The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field and Woodland Plants

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Title: Field and Woodland Plants

Author: William S. Furneaux

Illustrator: Patten Wilson

Release date: May 11, 2013 [eBook #42696]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Robert Morse, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS ***

The Project Gutenberg eBook, Field and Woodland Plants, by William S. Furneaux, Illustrated by Patten Wilson

Note:

Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/fieldwoodlandpla00furn

FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS

Plate I.

SPRING FLOWERS OF THE WOODS.

1. Green Hellebore.
2. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-bane.
3. Lady's Slipper.
4. Sand Garlic.
5. Wild Hyacinth.
6. Wood Melic Grass.

FIELD
AND
WOODLAND PLANTS

BY
W. S. FURNEAUX

AUTHOR OF
'THE OUTDOOR WORLD' 'BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS'
'LIFE IN PONDS AND STREAMS' 'THE SEA SHORE' ETC.

WITH EIGHT PLATES IN COLOUR, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BY PATTEN WILSON, AND PHOTOGRAPHS FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1909

PREFACE

This additional volume to the young naturalist's 'Outdoor World Series' is an attempt to provide a guide to the study of our wild plants, shrubs and trees—a guide which, though comparatively free from technical terms and expressions, shall yet be strictly correct and scientific.

The leading feature of the book is the arrangement of the plants and trees according to their seasons, habitats and habits; an arrangement which will undoubtedly be of the greatest assistance to the lover of wild flowers during his work in the field, and also while examining and identifying his gathered specimens at home.

A large portion of the space has necessarily been allotted to the descriptions of plants, several hundreds of which have been included, and a large proportion of these illustrated; but not a little has been devoted to an attempt to create an interest in some of those wonderful habits which lead us to look upon plants as living beings with attractions even more engrossing than their beautiful forms and colours.

It has been thought advisable to give but little attention to aquatic plants and to the flowers which are to be found only on the coast, these having been previously included in former volumes of this series dealing, respectively, with pond life and the sea shore.

The thanks of the author are due to his friend, G. Du Heaume, Esq., for his valuable assistance in collecting many of the flowers required for description and illustration.

W. S. F.

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	Introduction--General Character of Plants and the Identification of Flowers	1
II.	The Pollination and Fertilisation of Flowers	25
III.	Climbing Plants	30
IV.	Early Spring	39
V.	Woods and Thickets in Spring	48
VI.	The Spring-Flowering Trees and Shrubs of Woods, Thickets, and Hedgerows	61
VII.	Waysides and Wastes in Spring	81
VIII.	Meadows, Fields, and Pastures--Spring	108
IX.	Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places in Spring	123
X.	Woods and Thickets in Summer	130
XI.	Wastes and Waysides in Summer	151
XII.	Wastes and Waysides in Summer--Composite Flowers	175
XIII.	Wastes and Waysides in Summer--continued	190
XIV.	Meadows,Fields,and Pastures--Summer	211
XV.	Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places--Summer	236
XVI.	On Heath, Down, and Moor	257
XVII.	In the Corn Field	281
XVIII.	On the Chalk	296
XIX.	By the River Side	312
XX.	On Walls, Rocks,and Stony Places	318
XXI.	Field and Wayside in Autumn	328
XXII.	Autumn in the Woods	331
XXIII.	Parasitic Plants	340
XXIV.	Carnivorous Plants	350
	List of Flowers Classified According to Their Habitats and Habits	359
	List of Flowers Classified According to Their Orders and Genera	373
	Glossarial Index	381

COLOURED PLATES

I. Spring Flowers of the Woods	Frontispiece
1. Green Hellebore
2. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-Bane
3. Lady's Slipper
4. Sand Garlic
5. Wild Hyacinth
6. Wood Melic Grass
II. Flowers of the Woods	To face p. 130
1. Great Valerian
2. Foxglove
3. Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard
4. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower
5. Broad-leaved Helleborine
6. Hairy Brome-grass
III. Flowers of the Wayside	To face p. 150
1. Round-leaved Crane's-bill
2. Black Horehound
3. Evergreen Alkanet
4. Bristly Ox-tongue
5. Red Bartsia
6. Annual Meadow Grass
7. Hemlock Stork's-bill
IV. Flowers of the Field	To face p. 210
1. Rough Cock's-foot Grass
2. Lucerne
3. Crimson Clover
4. Blue-Bottle
5. Common Vetch
6. Meadow Clary
V. Flowers of Bogs and Marshes	To face p. 236
1. Marsh Gentian
2. Marsh Marigold
3. Marsh Orchis
4. Marsh Mallow
5. Marsh Vetchling
6. Marsh St. John's-wort
7. Bog Pimpernel
VI. Flowers of Down, Heath, and Moor	To face p. 256
1. Musk Thistle
2. Clustered Bell-flower
3. Spiny Rest Harrow
4. Hairy Hawkbit
5. Sheep's-bit
6. Spotted Orchis
7. Heath Rush
VII. Flowers of the Corn-field	To face p. 280
1. Long Smooth-headed Poppy
2. Field Scabious
3. Corn Cockle
4. Corn Marigold
5. Flax
6. Corn Pheasant's-eye
VIII. Flowers of Chalky Soils	To face p. 296
1. Red Valerian
2. Narrow-leaved Flax
3. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch
4. Spiked Speedwell
5. Pasque Flower
6. Bee Orchis
7. Yellow Oat Grass

Erratum.—On Plate VI, for 'Spring Rest Harrow' read 'Spiny Rest Harrow.'

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

	PAGE
General Characters of Plants
Forms of Roots	2
Running underground stem of Solomon's Seal	4
Arrangement of Leaves	5
Leaf of Pansy with two large Stipules	5
Margins of Leaves	6
Various Forms of Simple Leaves	7
Forms of Compound Leaves	7
Forms of Inflorescence	8
Longitudinal Section through the flower of the Buttercup	10
Inferior and Superior Ovary	11
Unisexual Flowers of the Nettle	11
Dehiscent Fruits	12
The Pollination and Fertilisation of Flowers
Pollen Cells throwing out their Tubes	25
Climbing Plants
Prickles of the Wild Rose	31
Ivy, showing the Rootlets or Suckers	32
Stem of the Bindweed, twining to the left	34
Stem of the Hop, twining to the right	35
Early Spring
Trees in Winter or Early Spring
1. Hazel; 2. Ash; 3. Oak; 4. Lime	41
5. Birch; 6. Poplar; 7. Beech; 8. Alder	43
Twig of Lime in Spring, showing the Deciduous, Scaly Stipules	45
Seedling of the Beech	46
Woods and Thickets in Spring
The Daffodil	48
The Wood Anemone	49
The Goldilocks	50
The Wild Columbine	51
The Dog Violet	52
The Wood Sorrel	53
The Sweet Woodruff	54
The Lesser Periwinkle	55
The Bugle	56
The Broad-leaved Garlic	57
The Star of Bethlehem	58
The Hairy Sedge	59
Spring-flowering Trees and Shrubs
The Barberry	62
The Spindle Tree	63
The Wild Cherry	65
The Crab Apple	67
The Mountain Ash	68
The Spurge Laurel	70
The Elm in Flower	71
The Oak in Flower	72
The Beech in Fruit	73
The Scots Pine, with Cones	78
The Yew in Fruit	79
Waysides and Wastes in Spring
The Shepherd's Purse	82
The Scurvy Grass	83
The Common Whitlow Grass	83
The Yellow Rocket	84
The Procumbent Pearlwort	86
The Greater Stitchwort	87
The Chickweed	88
The Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed	89
The Dove's-foot Crane's-bill	90
The Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill	91
The Herb Robert	92
The Grass Vetchling	93
The Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil	94
The Moschatel	95
The White Bryony	96
The Wild Beaked Parsley	97
The Garden Beaked Parsley	98
The Goutweed	99
The Crosswort	100
The Colt's-foot in Early Spring	101
The Germander Speedwell	101
The White Dead Nettle	102
The Yellow Pimpernel	103
The Dog's Mercury	104
The Black Bryony	105
The Wild Arum	106
Meadows, Fields, and Pastures—Spring
The Field Pennycress	109
The Wild Pansy	110
The Ragged Robin	111
The Purple Clover	114
The Daisy	115
The Butterbur	117
The Yellow Rattle	118
The Henbit Dead Nettle	119
The Cowslip	120
The Fox-tail Grass	121
Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places in Spring
The Marsh Potentil	124
The Golden Saxifrage	125
The Marsh Valerian	126
The Marsh Trefoil	127
The Marsh Lousewort	127
The Yellow Flag	128
Woods and Thickets in Summer
The Large-flowered St. John's-wort	131
The Common St. John's-wort	132
The Dyer's Greenweed	133
The Sweet Milk Vetch	134
The Wild Raspberry	135
The Rose Bay Willow Herb	136
The Dogwood	137
The Wood Sanicle	138
The Alexanders	139
The Elder	140
The Guelder Rose	141
The Saw-wort	143
The Ivy-leaved Bell-flower	145
Twigs of Holly	146
The Privet	147
The Millet Grass	148
The Bearded Wheat	148
The Slender False Brome	149
Wastes and Waysides in Summer
The Wild Clematis	152
The Hedge Mustard	152
The Felix Weed	153
The Dyer's Weed	154
The Deptford Pink	155
The Red Campion	156
The Common Mallow	157
The Musk Mallow	158
The Bloody Crane's-bill	159
The Fruit of the Stork's-bill	160
The Hemlock Stork's-bill	161
The Bird's-foot Trefoil	162
The Herb Bennet or Geum	163
The Dog Rose	164
The Silver Weed	164
The Agrimony	165
The Orpine or Livelong	167
The Fool's Parsley	168
The Wild Parsnip	169
The Cow Parsnip or Hogweed	170
The Honeysuckle	171
The Great Hedge Bedstraw	172
The Teasel	173
Teasel Heads	174
Flower Head of the Marigold	176
Florets of a Composite Flower	176
The Yellow Goat's-beard	177
The Hawkweed Picris	178
The Prickly Lettuce	179
The Sharp-fringed Sow-Thistle	180
The Smooth Hawk's-beard	181
The Nipplewort	182
The Burdock	183
The Spear Thistle	184
The Creeping Thistle	185
The Tansy	186
The Wormwood	187
The Ragwort	188
The Scentless Mayweed	189
The Yarrow or Milfoil	189
The Rampion Bell-flower	191
The Great Bindweed	192
The Henbane	193
The Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet	194
The Deadly Nightshade	195
The Yellow Toadflax	196
The Vervein	197
The Balm	198
The Hedge Woundwort	199
The Gromwell	201
The Hound's-tongue	202
The White Goosefoot	203
The Spotted Persicaria	205
The Curled Dock	207
The Great Nettle	208
The Canary Grass	209
Meadows, Fields, and Pastures—Summer
The Gold of Pleasure	212
The Bladder Campion	213
The White Campion	214
The Kidney Vetch	215
The Common Melilot	216
The Lady's Mantle	217
The Meadow Sweet	219
The Burnet Saxifrage	220
The Wild Carrot	221
The Devil's-bit Scabious	222
The Rough Hawkbit	223
The Autumnal Hawkbit	224
The Meadow Thistle	225
The Black Knapweed	226
The Great Knapweed	226
The Common Fleabane	227
The Ox-eye Daisy	228
The Sneezewort	229
The Small Bindweed	230
Section of the Flower of Salvia	231
The Self-heal	231
The Ribwort Plantain	232
The Butterfly Orchis	233
The Cat's-tail Grass	233
The Meadow Barley	233
The Rye Grass or Darnel	234
The Sheep's Fescue	234
Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places—Summer
The Lesser Spearwort	237
The Great Hairy Willow Herb	238
The Purple Loosestrife	239
The Water Hemlock	241
The Common Water Dropwort	242
The Marsh Thistle	243
The Brooklime	244
The Water Figwort	245
The Gipsy wort	246
The Round-leaved Mint	247
The Forget-me-not	248
The Water Pepper or Biting Persicaria	249
The Bog Asphodel	251
The Common Rush	252
The Shining-fruited Jointed Rush	253
The Common Sedge	254
The Marsh Sedge	255
Heath, Down, and Moor
The Milkwort	258
The Broom	259
The Furze or Gorse	260
The Tormentil	261
The Smooth Heath Bedstraw	264
The Dwarf Thistle	265
The Carline Thistle	267
The Common Chamomile	268
The Harebell	269
The Cross-leaved Heath	270
The Bell Heather or Fine-leaved Heath	271
The Eyebright	273
The Wild Thyme	275
The Autumnal Lady's Tresses	276
The Butcher's Broom	277
The Common Quaking Grass	278
The Common Mat Grass	279
In the Corn Field
The Mousetail	282
The Common Red Poppy	284
The White or Opium Poppy	285
The Fumitory	287
The Black Mustard	288
The Corn Spurrey	289
The Shepherd's Needle or Venus's Comb	290
The Venus's Looking Glass or Corn Bell-flower	291
The Scarlet Pimpernel	292
The Climbing Bistort	293
The Dwarf Spurge	294
On the Chalk
The Rock Rose	297
The Sainfoin	300
The Salad Burnet	301
The Field Gentian	302
The Yellow-wort	303
The Great Mullein	304
The Red Hemp Nettle	305
An Orchis Flower	307
The Sweet-scented Orchis	309
By the River Side
The Common Meadow Rue	313
The Hemp Agrimony	314
The Common Skull-cap	315
The Comfrey	316
On Walls, Rocks and Stony Places
The Biting Stonecrop or Wall Pepper	321
The Wall Pennywort or Navelwort	322
The London Pride	323
The Mossy Saxifrage	324
The Ivy-leaved Toadflax	325
The Wall Pellitory	326
Autumn in the Woods
The Alder in Autumn	333
The Ash in Autumn	336
The Maple in Fruit	337
The Wayfaring Tree in Fruit	338
The Strawberry Tree	339
Parasitic Plants
The Greater Dodder	342
The Clover Dodder	343
The Great Broomrape	345
The Mistletoe	347
A Young Mistletoe Plant	348
Carnivorous Plants
The Greater Bladder-wort	351
Longitudinal section through the leaf of the Toothwort	352
The Common Butterwort	353
The Round-leaved Sundew	355

Field and Woodland Plants

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