Cowley, Dr., 90.
Cyprus, religious prostitution in, 273-274.
Days, sacred character of, 293-295.
Dead, worship of, 122, 210, 211, 213; tendance of, 211, 212; evocation of, 214-215.
Death of deity, 27-28, 238-240, 249-263.
Demeter, 80.
Demonology, 154, 206-208, 297-300.
Dionysos, 239-240; marriage with Queen-Archon, 267.
Divination, through sacrifice, 248-249, 301-302; ecstatic, 303.
Ea, Babylonian god, 53, 102, 117, 121.
Eagle, Hittite worship of, 63.
Earth, divinity of, in Mesopotamia, 103; in Greece, 114.
Enlil, Babylonian god, 59, 103-104, 142.
Eros, cosmic principle, 181.
Esmun, Phoenician god, 57.
Eunostos, Tanagran vegetation-hero, 262.
Eunuchs, in Phrygian religion, 92, 256-258.
Euyuk, relief at, 61.
Evans, Sir Arthur, 17, 30, 64, 69-71, 73-74, 91, 97, 211, 227.
Faith, not a religious virtue in Greece, 23-24.
Fanaticism, in Mesopotamia, 197-203.
Fassirlir, Lion-goddess at, 88.
Fire-god, in Greece and Babylon, 146-147, 285.
Frazer, Dr., 17, 60, 79, 89, 257 n. 1, 277, 282.
Functional deities (Sondergötter), 110, 133.
Goddess-worship, importance of, 5, 81-82; in Mesopotamia, 17, 82-84; among Western Semites, 85-86; Hittites, 87-88; on Asia-Minor coast, 88-91; in Crete, 92-94; Aryan tradition of, 94-96; in early Greece, 96-98.
Hammer, sacred Hittite symbol, 63.
Hammurabi, code of, 129-132, 212.
Harpalyke, legend of, 239.
Harrison, Miss Jane, 67, 69-70.
Hartland, Mr. Sidney, 271 n. 1, 280-281.
Helios, at Tyre and Palmyra, 107; in Greece, 110-111.
Hell, Babylonian conception of, 205-206.
Hera, ? Aryan-Hellenic, 96; βοῶπις, 76.
Hierodoulai, 272.
Hittite ethnology, 36.
Hogarth, Dr., 74.
Homicide, Babylonian laws concerning, 129-130; Hellenic religious feeling about, 138-140; purification from, 287-288.
Hyakinthos, 262.
Ibriz, Hittite monument at, 47.
Idolatry, in Greece, 12-13, 228.
Incest, Babylonian laws concerning, 131.
Incubation, divination by, 302.
Ira, goddess of plague, 143.
Ishtar, 55, 83, 103, 120, 142, 164-167; descent of, 204, 208.
Kingship, divine character of, in Mesopotamia, 119, 122-123; among Western Semites, 123; among Hittites, 124-125; in Phrygia, 125; in Crete, 125-126; in Greece, 126-127.
Knots, magic use of, 300.
Kybele, 63, 91-92, 109, 170, 226.
Labartu, demon-goddess, 298.
Langdon, Dr., 56, 205 n. 1, 296, 298.
Leto ? Lycian origin of, 89-90.
Leukothea, 261.
Lion-divinity, Phrygian Hittite Mesopotamian type, 62-63.
Lykaon, Arcadian sacrifice of, 239.
Ma, Anatolian goddess, 169, 272.
Magic, in Greece, 158, 176-179, 292-293; in Babylon, 291-301.
Male deity, predominant among Semites, 85-86; at Olba and Tarsos and in Lycia, 89.
Mannhardt, 276.
Marriage of god and goddess, 263-268; marriage ceremonies in Babylon, 134.
Mercy, attribute of divinity, 158-160.
Mitani inscriptions, 46.
Monsters, in Cretan art, 74-75.
Moon-worship, Semitic, 85; Hellenic, 112.
Morality and religion, 20.
Nature-worship, 40-41, 97; in Mesopotamia, 99-106; West-Semitic, 106-107; Hittite, 108; Hellenic, 110-114.
Νηφάλια, wineless offerings, 112.
Ninlil, 84.
Ninni, relief of, 52.
Nusku, 117.
Omnipotence, divine attribute, 173-175.
Orotal, Arabian deity, 44.
Pessimism, in Babylonian hymns, 155.
Petrie, Professor, 223.
Phratric system, religious sanction of, in Greece, 138; non-existent (?) in Mesopotamia, 138.
Poseidon, 146.
Punishment, posthumous, 215-216.
Purification, 155-158, 282-291.
Qadistu, meaning of, 269.
Ramman, vide Adad.
Ramsay, Sir William, 117, 170, 273, 277.
Sacrament, 25-26, 236-242, 250.
Sacrifice, theory of, 24-26, 235-236, 240-242; bloodless, 230-231; chthonian, 233; human, 244-246; at oath-taking, 247-248; “sober,” 231-232; vicarious, 242-244.
Scapegoat, 247.
Science, relation to religion, in Greece and Mesopotamia, 23.
Sentimentality, in Babylonian religion, 196-197.
Shamash, Babylonian sun-god, 99, 100, 120-121, 127, 142, 208, 302.
Sin, Babylonian moon-god, 99, 100.
Sin, non-moral ideas of, 152-154.
Sinjerli, relief at, 61.
Smith, Prof. Robertson, 25, 226, 235, 238, 241.
Snake-goddess, in Crete, 64-65; snake-cult, 78.
Tammuz, 105-106, 219-220, 242, 250-263.
Tanit, Carthaginian goddess, 168.
Taurobolion, 253.
Temples, erection of, 223-225; deification of, 225.
Teukridai, at Olba, 89.
Theriomorphism, in Egypt, 15; in Mesopotamia, 14, 52-55; in other Semitic communities, 57-58; Hittite, 60-62; in Crete, 66-75; in Greece, 75-80.
Tiâmat, in Babylonian cosmogony, 181.
Tiele, Professor, 40, 42, 81, 199.
Tralles, religious prostitutes at, 275.
Truthfulness, religious virtue, 148.
Van Gennep, 279.
Ver Sacrum, in Greece, 137.
Virgin-goddesses, not found among Aryans, 95; Mediterranean, 96.
Virginity, sacrifice of, 269-281.
Virgin-Mother, idea of, 166-171.
Westermarck, Professor, 41 n. 1, 278.
Wilde, Dr., 1.
Word, mystic value of, 15, 56, 57, 176-179, 295-297.
Worship, ambiguity in term, 67, 77.
Zeus, 49; grave of, in Crete, 93, 259-260; Herkeios, 149-150; Horios, 152; Kouros, 259; Panamaros in Caria, 90; Polieus, 238; Thunderer in Bithynia, 95.
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER I NOTES
11.1 I am aware that there are exceptions to this principle, which I propose to consider in a future course; no single formula can ever sum up all the phenomena of a complex religion.
14.1 Vide Langdon, in Transactions of Congress of the History of Religions, 1908, vol. i. p. 251.
15.1 P. 382, C.
15.2 Vide Petrie, in Transactions of Congress of the History of Religions, 1908, vol. i. p. 192.
17.1 Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 1904.
17.2 Vide Jastrow, Religion Babyloniens u. Assyriens, vol. i. p. 545.
20.1 Vide my Evolution of Religion, pp. 139-152.
21.1 1. 132.
25.1 Transactions of Congress of History of Religions, 1908, vol. i. p. 192.
25.2 Hibbert Journal, 1904, “Sacrificial Communion in Greek Religion.”
CHAPTER II NOTES
31.1 Vide the critical remarks on such a view by Prof. Jastrow in Transactions of the Third International Congress of the History of Religions, vol. i. pp. 234-237.
34.1 Vide Annual of the British School, 1909, 1910.
35.1 Vide Zimmern, Die Keilinschriften und das alte Testament (K.A.T.)3, pp. 37-38.
CHAPTER III NOTES
41.1 Westermarck maintains the view in his Origin and Development of Moral Ideas, pp. 663-664, that in many savage religions the gods have no concern with ordinary morality; but the statistics he gives need careful testing.
42.1 Op. cit., p. 170; as far as I know, only one fact might be cited in support of Tiele’s view, a fact mentioned by Jastrow, op. cit., p. 52, that the ideogram of Enlil, the god of Nippur, signifies Lord-Daimon (Lil = Daimon); but we might equally well interpret it “Lord of Winds.”
42.2 Vide Hüsing, Der Zagros und seine Völker, p. 16.
43.1 Vide Plate in Winckler, “Die Gesetze Hammurabi,” in Der Alte Orient, 1906.
43.2 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l’art, Assyrie, p. 109, fig. 29 (Roscher, Lexikon, ii. p. 2358).
44.1 3, 8.
45.1 Messerschmidt, Die Hettiter, p. 9; Stanley Cook, Religion of Ancient Palestine, p. 73.
45.2 So Cook, op. cit., p. 73, who interprets her as Astarte.
45.3 Winckler, Tel-El-Amarna Letters, 17.
46.1 Vide Winckler, Mittheil des deutsch. Orientgesellsch., 1907, No. 35.
46.2 Winckler, Die Völker Vorderasiens, p. 21; Messerschmidt, op. cit., p. 5; Kennedy, Journ. Royal Asiat. Soc., 1909, p. 1110, declares that their language has been proved to belong to the Ural-Altaic group and to be akin to Vannic.
46.3 Vide Messerschmidt, p. 25 (plate); Von Oppenheim, Der Tel-Halaf und die verschleierte Gottin, p. 17, publishes a somewhat similar figure holding a kind of club.
47.1 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l’art, iv. p. 354 (fig.).
47.2 Vide Garstang, The Land of the Hittites, pl. lxiii.-lxxi.; Messerschmidt, op. cit., pp. 26-27.
48.1 e.g. Outlines of Greek Religion, by R. Karsten, p. 6.
48.2 Vide supra, p. 46; cf. E. Meyer, Das erste Auftreten der Arier in der Geschichte in Sitzungsb. d. konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1908, pp. 14 seq.
CHAPTER IV NOTES
52.3 Vide Roscher, Lexikon, vol. iii. p. 48, s.v. “Nebo.”
52.4 Vide Roscher, op. cit., iii. p. 67 (Mitth. aus dem Orient. Sammlung. zu Berlin, Heft xi. p. 23).
52.5 Monuments of Nineveh, i. p. 65 (Roscher, op. cit., ii. p. 2350).
52.6 P. 43.
52.7 Roscher, op. cit., vol. iv. p. 29.
53.1 Roscher, op. cit., iii. p. 254-255.
53.2 Schrader, Keil. Bibl., ii. p. 141.
53.3 Frag. Hist. Graec., ii. p. 496. Frag. 1, 3.
53.4 Nineveh and Babylon, pl. vi. (Roscher, op. cit., iii. p. 580).
54.1 Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, fig. 2. Roscher, op. cit., iii. p. 580.
54.2 In the Amer. Journ. Archael., 1887, pp. 59-60, Frothingham cites examples from Assyrian cylinders of birds on pillars or altar with worshippers approaching: one of these shows us a seated god in front of the bird (pl. vii. 1); on another, a warrior approaches a tabernacle, within which is a horse’s head on an altar, and near it a bird on a column (pl. vii. 2; cf. the boundary-stone of Nebuchadnezzar I., published by Miss Harrison, Trans. Congr. Hist. Rel., 1908, vol. ii. p. 158); we find also a winged genius adoring an altar on which is a cock. But cocks and other birds were sacrificial animals in Babylonian ritual, and might be interpreted in all these cases as mere temporary embodiments of the divinity’s power; the human-shaped divinity is once represented by the side of the bird, and might always have been imagined as present though unseen.
55.1 Roscher, Lexikon, iii. p. 268.
55.2 Vide chapter i. pp. 14-15.
56.1 Langdon, Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms, p. 127.
56.2 Schrader, Keilinsch. Bibl., ii. pp. 79, 83.
56.3 Op. cit., p. xix.
57.1 Langdon, op. cit., p. 159, n. 18. Compare with this the personification of abstract ideas; the children of Shamash are Justice (Kettu) and Law (Mésaru), and remain impersonal agencies, unlike the Greek Θέμις. A deified Righteousness (sedek) has been inferred from personal names that occur in the Amarna documents; vide Cook, Palestine, p. 93.
57.2 Vide his article on “Eschmun-Asklepios,” in Orient. Stud. zu Th. Nöldeke am 70ten Geburtstag gewidmet: the proofs are doubtful, but snake-worship in Phoenicia is attested by Sanchuniathon, Eus. Praep. Ev., 1, 10, 46.
57.3 Cook, Religion of Ancient Palestine, pp. 30-31.
58.1 Praep. Ev., 1, 10, 31. Glaser, Mittheilungen uber einige Sabaeische Inschriften, p. 3-4, gives reasons for affirming the worship of black bulls in heathen Arabia; but it is not clear in what relation these stood to the high personal divinities.
58.2 Op. cit., p. 545.
59.1 Langdon, op. cit., p. 223.
59.2 Zimmern, Babyl. Hymn. w. Gebete, p. 11.
59.3 C. I. Sem., 250.
60.1 For references, vide my Cults of the Greek States, vol. ii., “Aphrodite,” R. 113a.
60.2 Vide Head, Hist. Num., p. 586.
61.1 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l’art, iv. fig. 329; cf. Garstang, op. cit., p. 256.
61.3 Messerschmidt, op. cit., p. 23.
61.4 Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc., 1909, p. 971.
62.1 Luschan, Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, Heft iii. Taf. 42, 43; cf. Garstang, op. cit., p. 274.
62.2 Vide Roscher, op. cit., iii., s.v. “Ramman.”
62.3 Perrot et Chipiez, op. cit., iv. p. 549, fig. 276; cf. fig. 278.
62.4 Op. cit., ii. pp. 642-644.
63.1 Cumont, Voyage d’exploration dans le Pont, p. 139.
64.1 Vide Perrot et Chipiez, op. cit., vol. iv. fig. 107; cf. the relief-figure of Cybele on a Phrygian rock-tomb, wearing on her head a polos, with two lions rampant raising their paws to her head, published by Ramsay, Hell. Journ., 1884, vol. v. p. 245; cf. Perrot et Chipiez, iv. fig. 110 (“little more than the earlier columnar form of the goddess slightly hewn,” Evans, Hell. Journ., 1901, p. 166).
64.2 Vide “Mycenaean Stone and Pillar-cult,” Hell. Journ., 1901.
65.1 Evans, “Report of Excavations,” Ann. Brit. School, 1902-1903, p. 92, fig. 63.
65.2 Ann. Brit. School, 1900-1901, p. 29, fig. 9.
65.3 Published by Evans in Hell. Journ., 1901, p. 170, fig. 48.