| PAGE. |
| There are two of them.—Their general arrangement.—Their
opposition. |
3 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE GENERAL CAPILLARY SYSTEM. |
| General arrangement of this system.
|
4 |
| I. General division of the Capillaries. |
| Of the organs in which the capillaries contain only blood.. |
6 |
| Of the organs in which the capillaries contain blood and fluids
differing from it.—Serous system taken for an example.—Experiments
by injections.—Various other systems
present analogous facts.—Proportion of the blood and
the fluids differing from it. ib. |
| Of the organs in which the capillaries do not contain blood. |
8 |
| II. Difference of Organs in respect to the number of their
Capillaries. |
|
There are many classes of organs in this respect.—Why
the capillaries are very much developed in some.—Consequences
as it regards diseases.
|
9 |
| Remarks upon injections.—Their insufficiency in making
us acquainted with the small vessels. |
10 |
| III. Of the proportions which exist in the Capillaries between the
Blood and the Fluids that differ from it. |
|
Continual varieties in the proportion.—Cause of these
varieties.—They are very numerous.
|
12 |
| Different proportions of blood in the capillaries, according as
the secretions and exhalations are active or passive.—Of
active and passive exhalations.—Of secretions of the
same nature.—Examination of each.—Proofs that
wherever there is activity, blood enters the capillaries.—Opposite
arrangement in the passive phenomena. |
13 |
| Consequences of the preceding Remarks. |
17 |
| IV. Of the Anastomoses of the General Capillary System. |
|
Mode of these anastomoses.—The capillaries considered in
relation to the vessels with which they communicate.—Influence
of these communications.—Important observation
in regard to the examination of dead bodies.—How
acute inflammations disappear at death.
|
17 |
| V. How, notwithstanding the general communication of the Capillary
System, the Blood and the Fluids differing from it, remain
separate. |
|
This depends on the different modifications of the organic
sensibility.—Proofs.—General remarks.
|
21 |
| VI. Consequences of the preceding principles, in relation to Inflammation. |
|
Every thing arises, in this affection, from the alteration
of the organic sensibility.—Proofs.—Varieties of intensity
and nature in inflammations.—Terminations of inflammations.—Of
putrefaction.—Of death.—Of induration.—Of
the blood which stops in inflamed parts.
|
24 |
| Differences of inflammation according to the different systems.—Each
has a peculiar one.—Of those which are
the most disposed to it.—It has peculiar modifications
in each.—Same observation in regard to its terminations. |
30 |
| VII. Structure and Properties of the Capillaries. |
|
We cannot ascertain completely the structure.—It has
however varieties.
|
33 |
| VIII. Of the Circulation of the Capillaries. |
| Motions of the fluids in the Capillary System.—The blood is
independent of the action of the heart in the capillaries.—Various
proofs of this assertion.—The blood
circulates by the influence of the forces of the part.—Varieties
of the motions.—Causes of these varieties.—Influence
of the atmosphere upon the capillary circulation.—Of
the two kinds of bleeding in relation to the
capillaries and to the trunks.—Circulation of other
fluids than the blood in the capillaries. |
34 |
| Phenomena of the alteration of the fluids in the Capillary
System.—Change of the red blood to black.—Phenomena
of this change. |
41 |
| IX. Of the Capillaries considered as the seat of the production of
Heat. |
| Different hypotheses.—Phenomena of animal heat.—How
it is produced.—Analogy of the production of heat
with exhalation, secretion, &c.—Influence of the different
vital forces.—Explanation of the phenomena of
animal heat in the state of health and disease.—Sympathetic
heat.—Sympathies of heat.—Difference between
the two. |
43 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| PULMONARY CAPILLARY SYSTEM.
|
| I. Relation of the two Capillary Systems, Pulmonary and General. |
|
How all the blood of the general system can go through
the pulmonary.—Difference of one from the other as it
respects the course of this fluid.
|
55 |
| II. Remarks upon the Circulation of the Pulmonary Capillaries. |
|
Peculiar character of pulmonary inflammations.—Phenomena
to which they give rise.—Of the pulmonary
circulation in various other diseases.
|
58 |
| III. Alteration of the Blood in the Pulmonary Capillaries. |
63 |
| IV. Remarks upon the state of the Lungs in Dead Bodies. |
|
Their proportions very various from engorgement.—They
are hardly ever in the natural state.—Why.—Consequences.
|
64 |
| |
|
EXHALANT SYSTEM. |
|
General Remarks upon the differences of exhalations and
absorptions.
|
67 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHALANTS.
|
| I. Origin, Course and Termination. |
|
Different hypotheses respecting these vessels.—What observation
shows us concerning them.
|
69 |
| II. Division of the Exhalants. |
|
They can be referred to three classes.—Table of these
classes and their division.
|
71 |
| III. Difference of the Exhalations. |
73 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
|
PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXHALANT
SYSTEM.
|
| I. Properties. |
|
We are ignorant of those of texture.—The organic are
very evident in it.
|
74 |
| Characters of the Vital Properties.—They vary in each system.—Consequences
as it regards functions. |
ib. |
| II. Of Natural Exhalations. |
|
They are all derived from the vital properties.—They
vary consequently like these properties.—Proofs.—Of
sympathetic exhalations.
|
75 |
| III. Of Preternatural Exhalations. |
| Sanguineous exhalation.—Hemorrhage of the excrementitious
exhalants.—Hemorrhage from the skin.—Hemorrhages
from the mucous surfaces.—They take place by exhalation.—Proofs.—Experiments.—Of
active and passive
hemorrhages.—Differences between hemorrhages by
rupture and by exhalation, between those of the capillaries
and those of the great vessels. |
78 |
| Hemorrhages of the recrementitious exhalants.—Hemorrhages
of the serous surfaces.—Observations concerning dead
bodies.—Cellular hemorrhages.—Other hemorrhages
of the exhalants. |
85 |
| Preternatural exhalations, not sanguineous.—Varieties of the
exhaled fluids, according to the state of the vital forces
of the exhalants.—Different examples of these varieties. |
87 |
| IV. Of the preternatural development of the exhalants. |
|
It is especially in cysts that it takes place.—The secreted
fluids are never preternaturally poured out like the exhaled.—Why.—Of
the natural emunctories.
|
88 |
| |
| ABSORBENT SYSTEM. |
| |
|
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
|
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE ABSORBENT VESSELS.
|
| I. Origin of the Absorbents. |
|
Table of absorptions.—Of external absorptions.—Of internal
absorptions.—Of the nutritive absorptions.—It is
impossible to know the mode of origin of the absorbents.—Interlacing
of the branches.
|
91 |
| II. Course of the Absorbents. |
| Their division into two layers, superficial and deep-seated.—Their
arrangement in the extremities and the trunk. |
95 |
| Forms of the absorbents in their course.—They are cylindrical,
full of knots, &c.—Consequences of these forms.—The
absorbents have not as great capacity during life
as in the dead body. |
97 |
| Of the capacity of the absorbents in their course.—Manner
of ascertaining it.—Extreme varieties which it exhibits.—Capacity
of the absorbents compared with that of
the veins. |
99 |
| Anastomoses of the absorbents in their course.—Different
modes of these anastomoses.—Remarks upon the lymphatic
circulation. |
102 |
| Remarks upon the difference of dropsies that are produced
by the increase of exhalation, and those that are the effect
of a diminution of absorption.—Cases that may be referred
to one or the other cause. |
104 |
| III. Termination of the Absorbents. |
|
Trunks of termination.—Their disproportion with the
branches.—Consequences.—Difficulties in regard to the
motion of the lymph.—Remarks upon venous absorption.
|
105 |
| IV. Structure of the Absorbents. |
|
Exterior texture.—Vessels.—Peculiar membrane.—Valves.—Uses
of these last.
|
109 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| LYMPHATIC GLANDS.
|
| I. Situation, Size, Forms, &c. |
| Varieties of their number and situation in the different
regions.—Relation with the cellular texture.—Varieties
from age, sex, &c. |
111 |
| II. Organization. |
| Colour.—Its varieties.—Particular arrangement about the
bronchia. |
114 |
| Common parts.—External cellular texture.—Cellular membrane.—Vessels. |
115 |
| Peculiar texture.—Density.—Cells.—Contained fluid.—Properties
and phenomena of this texture.—Interlacing
of the absorbents. |
116 |
| |
|
ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. |
118 |
| II. Vital Properties. |
|
Animal sensibility.—Its phenomena in the vessels and the
glands.—Organic properties.—Their duration after
death.—Remarks upon the absorbent faculty of dead
bodies.
|
119 |
| Characters of the vital properties.—Life is very evident in
this system.—Its disposition to inflammation.—Character
which this affection has in it. |
122 |
| Differences of the vital properties in the absorbent vessels
and their glands.—These differences are remarkable.—Their
influence upon diseases. |
123 |
| Sympathies.—Sympathies of the glands.—Sympathies of
the vessels.—Remarks upon the engorgements of the
lymphatic glands. |
124 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| OF ABSORPTION.
|
| I. Influence of the Vital Forces upon this Function. |
| All depends on the organic properties.
|
128 |
| II. Varieties of Absorption. |
| Different examples.—Of resolution.—Of the absorption
of morbific principles.
|
129 |
| III. Motion of the Fluids in the Absorbents. |
| Laws of this motion.—It is not subject to any reflux.—Why.
|
132 |
| IV. Of Absorption in the different Ages. |
| It appears that the internal and external absorptions are
opposite at the two extreme ages.—Remarks.
|
134 |
| V. Preternatural Absorption. |
| Absorption of certain fluids different from those naturally
absorbed.—Absorption in the cysts.
|
138 |
| |
| SYSTEMS PECULIAR TO CERTAIN APPARATUS. |
| |
| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
|
| Differences of the systems peculiar to certain apparatus,
from those common to all.—Characters of the first.—Their
distribution in the apparatus.
|
139 |
| |
| OSSEOUS SYSTEM. |
| |
|
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
|
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
|
OF THE FORMS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. DIVISION OF THE BONES.
|
| I. Of the Long Bones. |
|
Relation of their position with their general uses.—External
forms of the body and the extremities.—Internal
forms.—Medullary canal.—Its situation, extent and
form.—Its use.—It disappears in the first periods of
callus.—It is shorter in proportion in childhood.
|
144 |
| II. Of the Flat Bones. |
| Relations of their situation and external forms with the
general use of forming the cavities.—Internal forms.
|
147 |
| III. Of the Short Bones. |
| Position.—Internal and external forms.—General uses.
|
149 |
| IV. Of the Bony Eminences. |
| Their division into those, 1st, of articulation; 2d, of insertion;
3d, of reflection; 4th, of impression.—Remarks
upon each of these divisions.—Relations of the second
with the muscular force.—How these last are formed.
|
150 |
| V. Of the Osseous Cavities. |
| Their division into those, 1st, of insertion; 2d, of reception;
3d, of sliding; 4th, of impression; 5th, of transmission;
6th, of nutrition.—Particular remarks upon
each division.—Of the three kinds of canals of nutrition.
|
153 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Texture Peculiar to the Osseous System. |
| Common division of this texture.
|
| Texture with cells.—How it is formed.—When it is formed.—Of
the cells and their communications.—Experiments. |
156 |
| Compact texture.—Arrangement of its fibres.—Their formation.—Experiments
to ascertain their direction.—The
osseous layers do not exist.—Proofs.—Influence
of rickets upon the compact texture. |
158 |
| Arrangement of the two osseous textures in the three kinds of
Bones.—Arrangement of the compact texture.—Two
kinds of texture with cells in the long bones.—Proportion
of the common texture with cells and the compact
texture in the short and broad bones.—The same proportion
examined in the cavities and the osseous eminences. |
161 |
| Of the composition of the osseous texture.—There are two
principal bases.—Of the saline calcareous substance.—Experiments.—Nature
of this substance.—Experiments
to ascertain the gelatinous substance.—Different relations
of each of these substances with vitality. |
164 |
| II. Common Parts which enter into the organization of the
Osseous System. |
| Three orders of blood vessels.—Arrangement of each.—Experiments.—Proportions
according to age.—Communication.—Proofs
of the existence of the cellular
texture.
|
167 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Physical Properties. |
| Elasticity.—It is in the inverse ratio of the age.
|
171 |
| II. Properties of Texture. |
| Different examples of contractility and extensibility.—Characters
of these properties.
|
171 |
| III. Vital Properties. |
| They are obscure.
|
173 |
| Characters of these properties.—Slowness of their development.—Their
influence upon diseases. |
174 |
| Sympathies.—Their character is always chronic.—General
remark upon sympathies. |
175 |
| Seat of the vital properties.—They are not seated in the calcareous
substance.—They exist only in the gelatinous.—Experiment
which proves it. |
177 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| OF THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Division of the Articulations. |
| Moveable Articulations.—Observations upon their Motions.—1st.
Opposition; it is extensive or confined.—2d. Circumduction;
a motion composed of all those of opposition.—3d.
Rotation; a motion upon the axis.—4th.
Sliding. |
180 |
| Immoveable articulations.—They are on surfaces in juxta-position,
inserted into each other or implanted. |
182 |
| Table of the Articulations. |
183 |
| II. Observations upon the Moveable Articulations. |
| First genus.—Situation.—Form of the surfaces.—Rotation
and circumduction are inversely in the humerus and
the femur.—Why. |
184 |
| Second genus.—Form of the surfaces.—Motions. |
186 |
| Third genus.—Diminution of the motions.—Direction in
which they take place. |
187 |
| Fourth genus.—Motions still less. |
189 |
| Fifth genus.—Remarkable obscurity of the motions. |
190 |
| III. Observations upon the Immoveable Articulations. |
| Situation, forms of each order.—Relation of the structure
to the uses.
|
191 |
| IV. Of the means of Union between the Articular Surfaces. |
| Union of the immoveable Articulations.—Cartilages of union. |
193 |
| Union of moveable articulations.—Ligaments and muscles
considered as articular bands. |
194 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIFTH. |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. |
| |
| Remarks. |
195 |
| I. State of the Osseous System during Growth. |
| Mucous State.—What should be understood by it. |
195 |
| Cartilaginous State.—Period and mode of its development.—Of
this state in the broad bones. |
197 |
| Osseous State.—Its phenomena.—Its period. |
198 |
| Progress of the osseous state in the long bones; 1st, in the
middle; 2d, in the extremities. |
200 |
| Progress of the osseous state in the broad bones.—Varieties
according to the bones.—Formation of the ossa wormiana. ib. |
| Progress of the osseous state in the short bones. |
202 |
| II. State of the Osseous System after its Growth. |
| Increase in thickness.—Composition and decomposition
after the termination of growth in thickness.—Experiments.—State
of the bones in old age.
|
203 |
| III. Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Callus. |
| 1st. Fleshy granulations.—2d. Adhesions of these granulations.—3d.
Exhalation of gelatine and then of phosphate
of lime.
|
206 |
| IV. Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Teeth. |
| Organization of the teeth.—Hard portion of the teeth.—Enamel.—Experiment
which distinguishes it from
bone.—Its thickness.—Its nature.—Reflections upon
its organization.—Osseous portion.—Its form.—Cavity
of the tooth. |
209 |
| Soft portion of the tooth.—Its spongy nature.—Its acute
sensibility.—Remarks upon its different sympathies. |
211 |
| First dentition considered before cutting.—Follicle.—Membrane
of this follicle analogous to the serous membranes.—Albuminous
nature of the fluid which lubricates
it.—Mode of development of the osseous tooth
upon the follicle.—Number of the first teeth. |
213 |
| First dentition considered at the period of cutting.—Mode
of cutting.—Accidents.—Their causes. |
216 |
| Second dentition considered before cutting.—Formation of
the second follicle. |
217 |
| Second dentition considered at the period of cutting.—Fall
of the first teeth.—Appearance of the second. |
| Phenomena subsequent to the cutting of the second teeth.—Growth
in length and thickness.—Fall of the teeth
earlier than the death of the bones.—Why.—State of
the jaws after the fall of the teeth. |
219 |
| V. Particular Phenomena of the Development of the Sesamoid
Bones. |
| General arrangement of the sesamoid bones.—Situation.—Forms. |
221 |
| Fibro-cartilaginous state.—Osseous state.—Phenomena of
the patella.—Use of the sesamoid bones. |
222 |
|
MEDULLARY SYSTEM. |
|
Division of this system.
|
225 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
|
MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE FLAT AND SHORT BONES, AND THE
EXTREMITIES OF THE LONG ONES.
|
| I. Origin and Conformation. |
| It is an expansion of the vessels of the second order.
|
225 |
| II. Organization. |
| There is no medullary membrane.—Vascular interlacing.
|
226 |
| III. Properties. |
| There are only organic ones.—Experiments.
|
227 |
| IV. Development. |
| There is no medullary oil in infancy.—Proofs.—Experiments.
|
227 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE MIDDLE OF THE LONG BONES. |
| I. Conformation. |
| It is like the cellular.
|
229 |
| II. Organization. |
| The medullary membrane is not an expansion of the periosteum.—Its
vessels.
|
230 |
| III. Properties. |
| Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Animal sensibility.—Vitality
more active than in the bones.
|
231 |
| IV. Development. |
| How the medullary membrane is formed.—The marrow
of the infant is wholly different from that of the adult.—Proofs.
|
233 |
| Functions.—The marrow is exhaled.—Its alterations.—Its
relations with the nutrition of the bone.—Necrosis.—The
marrow is foreign to the synovia. |
234 |
| |
| CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. |
| |
|
What must be understood by cartilage.
|
237 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE FORMS OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Forms of the Cartilages of the Moveable Articulations. |
| Internal and external surfaces.—Relations of the two corresponding
cartilages.—Peculiar characters of these
cartilages in each kind of moveable articulations.
|
238 |
| II. Forms of the Cartilages of the Immoveable Articulations. |
241 |
| III. Forms of the Cartilages of the Cavities. |
242 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Texture peculiar to the Cartilaginous System. |
|
Fibres.—Remarkable resistance of the cartilaginous texture
to putrefaction, maceration, &c.—Stewing and desiccation
of this texture.—Its various alterations. |
243 |
| II. Parts common to the Organization of the Cartilaginous
Texture. |
| Cellular texture.—Means of seeing it.—Absence of blood
vessels.—White vessels.—Their colour in jaundice.
|
245 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Physical Properties. |
| Elasticity.—It appears to be owing to the superabundance
of gelatine.—Proofs.
|
247 |
| II. Properties of Texture. |
| They are very obscure.
|
248 |
| III. Vital Properties. |
| They are inconsiderable, as well as the sympathies.
|
249 |
| Character of the Vital Properties.—All the phenomena over
which they preside have a chronic progress.—General
observations upon the reunion of the parts. |
250 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. State of the Cartilaginous System in the First Age. |
| Predominance of gelatine in the early periods.—Property
which the cartilages then have of becoming red by
maceration.—Vascular layers between the cartilage
and the bone.—Cause which limits ossification in the
cartilage.—Development of the cartilages of the cavities.
|
252 |
| II. State of the Cartilaginous System in the after Ages. |
| Different character which the gelatine assumes.—Ossification
of the cartilages in old age.—Those of the cavities
are the soonest ossified.
|
255 |
| III. Preternatural Development of the Cartilaginous System. |
| Tendency of the membrane of the spleen to become the
seat of it.—Preternatural cartilages of the articulations.
|
257 |
| |
| FIBROUS SYSTEM. |
| |
| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE FORMS AND DIVISIONS OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
|
| The fibrous forms are either membranous or in fasciæ.
|
259 |
| I. Of the Fibrous Organs of a Membranous Form. |
|
Fibrous membranes.—Fibrous capsules.—Fibrous sheaths.—Aponeuroses.
|
260 |
| II. Of the Fibrous Organs in the form of Fasciæ. |
|
1st. Tendons.—2d. Ligaments.
|
262 |
| III. Table of the Fibrous System. |
|
Analogy of the different organs of this system.—The
periosteum is the common centre of these organs.
|
262 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Of the Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibrous
System. |
|
Peculiar nature of the fibrous texture.—Its extreme resistance.—Phenomena
of this resistance.—It can be
overcome.—Difference of the fibrous and muscular textures.—Experiments
upon the fibrous texture subjected
to maceration, ebullition, putrefaction, the action of
the acids, the digestive juices, &c. |
264 |
| II. Of the Common Parts which enter into the Organization
of the Fibrous System. |
|
Cellular texture.—Blood vessels.—Their varieties according
to the organs.
|
270 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Physical Properties. |
| II. Properties of Texture. |
|
Extensibility.—Peculiar law to which it is subjected there.
Contractility.—It is almost nothing.—When it is manifested.
|
272 |
| III. Vital Properties. |
|
Animal sensibility.—Singular mode of putting it in action
by distension.—Consequence of this peculiar phenomenon
to the fibrous texture.
|
274 |
| Character of the vital properties.—The vital activity is more
evident in this system than in the preceding.—It appears
that the fibrous texture does not suppurate. |
277 |
| Sympathies.—Examples of those of the animal and the organic
properties. |
279 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. State of the Fibrous System in the First Age. |
|
The fibres are wanting in most of the fibrous organs of
the fœtus.—Softness of these organs at this age.—Varieties
of development.—Remarks upon rheumatism.
|
281 |
| II. State of the Fibrous System in the After Ages. |
|
Phenomena of the adult.—General stiffness in old age.
|
283 |
| III. Preternatural Development of the Fibrous System. |
| Various tumours exhibit fibres analogous to those of this
system.
|
284 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIFTH. |
| |
| OF THE FIBROUS MEMBRANES IN GENERAL.
|
| I. Forms of the Fibrous Membranes. |
|
Their double surface.—These membranes are like moulds
of their respective organs.—Researches respecting that
of the corpus cavernosum.—Experiments which show
that it differs essentially from the subjacent spongy texture.—Other
researches upon that of the testicle.
|
285 |
| II. Organization of the Fibrous Membranes. |
288 |
| III. Of the Periosteum. Of its Form. |
|
Its two surfaces.—Their adhesion to the bones.
|
289 |
| Organization of the periosteum.—Preternatural development
of its fibres in elephantiasis.—Its connexions with
the fibrous bodies in infancy. |
291 |
| Development of the periosteum. |
| Functions of the Periosteum.—In what way it assists ossification.—It
relates as much to the fibrous organs as to
the bones. |
292 |
| IV. Perichondrium. |
|
Experiments upon this membrane.
|
294 |
| |
| ARTICLE SIXTH. |
| |
| OF THE FIBROUS CAPSULES.
|
| I. Forms of the Fibrous Capsules. |
|
They are very few.—Arrangement of the two principal
ones.—Canal between them and the synovial capsule.
|
295 |
| II. Functions of the Fibrous Capsules. |
296 |
| |
| ARTICLE SEVENTH. |
| |
| OF THE FIBROUS SHEATHS. |
| Their division. |
297 |
| I. Partial Fibrous Sheaths. |
|
Their form.—Their arrangement.—Why the flexor tendons are
alone provided with them.
|
297 |
| II. General Fibrous Sheaths. |
299 |
| |
| ARTICLE EIGHTH. |
| |
| OF THE APONEUROSES.
|
| I. Of the Aponeuroses for Covering. |
|
Their division.
|
299 |
| Aponeuroses for general covering. |
300 |
| Forms.—They are accommodated to the extremities, &c. ib. |
| Tensor muscles.—Organization.—Examples of the tensor
muscles.—Their uses relative to the aponeuroses.—Analogy
with the tendons and difference from them.—Arrangement
of the fibres. |
301 |
| Functions. |
302 |
| Aponeuroses for partial covering.—Examples.—General
uses of these aponeuroses. |
303 |
| II. Of the Aponeuroses of Insertion. |
| Aponeuroses of insertion with a broad surface.—Their origin.—Their
uses.—The identity of their nature with
that of the tendons.—Experiments. |
304 |
| Aponeuroses of insertion in the form of an arch.—They are
rare.—They exist where vessels pass through.—They
do not compress them. |
305 |
| Aponeuroses of insertion with separate fibres. |
306 |
| |
|
ARTICLE NINTH. |
| OF THE TENDONS. |
| |
| I. Form of the Tendons. |
|
Relation of the uses with the forms.—Union with the
fleshy fibres.
|
307 |
| II. Organization of the Tendons. |
|
Method of seeing their fibres advantageously.—They appear
to be destitute of blood vessels.—Their tendency
to be penetrated with the phosphate of lime.
|
309 |
| |
| ARTICLE TENTH. |
| |
| OF THE LIGAMENTS.
|
| I. Ligaments with, Regular Fasciæ. |
|
General arrangement.
|
311 |
| II. Ligaments with Irregular Fasciæ. |
312 |
| FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. |
| Organs which compose it. |
315 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE FORMS OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. |
| Division into three classes of the organs of this system.—Characters
of each class. |
315 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. |
| I. Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous
System. |
|
It arises, 1st, from a fibrous substance; 2d, from a cartilaginous
one.—It owes its resistance to the first and its
elasticity to the second.—Action of caloric, air and
water upon the fibro-cartilaginous texture.—It reddens
by maceration.—Absence of the perichondrium upon
most of the fibro-cartilages. |
317 |
| II. Parts common to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous
System. |
320 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. |
| I. Physical Properties. |
|
Elasticity and suppleness united.
|
320 |
| II. Properties of Texture. |
|
Extensibility.—It is quite evident in it.—Contractility.—Difference
from elasticity.
|
321 |
| III. Vital Properties. |
|
They are inconsiderable.—Influence of the obscurity of
these forces upon the properties of the fibro-cartilages. |
322 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. |
| I. State of this System in the First Age. |
|
Mode of development of the three classes.
|
323 |
| II. State of this System in the after Ages. |
|
General rigidity of these organs.—Consequences.—Ossification
of the fibro-cartilages rare. |
325 |
| |
| MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE. |
| |
|
Difference between the muscles of the two lives.—Observations
upon those of animal life.
|
327 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE. |
| |
| Division of these muscles into long, broad and short.
|
327 |
| I. Forms of the Long Muscles. |
|
Place which they occupy.—Their division.—Their separation
and reunion.—Peculiar forms of the long muscles
of the spine.
|
328 |
| II. Forms of the Broad Muscles. |
|
Where they are situated.—Thickness.—Peculiar forms
of the broad pectoral muscles.
|
330 |
| III. Forms of the Short Muscles. |
|
Where they are found.—Their arrangement.—Remarks
upon the three species of muscles.
|
331 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
|
| I. Texture peculiar to this Organization. |
|
Arrangement of this texture into fasciculi.—Its division
into fibres.—Length of the fleshy fibres compared with
that of the muscle.—Their direction.—Their figure.—Their
softness.—Ease of their rupture in the dead
body.—Difficulty in the living. |
332 |
| Composition of the muscular texture.—Action of the air in
desiccation and putrefaction.—Action of cold water.—Maceration
and its products.—Ease with which the
colouring substance is removed.—Analogy of the remaining
texture with the fibrin of the blood.—Relation
of the forces with this texture.—Action of boiling
water.—Some peculiar phenomena of common boiled
flesh.—Roasting of the fleshy texture.—Singular affinity
of the digestive juices to this sort of texture.—General
observations.—Influence of sex and the genital organs
upon the fleshy texture. |
336 |
| II. Parts common to the Organization of this System. |
| Cellular texture.—Manner in which it envelops the fibres.—Its
uses for muscular motion.—Experiment.—Fatty
muscles. |
343 |
| Blood vessels.—Arteries.—Of the blood of the muscles.—Of
their colour.—Free and combined state of the colouring
substance.—Veins.—Remarks upon the injection of
them. |
346 |
| Nerves.—There are hardly any but those of animal life.—Their
difference in the extensors and the flexors.—Manner
in which the nerves penetrate the muscles. |
348 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. Extensibility. |
|
This property is continually in action.—It is in proportion
to the length of the fibres.—Its exercise in diseases.
|
350 |
| Contractility of texture.—Phenomena of the antagonists.—Distinction
in these phenomena of that which belongs
to the vital properties from that which belongs to
those of texture.—Of the contractility of texture in
diseases.—Extent and quickness of the contractions.—They
continue after death.—Essential differences between
the contractility of texture and horny hardening.
Their parallel. |
352 |
| II. Vital Properties. |
| Properties of animal life.—Sensibility.—Most of the ordinary
agents do not develop it.—It is put into action by
repeated contractions.—Of the sensation of lassitude.—Sensibility
of the muscles in their affections. |
359 |
| Animal Contractility.—It should be considered in three relations. |
361 |
| Animal contractility considered in the brain.—The principle
of this property exists in this organ.—Proofs drawn
from observation.—Proofs derived from diseases.—Proofs
borrowed from experiments upon animals.—Cases
in which the brain is foreign to the muscles. |
362 |
| Animal contractility considered in the nerves.—Influence of
the spinal marrow upon this property.—Observations
and experiments.—Influence of the nerves.—Observations
and experiments.—All the nerves do not transmit
equally the different irradiations of the brain.—Direction
of the propagation of the nervous influence. |
367 |
| Animal contractility considered in the muscles.—Necessary
conditions in the muscle for it to contract.—Obstacles
to contraction.—Various experiments. |
374 |
| Causes which bring into action animal contractility.—Division
of these causes.—Of the will.—Of the involuntary
causes.—Direct excitement.—Sympathetic excitement.—Influence
of the passions.—Remarks upon the motion
of the fœtus. |
374 |
| Duration of the animal contractility after death.—Various
experiments.—Consequences relative to respiration.—Variety
of the duration of this property.—How it is
extinguished. |
379 |
| Organic Properties.—Organic sensibility and insensible
organic contractility.—Sensible organic contractility.—Various
experiments upon this last property.—Phenomena
of irritations.—In order to study this contractility
the animal contractility must be destroyed.—How this
is done.—Various modes of contraction. |
382 |
| Sympathies.—The animal sensibility is the property especially
brought into action by them.—General Remarks.—Sympathies
of animal sensibility.—The organic properties
are rarely brought into action. |
386 |
| Characters of the vital properties.—Different remarks upon
these characters. |
388 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL
LIFE.
|
| I. Force of the Muscular Contraction. |
|
Difference according as it is put into action by stimuli or
by the cerebral influence.—Experiments.—Influence of
muscular organization upon contraction.—The laws of
nature the reverse of those of mechanics in the production
of motions.—Multiplication of forces.—Uncertainty
of calculations upon this point.
|
390 |
| II. Quickness of the Contractions. |
|
Varieties according as the contractions are, 1st, from
stimuli; 2d, from nervous action.—Different degrees of
quickness in different individuals.—Influence of habit
upon this degree.
|
395 |
| III. Duration of the Contractions. |
397 |
| IV. State of the Muscles in Contraction. |
|
Different phenomena which they then experience.—Essential
remark upon the different modes of contraction.
|
398 |
| V. Motions imparted by the Muscles. |
| Simple Motions.—1st. In the muscles with a straight direction.—How
we determine the uses of these muscles.—2d.
In the muscles with a reflected direction.—3d.
In those with a circular direction. |
400 |
| Compound Motions.—Almost every motion is compound.—How.—Different
examples of compound motions.—Antagonist
muscles. |
403 |
| VI. Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Muscles. |
|
They are opposite to the preceding.
|
406 |
| |
|
ARTICLE FIFTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
|
| I. State of this System in the Fœtus. |
|
It contains but little blood.—Slight contractility at this
age.—Influence upon these phenomena, of the blood
which then penetrates the muscles.—These organs are
then slender and weak.
|
407 |
| II. State of this System during Growth. |
|
Sudden effect of the red blood which penetrates the muscles,
and of the other irritations which are connected
with it.—Colour of the Muscles.—Period of the brightest
colour.—Varieties of the action of reagents on the
fleshy texture of young animals.
|
410 |
| III. State of this System after Growth. |
|
The thickness constantly increases.—The external forms
are more evident.—Colour in the adult.—Innumerable
variety.
|
413 |
| IV. State of this System in Old Age. |
|
Increase of density.—Diminution of cohesion.—Phenomena
of the vacillation of the muscles.—Atrophous muscles.
|
416 |
| V. State of the System at Death. |
|
Relaxation or stiffness of the muscles.
|
419 |
|
END OF CONTENTS TO VOL. II. |
