloroso cosa
1. to see youths
2. vedére gióvane
1. with much wit,
2. di molto spirito
1. and a good disposition
2. buóno disposizióne
1. to learn,
2. imparáre
1. take but little pains
2. pigliáre poco pena
1. to answer
2. [1]rispóndere
1. the expectations of
2. aspettazióne
1. their parents.
2. genitori.

[1] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.

Adverbs of Interrogation must always be put before the Verb.

1. Where did you come from?
2. da dove veníre
1. Why
2. perchè
1. did you not stay for me?
2. aspettáre?

1. When will you have done
2. quando cessáre
1. laughing at
2. burláre
1. your friends?
2. amíco?

1. Why did you say,
2. perchè dire
1. I had promised you
2. promettere
1. to go in the country?
2. andáre campágna?

1. Where is your father?
2. dove padre
1. Is he in town?
2. éssere città?

1. Where did you buy
2. compráre
1. this fine horse?
2. bello cavállo?

1. I bought it at
2. compráre
1. the last country fair.
2. último campágna fiéra.

1. Where are
2. éssere
1. the ladies your sisters?
2. signóra sorélla?

1. I believe
2. crédere
1. they are gone out
2. éssere uscíto
1. to take an airing.
2. pigliar aria.

1. Whither are you going
2. andáre
1. so fast?
2. così
1. You are in great haste.
2. avére gran fretta.

1. I go
2. andáre
1. to Mr. Clement’s house,
2. dal signóre Cleménte [1]
1. for I heard
2. perchè sentíre
1. my brother
2. fratéllo
1. is there, and
1. I have some business
2. avére qualche cosa
1. with him.
2. da fare con lui.

1. You are mistaken,
2. ingannársi
1. he is not there;
2. éssere là
1. for I met him
2. incontráre
1. just now,
2. un momento fa
1. and he told me
2. dire
1. he was going to
2. andáre
1. his sister’s house.
2. sorélla.

1. I was going to
2. andáre
1. your house;
1. but since I met you,
2. ma giacchè incontráre
1. we will go to
2. andáre
1. my house,
1. where we shall dine.
2. dove pranzáre.

1. I beg you will excuse me,
2. pregáre scusáre
1. indeed I cannot;
2. in verità non potére
1. for I must go to
2. bisógno andáre
1. my lady Arabella’s,
2. signóra Arabélla
1. to pay a visit to
2. fare vísita
1. her children.
2. figlio.

1. They are not at home,
2. éssere casa
1. for
2. perchè
1. I saw them
2. vedere
1. going into the park.
2. andáre parco.

1. Let us go then
2. andáre dunque
1. and see if
2. vedére se
1. your brothers are
2. fratéllo
1. at home.
2. casa.

1. They are not,
2. éssere
1. I know they are
2. sapére éssere
1. gone a hunting.
2. andáto cáccia.

1. What is the matter
2. cosa ha
1. with you,
1. sir?
2. signóre
1. You seem to be
2. parére essere
1. grieved.
2. afflítto.

1. O no, sir,
1. I am not,
2. non sono afflítto
1. but I come from
2. veníre
1. Mr. Vincent’s,
2. Vincenzo
1. who is very ill.
2. ammaláto.

1. You surprise me,
2. sorprendere
1. for as I was coming
2. perchè veníre
1. from my house,
2. casa
1. I met his brother,
2. incontráre fratéllo
1. who did not mention it
2. parlare
1. to me.

1. Do you know
2. sapére
1. from whence he was coming,
2. di dove veníre
1. when you met him?
2. quando incontráre?

1. I believe
2. crédere
1. he was coming from
2. veníre
1. his own house.
2. casa.

1. Can you tell me
2. potére dire
1. where he is gone?
2. dove éssere andáto?

1. I was assured
2. éssere assicuráto
1. that he is set out for
2. éssere partito
1. his uncle’s
2. zio
1. country-house.
2. casa di campágna.

1. Which way did you pass,
2. per dove passáre
1. in your way to Italy,
2. quando andáre Itália?

1. I passed by
2. passáre
1. Rouen,
2. Roano
1. Paris,
2. Parígi
1. Orleans
2. Orleáno
1. and Lyons.
2. Lióne.

1. Which way did you come back
2. per dove tornáre
1. to England?
2. Inghilterra?

1. I returned by
2. ritornáre
1. Germany
2. Germánia
1. and Holland.
2. Olánda.

Exercises upon the Different Parts of Italian Speech, with References to Veneroni's Grammar / to which is added an abridgement of the Roman history, intended at once to make the learner acquainted with history, and the idiom of the Italian language

About This Book

On the English Participle in ing.

Of the Participle past.

On Adverbs.