Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals

INDEX

Academea at Athens, 468
Achaeans, athletic character of, 8, 11
Acrobats, in Homer, 25;
- on Panathenaic vase, 243
Aeginetan pediments, physical type of, 92
Aeginetan successes, 92, 216, 226
Aepytus of Elis, rides his father’s horse, 463
Aezani, stadium, 266
Africanus compiles Olympic register, 50, 192
Age, classification by, 271
Agesidamus of Locri Epizephyrii, boxer, 110
Ageus of Argos, dolichodromos, 201, 285
Agias, pankratiast, statue of, at Delphi, 124, 212
Aglaus of Athens, runner, 273
Agonothetes, 150
Akontistes, 150, 506
Alcibiades, victories at Olympia, 132;
- at Isthmia, 225;
- his feast at Olympia, 207;
- wrestling, 445
Alcimedon of Aegina, wrestler, 375
Alcimidas of Aegina, wrestler, 375
Alcmaeon of Athens, 60
Aleiptes, 477, 506
Alexander, son of Amyntas, at Olympia, 47, 80
Alexander the Great, his contempt for athletics, 127, 154;
- respect for Olympia, 154
Alexandria, victories at Olympia, 155
Alexandrini, guild of, 175
Amentum, 339 ff.
Amphiaraus vase, 29, 385, 463
Amphictionies, in Peloponnese, 41
Anaxilas of Rhegium, 71, 207
Anaximenes, statue of, at Olympia, 140
Anolympiads, 45
Antiochus, pankratiast, Arcadian ambassador to Persia, 143
Antipater of Miletus, boxer, refuses bribe, 134
Antiphon, 339, 354
Anystis, courier, 181

Aphesis, of stadium, 253, 259, 265, 273;
- of hippodrome, 453
Aphetes, or katapaltaphetes, 150
Aphrodisias, stadium, 260
Apobates, 71, 237, 461
Apollo, statues of, 84, 88 ff.
Apollonius, boxer, disqualified at Olympia, 201
Apollonius Rhodius, description of boxing, 430
Apoxyomenos, 124, 482
Aratus of Sicyon, 157, 160
Arcesilas of Cyrene, 210
Archelaus of Macedon, founds Olympia at Dium, 152
Archilochus of Paros, hymn of, 56, 207
Argeius of Ceos, boxer, 216, 225, 426
Argive wrestlers, 393, 401
Argos, and Olympia, 55;
- and Nemean games, 224
Aristomenes of Aegina, wrestler, 375
Ariston, P. Cornelius, pankratiast, 178, 375
Aristonicus of Carystus, Alexander’s sphairistes, 485
Aristophanes, on decline of athletics, 131
Aristotle, his opinion on athletics, 127;
- on the pentathlon, 136;
- edits list of Olympionicae, 50,
- and Pythionicae, 213;
- statue of, at Olympia, 140
Armed combat. Vide Hoplomachia
Armed race. Vide Foot-race
Arrhichion of Phigalia, pankratiast, 70, 201, 438, 443, 450
Asclepiades, Publius, inscribed diskos of, 183, 316
Asinius Quadratus, C., Olympic chronology, 182
Aspendus, coins of, 103, 373, 385, 441
Astylus of Croton, runner, proclaimed as a Syracusan, 76, 82, 134
Atarbus, monument of, 240

Athenian festivals, 227 ff.;
- Panathenaea, 227;
- Heraclea, 228;
- Eleusinia, 228;
- Oschophoria, 228;
- Thesea, 228, 247;
- Epitaphia, 228;
- Dionysia, 229;
- Aiantea, 229;
- Olympia, 229;
- Bendidea, 229;
- Diisoteria, 229
Athens, successes at Olympia, 73;
- athletic training at, 108;
- decline of athletics, 131;
- training of epheboi, 149;
- gladiatorial shows at, 172;
- Panathenaic stadium, 263;
- popularity of foot-race and pankration, 272;
- gymnasia and palaestrae, 149, 468 ff.
Athletes, honours and rewards of, 77;
- profits of, 129;
- transfer of, 134
Athletic art, 84, 86 ff., 103.
- Vide Coins, Gems, Sculpture
Athletics, difference between Greek and modern, 3, 5;
- distinguish Greek from barbarian, 47, 107
Athletics and athletic games, 3;
- and physical training, 186, 510
Athletics, Greek, practical character of, 1;
- part of education, 2;
- absence of records, 2;
- connexion with religion, 3;
- political importance of, 4;
- danger of excess in, 4;
- vitality of, 5;
- importance attached to style, 2, 114;
- influence of, upon art, 86;
- influence of art upon, 114
Athletics, history of Greek—
- Northern origin of athletics, 8;
  - pre-Achaeans unathletic, 9;
  - sport in Homer, 11 ff.;
  - sport aristocratic, 14, 25
- Rise of athletic festival, 26 ff.;
  - early records of Olympia, 54;
  - superiority of Sparta, seventh century, 56;
  - athletics in Sicily and Italy, 58;
  - sport national and democratic, 60
- Organization of athletics, sixth century, 61;
  - profits and rewards of, 76;
  - protest of Xenophanes against over-athleticism, 78;
  - growth of competition, 79;
  - athletic training, 81;
  - decline of Sparta, 81;
  - age of strong men, 82
- Athletic ideal of fifth century, 86 ff.;
  - influence of Persian wars, 107;
  - influence of art on athletics, 114
- Growth of specialization 440-338 B.C., 124 ff.;
  - athletic diet, 125;
  - artificial training, 126;
  - rise of medical gymnastics, 129;
  - lucrativeness of athletics, 129;
  - professionalism, 131;
  - corruption, 134;
  - brutalization of sport, 135
- The professional strong man, 146;
  - age of athletic buildings, 148;
  - military training of epheboi, 149;
  - athletic revival in Asia and Egypt, 155;
  - decline of Italy and Sicily, 160
- Roman prejudice against athletics, 163;
  - brutalizing influence of Rome, 172;
  - increase of corruption, 174;
  - athletic guilds, 174;
  - artificial revival of athletics under Empire, 178;
  - age of records, 181;
  - sports of Sparta, 183;
  - Galen condemns athletics, 188;
  - Philostratus on the decline of athletics, 190;
  - artificiality of training, 191
Aurelius Asclepiades, M., periodoneikes, 178
Automedes of Phlius, pentathlete, 368
Bacchylides, 105, 109, 195, 200, 272
Balbis, 252, 318 ff.
Ball-play in Homer, 24;
- at Sparta, 185;
- Galen’s treatise on, 187;
- Alexander fond of, 485;
- rooms for, 485
Bater, 252, 297
Bathing arrangements in gymnasium, 479 ff.
Bathroom at Delphi, 486;
- at Priene, 495
Beauty, Greek love of, 88
Belistiche, 159, 462
Beni-Hassan, wrestling scenes at, 9, 372
Boat-races, 221, 229, 240, 508
Bolas, 314

Boxing—
- In Crete, 9, 10, 403;
  - in Homer, 17, 417;
  - in Eastern Aegean, 33;
  - at Priene (ἐν εἵμασι), 496;
  - popularity of, 131, 402
- Himantes, 402;
  - sphairai, 406, 136;
  - himantes oxeis, 409;
  - caestus, 411;
  - represented on bronze situlae, 412
- History of, in Greece, 414;
  - conditions of, 415;
  - position of boxer, 419
- Use of left hand, 422;
  - use of right hand, 423;
  - the crushed ear, 425;
  - foot-work, 425;
  - defect of style, 427
- Amycus and Polydeuces in Theocritus, 428;
  - in Apollonius Rhodius, 430;
  - Dares and Entellus in Vergil, 431, 172;
  - laws of, 432
- Practice for, 433
Boys, competitions for, 80;
- pankration for, 161;
- Claudian, Augustan, 175;
- Isthmian, Pythian, 271
Bull-baiting at Cnossus, 10
Burgon vase, 242, 457
Bybon, inscription of, on weight, 83
Bye, importance of, 370, 374
Caestus, 136, 172.
- Vide Boxing
Callippus of Athens, pentathlete, bribes opponents, 134, 136
Caprus of Elis, pankratiast, 146
Carrhotus, charioteer of Arcesilas, 463
Ceos, athletic successes of, 107, 216, 226;
- list of victors, 216;
- ephebic inscription, 151, 502
Chariot, four-horse and two-horse, 457
Charioteer, 111, 463;
- dress of, 459, 460
Chariot-race, in Homer, 15;
- in funeral games, 31, 32;
- antiquity of, at Olympia, 40, 56;
- tyrants compete in, 59;
- popularity of, in Sicily, 132, 451;
- in Sparta, 133;
- in Macedon, 161;
- discontinuance of, at Olympia, 165;
- at Pythia, 211;
- at Isthmia, 221;
- at Nemea, 225;
- at Athens, 235 ff.;
- women compete in, 462;
- states compete in, 463;
- danger of, 463.
- Vide also Hippodrome
Chilon, death of, at Olympia, 73
Chionis of Sparta, runner, 58, 70
Chios, girls and men wrestle, 387
Chromius of Aetna, chariot, 114, 225
Cimon of Athens, 73, 468
Cirrus, 377
Claudius Rufus, T., pankratiast, decree in honour of, 115
Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 60, 63, 66, 210
Cleitomachus of Thebes, boxer, wrestler, pankratiast, 146, 199;
- epigram on, 377
Cleitostratus of Rhodes, wrestler, 401
Clothes, penalty for stealing, in gymnasium, 477;
- provision for care of, 500
Cnossus, bull-baiting at, 9;
- dancing and boxing, 10

Coins—
- Athletic types on, 103;
  - diskobolos (Cos), 330;
  - wrestlers (Aspendus, Alexandria, Heraclea, Syracuse, Tarentum), 372, 373, 385, 390
- Equestrian types on coins of Italy and Sicily, 451;
  - mule car (Rhegium, Messana), 460;
  - torch-race, apobates (Tarentum), 461;
  - chariot (Catana), 465;
  - (Syracuse, Agrigentum), 465;
  - chariot and horse on coins of Macedon, 459
- The Zeus of Pheidias (Elis), 178;
  - nymph Olympia and Victory (Elis), 194;
  - prize table (Delphi), 214;
  - crown (Delphi), 214;
  - (Corinth), 222;
  - (Argos), 224
Colotes, prize-table of, 121
Colts, races for, 161;
- judging, 204, 461
Competition, Greek love of, 3
Coroebus of Elis, first Olympic victor, 50, 54
Corruption in athletics, 134, 148, 174, 218
Cretans excel as runners, 284
Creugas and Damoxenus at Nemea, 421, 432
Croton, victories of, 58, 82, 284;
- tries to rival Olympia, 82
Cryptoporticus, 494, 498
Cylon of Athens, 71, 73
Cynisca, 133, 462
Cynosarges, 149, 468
Cypselus, chest of, 30, 60
Damagetus of Sparta, boxer, 73
Damaretus of Heraea, hoplitodromos, statue of, 70
Damaretus, king of Sparta, chariot-race, 133
Damiscus of Messene, boy runner, 271
Damonon, inscription, 133, 284, 151, 463
Damostratus, wrestler, epigram on, 377
Dead heats, 206
Deinosthenes of Sparta, courier, 155 n. 2
Delos, festival at, 33;
- gymnasium, 489
Delphi, charioteer, 111;
- inscription, περὶ οἴνου, 126;
- stadium, 257;
- gymnasium, 483
Democrates of Tenedos, decree in honour of, 156
Diadumenos of Polycleitus, 96
Diagoras of Rhodes, 180
Diagoridae of Rhodes, 47, 130, 179
Diaulos, 51, 280, 283
Diet of athletes, 124, 126, 191
Dikon of Syracuse, runner, 137
Diodorus, gymnasiarchos, stele of, 491
Diodorus of Pergamum, gymnasiarchos, restores gymnasium, 500
Dion, accounts of archonship of, at Delphi, 261, 483
Dion of Prusa (Chrysostom) at the Isthmia, 173, 214
Dionysodorus of Thebes and Alexander, 154
Diophon, pentathlete, epigram on, 359, 368
Discipline enforced by the rod, 142, 274, 436, 469, 475
Diskobolos, of Myron, 95, 319, 322, 330;
- the standing (Vatican), 327.
- Vide Coins, Sculpture
Diskoi, of stone, 315;
- of metal, 316;
- existing specimens, 316;
- weight and size of, 317
Diskoi, inscribed, Iphitus, 43;
- Publius Asclepiades, 183;
- Exoïdas, 316
Diskos and solos in Homer, 22, 313
Diskos, throwing the, distance thrown, 318;
- balbis, 318;
- marking the throw, 320;
- principle of the throw, 322;
- typical positions, 323;
- stance, 327;
- backward swing, 330;
- the forward swing and throw, 331;
- modern styles, 333;
- competitions in, 337
Dolichos, 51, 270, 279, 281, 284
Domitius Tutus, Q., votive offering of, 222
Dorian invasion, 42
Dorieus of Rhodes, boxer, 130, 375
Doryphoros of Polycleitus, 95
Drachma, value of, 262
Drill, textbooks of, 374
Dromeus of Mantinea, pankratiast, 375
Dromeus of Stymphalus, dolichodromos and trainer, introduces meat diet, 126, 505
Dromos, at Sparta, 467
Drumos of Epidaurus, inscription of, 285
Dumb-bells, halteres used as, 310
Elaiothesion, 490
Elean embassy to Egypt, 68
Eleans and Pisatans, 43, 142
Eleans, Ϝρατραι of, 51
Elis, synoecism of, 115;
- the new city, 117;
- treaty with Heraea, 46
Empedocles of Aetna, 207
Epaenetus, inscribed halter of, 298
Epaminondas and athletics, 127
Epharmostus of Opous, 180, 228
Ephebeion, 490, 495
Epheboi, 99;
- reorganized by Lycurgus, 148;
- training of,, 149 ff.
Ephesus, stadium, 266;
- gymnasium, 494
Epicharinus, hoplitodromos, statue of, 94
Epidaurus, athletes fined for bribery, 148 n.;
- stadium, 254
Epigrams, athletic, 172;
- their veracity, 310
Epinikia, 78, 105 ff.
Etruscan wall-paintings, funeral games, 27;
- wrestling, 384;
- boxing, 412
Euagoras of Sparta, chariot-race, 133
Eumastas, inscription on weight, 83
Eumelus, 34
Eupolemus of Elis, runner, 135
Eupolus of Thessaly, boxer, bribes opponents, 134
Euripides, epinikion on Alcibiades, 105;
- on professional athletes, 131
Euryleonis of Sparta, 462
Eutelidas of Sparta, pentathlete and wrestler, 57, 70
Euthymus of Locri Epizephyrii, boxer, worshipped as a hero, 77
Exaenetus of Agrigentum, runner, triumphal entry of, 77
Exercises, classification of, heavy and light, 364;
- according to Galen, 509
Exoïdas, inscribed diskos of, 316
Festivals—
- Actia, reorganized by Augustus, 168
- Adriania, 180
- Antinoea, 176
- Asclepiea at Epidaurus, 180, 254
- Assinaria, commemorated on coins of Syracuse, 465
- Augustalia at Neapolis, regulations for, 169, 175, 271
- Augustea, 180
- Azan in Arcadia, 31
- Balbillea, 180
- Capitolia at Rome, 170
- Carnea, 72
- Chrysanthina at Sardis, 180
- Delia, 33
- Dioclea at Megara, 3
- Eleutheria at Plataea, 31, 108, 286
- Erotidia, 372
- Eusebea at Puteoli, 180
- Euryclea at Sparta, 184 n. 2
- Haliea at Rhodes, 31
- Heraclea at Sparta, 180
- Heraea at Olympia, 47, 272
- Heraea at Argos, 180
- Hermaea in palaestra, 469
- Leonidaea at Sparta, 176, 184, 491
- Olympia at Aegae, 154;
  - Alexandria, 181;
  - Antioch, 170;
  - Dium, 152;
  - Athens, Smyrna, Ephesus, 180
- Petraea, 211
- Ptolemaea, 150
- Soteria, 158
- Vide Olympia, Isthmia, Nemea, Athenian festivals
Flamininus at the Isthmia, 162
Flavius Archibius, T., of Alexandria, pankratiast, inscription, 181
Flavius Artemidorus, T., pankratiast, inscription, 179
Flute-player accompanies athletics, 302, 476

Foot-race, the, 270;
- length of races, 270;
- supposed pre-eminence of stade-race, 272;
- the start, 273;
- use of starting lines, 274;
- position of runners, 274;
- ὕσπληξ, 276;
- wooden barrier, 277;
- poaching at the start, 274, 277;
- heats, 277;
- use of posts in starting lines, 278;
- manner of running diaulos and dolichos, 279;
- styles of running, 280, 290;
- physical types of runners, 283, 291;
- performances of Greek runners, 284;
- race in armour, its character, 285;
- varieties of, 286, 291;
- description of, 70, 289;
- popularity of, 291;
- Oschophoria, 292;
- torch-races, 292;
- methods of training, 292
François vase, 349, 463
Frigidarium, 491
Funeral games, athletic festivals derived from, 27;
- distribution of, 27;
- in Ireland, 28;
- in Greece, 30;
- represented in art, 30;
- become periodical, 31;
- origin of, 31
Galen, 187;
- his treatise on the “Small Ball,” 187;
- his exhortation, 188;
- system of physical training, 509
Games and athletics compared, 3;
- and physical training, 509;
- at Sparta, 184

Gems, athletic scenes on, 103;
- wrestling groups on, 447
Germanicus Caesar, victory at Olympia, 167
Gladiatorial shows introduced into Syria, 161;
- into Greece, 172
Glaucon of Athens, chariot, 158
Glaucus of Carystus, boxer, 82, 83;
- statue of, 94
Gorgias of Leontini at Olympia, 137
Gorgos of Messene, pentathlete, 160
Guilds, athletic, 174
Gymnasiarchos, 151, 500 ff.
Gymnasium and palaestra—
- Difference between, 467;
  - at Athens, 468, 149;
  - essentials of, 470
- Scenes from, in Plato, 471;
  - scenes from, on the vases, 472 ff.;
  - exercises in, 472;
  - discipline in, 475;
  - the apodyterion, 476;
  - the bath-room, 479
- At Delphi, 483, 213;
  - at Olympia, 486;
  - at Epidaurus and Delos, 489;
  - Vitruvius’ description of, 489;
  - at Ephesus, 494;
  - at Priene, 494;
  - at Pergamum, 496
Gymnastes and paidotribes, difference between, 503
Gymnastics and athletics, 2;
- and medicine, 505;
- and music, 2
Gymnopaidike at Sparta, 507
Hadrian, 176
Halter, the Cilician, 442
Halteres, 298 ff.;
- used as dumb-bells, 310
Heats, drawing lots for, 205, 278
Hellanodicae at Nemea, 66, 225;
- at local Olympia, 170;
- at Epidaurus, 257.
- Vide Olympia
Helvidius, stele of, 241
Heracles, in early art, 84;
- compared with Theseus, 85;
- statue of (Farnese), 146;
- as wrestler, 372;
- wrestles with Antaeus, 380, 383, 388, 390, 444, 448;
- as boxer, 402;
- as pankratiast, 437;
- fights with Nemean lion, 384, 387, 437;
- with Triton and Achelous, 447
Heracles, successors of, 146, 161, 174
Heralds, competitions for, 139, 199
Herculanei, guild of, 175
Hermes, patron of gymnasium, 485
Herodes Atticus, his buildings, 178, 259, 263
Herodicus of Selymbria, 129, 504
Herodotus at Olympia, 139
Herodotus of Thebes, his own charioteer, 221, 228, 463
Hieron of Syracuse, 210
Hieromnemones, 208
Hieronymus defeats Tisamenus in pentathlon, 366
Himantes. Vide Boxing
Hippeis, Helbig’s theory of the, 71
Hippias of Elis, 140;
- compiles Olympic register, 50
Hippios race, 220, 225, 270
Hippocrates of Cos, condemns athletic training, 128

Hippodrome, 451;
- absence of spina, 452;
- on Mt. Lycaeus, 452;
- at Olympia, 452;
- aphesis of, 453;
- Taraxippos, 455;
- equestrian programme, 457;
- length of races, 457;
- four-horse chariot, 458;
- two-horse chariot, 459;
- mule car, 460;
- jockeys, 460;
- apobates, 461
Hippomachus, trainer, 114
Hipposthenes of Sparta, wrestler, 57
Homer, the joy of sport, 11;
- Phaeacians and Achaeans, 12;
- sport spontaneous and aristocratic, 14, 25;
- prizes, 14;
- games of Patroclus, 15 ff.;
- chariot-race, 15;
- boxing, 17;
- wrestling, 19;
- foot-race, 20;
- armed combat, 21;
- throwing the stone, 22;
- sports of the soldiers, 24;
- acrobats, 25
Hoplite race, 70, 225.
- Vide Foot-race
Hoplitodromos of Tübingen, 94, 275

Hoplomachia, in Homer, 21;
- at Thesea, 248
Hoplomachos, 151, 506
Horse-races, 58, 71, 460
Hysmon of Elis, pentathlete, 136
Iasos, consumption of oil in gymnasium, 502
Iccus of Tarentum, trainer, 129, 505
Iliac line in Greek sculpture, 311
Immorality, gymnasia accused of, 99
Iphitus, truce of, 43
Ireland, funeral games, 28;
- use of amentum, 343
Isocrates’ Panegyric at Olympia, 138

Isthmia, refounding of, in 582 B.C., 64;
- rivalry with Olympia, 65, 216;
- Dion Chrysostom’s description of, 173, 214;
- corruption at, 174;
- character of, 214;
- connexion with Athens, 216;
- history of, 216;
- competition somewhat local, 216;
- sacred truce and Sparta, 217;
- under the Romans, 218;
- control transferred to Sicyon, 219;
- restored to Corinth, 219;
- programme of, 220;
- prizes at, 221
Jason of Pherae, 152, 212
Javelin, the, 338;
- the amentum, 339;
- its use in war and the chase, 340;
- its distribution, 342;
- the ounep and the throwing stick, 344;
- its effect, 346
Javelin, throwing the, practical style, 348;
- athletic style, 350;
- with or without a run, 352;
- left-handed throw, 352;
- competitions in, 353, 135;
- in Homer, 352, 21;
- in fifth century, 354;
- part of pentathlon, 355;
- rules for, 356;
- on horseback, 356
Julius Caesar, sports provided by, 166
Jumping, in Homer, 24;
- part of pentathlon, 295;
- a long jump, 296;
- hopping and other exercises, 296;
- the skamma, 297;
- the bater, 297;
- measuring the jump, 298;
- jumping weights, 298;
- method of using, 301;
- a standing or running jump, 306;
- jumping without weights, 308
Konisterion, 485, 492, 500
Korykeion, 492
Korykos, 478
Kosmetes, 150, 501
Laches of Ceos, runner, 195
Laconicum, 491
Ladas of Achaea, stadiodromos, 284
Ladas of Sparta, dolichodromos, 284
Lakkoma at Delphi, 261
Lampadarchia, Lampadarchos, 501.
- Vide Torch-race
Lampito, 296
Lampon of Aegina, 111
Laodicea, stadium, 266
Larisa, inscription, 354
Leon of Ambracia, appeals to Olympic council, 135
Leonidas of Naxos, builds Leonidaeum, 156
Leonidas of Rhodes, runner, τριαστής, 161
Leontiscus of Sicily, breaks opponent’s fingers, 373, 386
Lichas of Sparta, beaten at Olympia, 142
Licinius Priscus, improves stadium at Isthmus, 219
Loin-cloth, 48, 376
Love names, on vases, 99
Lucian’s Anacharsis, 182 and passim
Lyceum at Athens, 149, 468, 472
Lycurgus of Athens, 148, 263
Lycurgus of Sparta, and trace of Iphitus, 43
Lygdamis of Syracuse, boxer, 58
Lysander, statue of, at Olympia, 140
Lysias, Panegyric, 34;
- at Olympia, 138
Macedon and Olympia, 151, 158
Marathon, the charge at, 107
Massage, 129, 478
Medical gymnastics, 129
Megacles of Athens, 210
Melancomas, boxer, 174, 428
Melesias, trainer, 505
Melissus of Thebes, pankratiast, 444
Menander of Athens, trainer, 108, 505
Messene, stadium, 266
Messenian successes at Olympia, 54, 143
Metae of stadium, 267
Metrodorus of Pergamum, gymnasiarchos, 497
Midas of Agrigentum, flute-player, 230
Military competitions, 150 ff.;
- at Athens, 239, 248
Milo of Croton, wrestler, 82, 310, 375, 377
Mosaic, from Tusculum, 176, 447;
- from baths of Caracalla, 189, 411
Mud, wrestling in, 376
Mule chariot-race, 71, 460
Mummius at Olympia, 162
Mycenae, absence of athletics, 11;
- “warrior vase,” 340
Myron of Sicyon, 59
Myron, sculptor, 95

Nemea, origin of festival, 66;
- similarity to Olympia, 66;
- Hellanodicae at, 66, 225;
- control of, 223;
- history of, 224;
- the winter Nemea, 224;
- the sanctuary, 224;
- date, of, 225;
- programme of, 225;
- athletic character of, 226;
- nature of competition at, 226
Nero at Olympia, 171;
- at Isthmia, 218
Nicasylus of Rhodes, 271
Nicogenes of Athens, Agonothetes, decree in honour of, 150
Nicostratus of Cilicia, last successor of Heracles, 174
Nudity in athletics, influence of, 86
Oenopides at Olympia, 140
Oil, use of, in athletics, 273;
- in gymnasium, 477, 490;
- supplied by gymnasiarchos, 477;
- large quantity used, 502
Oligaethidae of Corinth, victories of, 217

Olympia, buildings and monuments at—
- Altar of Zeus, 53
- Altis wall, 119, 156
- Bouleuterion, 69, 116, 119
- Colonnades, 120, 156
- Exedra of Herodes, 171
- Gymnasium, 159, 488
- Heraeum, 48, 52
- Heroum, 156
- Hippodamium, 39
- Hippodrome, 120, 452
- Historical monuments, 118, 137, 138, 145, 158, 162
- Leonidaeum, 156
- Metroum, 167
- Nero, house of, 171
- Oenomaus, house of, 39
- Palaestra, 159, 486
- Pelops, tomb of, 39
- Philippeum, 153
- Processional entrance, 171
- Prytaneum, 70
- Prehistoric remains at, 39
- Stadium, 53, 120, 156, 167, 251 ff.
- Statues, athletic, 57, 70, 121, 136, 160, 168
- Statues, honorary, 140, 157, 159, 168, 182
- Temple of Zeus, 119
- Theocoleon, 156
- Treasuries, 58, 69, 118
- Treasury steps, 118
- Votive offerings, 40, 53, 138, 157, 183
Olympia, history of—
- Antiquity of, 34;
  - position of, 36;
  - accessibility by sea and land, 36;
  - Cretans and Phoenicians at, 37;
  - connexion with migrations, 37;
  - primitive cults at, 38;
  - mythical founding of games, 39;
  - Pelops and Heracles, 39;
  - in pre-Dorian times, 40;
  - under control of Pisatae, 41;
  - Oxylus and Dorian invasion, 42;
  - Pisatae and Eleans, 43;
  - truce of Iphitus, 43;
  - dual control of, 44;
  - Elean reconstruction of history, 44;
  - date of destruction of Pisa, 46
- First Olympiad, 50;
  - Olympia in 776 B.C., 52;
  - competition local at first, 54;
  - gradual expansion eastward, 55;
  - Spartan predominance in seventh century, 56;
  - connexion with western colonies, 58;
  - political importance recognized by tyrants, 59;
  - national and democratic character of, 60;
  - in sixth century, 68 ff.;
  - activity of Eleans, 68;
  - Athenian successes, 73
- Representative character of competition in fifth century, 108;
  - high ideal of Olympia, 115;
  - influence of Persian wars, 115;
  - synoecism of Elis, 115;
  - devastation of Pisatis, 116;
  - reorganization of festival by Eleans, 116;
  - new buildings, 118
- Between 440-338 B.C., 131 ff.;
  - decline of competition, 131, 136, 140, 145;
  - beginnings of corruption, 134;
  - political influence of festival, 136;
  - a centre of Panhellenism, 136;
  - expansion of interests, 139;
  - quarrel with Sparta, 141;
  - humiliation of Elis, 142;
  - Elis and Arcadia, 143;
  - battle at Olympia and triumph of Elis, 144
- Importance of festival in Macedonian times, 152 ff.;
  - Philip II., 153;
  - Alexander, 154;
  - Alexandrian victories at, 155;
  - Macedonian monuments, 155;
  - Macedonian victories, 158;
  - change in competition, 160;
  - cessation of victors from the west, 160
- Decline in first century B.C., 164;
  - games transferred to Rome by Sulla, 165;
  - discontinuance of chariot-races, 165;
  - revival under the Empire, 167;
  - Nero at, 170;
  - Hadrian and Herodes Atticus, 176;
  - antiquarian interest in Olympia, 182;
  - the last days of the festival, 192
Olympiads, used for chronology, 52
Olympic festival—
- Date of, 194;
  - duration of, 195;
  - order of, 196-200;
  - description of, in fifth century, 201-207
- Competitors, requirements for, 46;
  - dress of, 48;
  - names entered beforehand, 202;
  - training of, 202;
  - oath and scrutiny of, 203
- Council, 44, 69, 135
- Exegetae, 168
- Hellanodicae, 44, 69, 116, 117, 135, 192, 202, 205
- Heralds and trumpeters, 202, 205
- Iamidae and Clytidae, 41, 44
- Officials, lists of, 167
- Prizes, 48;
  - table of Colotes, 3, 53, 121;
  - when given, 206
- Programme, 51;
  - additions to, 57, 58, 70, 71, 133, 139, 161, 165
- Register of victors, 50, 198
- Sacred truce, 43, 201
- Spectators, 139, 203
- Theoroi, 60
- Women, exclusion of, 47
Onomastus of Smyrna, makes laws for boxing, 33, 56
Onomastus, inscription of, on prize caldron, 72
Oricadmus of Sicily, laws for wrestling, 401
Orsippus of Megara, runner, 48
Oschophoria, 228
Ounep or throwing thong, 344
Over-athleticism, 78
Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, fragment of Olympic register, 50, 108, 198;
- wrestling, 374, 507
Paidonomos, 151, 497
Paidotribes and gymnastes, distinction between, 503
Paidotribes, dress of, 474;
- fees, 151, 503
Palaestra and gymnasium, difference between, 468
Palaestra, different types of, 469;
- of Miccus in Plato, 471;
- life in, 149
Palm of victory, 76 n. 1
Panathenaea, reorganized by Peisistratus, 74;
- why not Panhellenic, 75;
- programme of, 75, 230;
- recitations at, 230;
- musical contests at, 230;
- athletic, 233;
- equestrian, 235;
- prizes at, 75, 231, 232, 234, 241;
- fewness of Athenian victories at, 235;
- tribal competitions, 239;
- regatta, 241;
- prizes, 241;
- prize amphorae, 242;
- stadium, 263
Panathenaic amphorae, 75, 241-245
Panhellenic festivals, cycle of, 67
Pankration, alleged brutality of, 435;
- Philostratus’ description of, 438;
- combination of wrestling and boxing, 439;
- various throws, 440;
- leg-holds, 441;
- stomach throw, 442;
- kicking, 445;
- strangling, etc., 446;
- ground-wrestling, 448;
- Uffizi wrestlers, 448
Paradromis, 483
Parthenon, Panathenaic procession on frieze of, 230;
- athletic type on, 102;
- apobates on, 238
Patroclus, games of, 15
Peisistratus, 73, 74
Peleus, pentathlon of, 362;
- wrestling with Atalanta, 387
Pelias, funeral games of, 30, 353
Peloponnese, the home of athletics, 9
Pentathlon, commended by Aristotle, 136;
- the events of, 359;
- three distinctive events, 360;
- typical of Greek education, 361;
- supposed invention by Jason, 362;
- pentathlon of Peleus, 362;
- order of events, 362;
- method of deciding, 365
Pergamum, inscription of Attalus, 158;
- stadium, 254 n. 1;
- gymnasia, 496 ff.
Periander of Corinth, 60
Phaedimus, boy pankratiast, 161
Phanas of Pellene, τριαστής, 82
Phayllus of Croton, 212, 284, 308 ff., 318, 368
Pheidiphides, courier, 181, 285
Pheidon of Argos, 45, 55, 59
Pherenice, 47
Philinus of Cos, runner, 161
Philip II. of Macedon, 152, 460
Philip V. of Macedon, at Nemea, 224
Philippus of Croton, worshipped here, 77
Philippus, boxer, inscription of, 375
Philon, contractor, fined by Hellanodicae, 254
Philonides of Crete, courier, 155, 181
Philopoemen, 160;
- reception of, at Nemea, 224
Philostratus, “gymnastike,” 189 and passim
Phintia, inscription on duties of gymnasiarchos, 502
Phlegon of Tralles, edits Olympic Register, 50, 182, 198
Phylacidas of Aegina, 111
Picks, in gymnasia, 297, 434, 475
Pindar, 105, 185;
- his athletic ideal, 109 ff.
Pisa, date of destruction of, 46;
- Pisatae, 41 ff.
Platanistas at Sparta, 184, 468
Plato, attitude towards athletics, 128;
- his ideal gymnastic, 128, 270;
- on boxing, 136;
- on running, 270;
- on wrestling, 380
Plutarch, on physical training, 187
Polites, runner, 199
Polycleitus, 95
Polydamas of Scotussa, pankratiast, 77
Polydeuces as boxer, 402;
- his fight with Amycus, 428
Polymnestor of Miletus, runner, 58
Pot-hunting, 81, 174
Powder for washing, 480;
- for massage, 492
Praxidamas of Aegina, boxer, statue of, 70
Praxiteles, the Hermes of, 52
Priene, stadium, 265;
- gymnasium, 494
Prizes, in Homer, 14;
- at Olympia, 48;
- at different festivals, 72;
- money, 82, 169;
- at Panathenaea, 75, 232, 234, 241;
- at Ceos, 151;
- at Sparta, 185;
- at Pythia, 214;
- at Isthmia, 221;
- at Nemea, 225;
- at Assinaria, 466
Professionalism, 81, 130, 146, 160
Ptolemaei and Olympia, 158
Ptolemaeus Lagi, 158, 211
Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, 149
Pylos and Pylians, 42
Pyrrhic chorus, 240
Pythagoras of Samos, boxer, 58
Pythagoras of Samos, trainer, 126, 505
Pytheas of Aegina, pankratiast, 111, 225
Pythia, originally held every eight years, 62;
- a musical festival, 63;
- first Sacred war, 63;
- refounded as pentaeteris, 582 B.C., 63;
- date of, 208;
- Hieromnemones, 208;
- programme of, 209;
- musical events, 209;
- painting competition, 209;
- equestrian events, 210;
- athletic events, 211;
- stadium, 212;
- hippodrome, 212;
- importance of, in fourth century, 212;
- Pythia held at Athens, 290 B.C., 213;
- Pythaids, 213;
- under the Empire, 213;
- duration and order of events, 213;
- prize, 214, 64
Record-breaking, in Imperial times, 181
Records, absence of, among Greeks, 2
Rhexibius of Opous, pankratiast, statue of, 70
Riding, taught in gymnasium, 476
Roman games, spectacular, 166
Romans, admitted to Greek festivals, 161;
- attitude of, towards athletics, 163
Rowing, 507
Running. Vide Foot-race
Scholiasts, worthlessness of their evidence, 359

Sculpture, athletic—
- Earliest athletic statues, 70;
  - sculpture of sixth century, 84;
  - Apollo of Tonea, 88;
  - Argive statue from Delphi, 90;
  - Boeotian type, 90;
  - Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo, 90;
  - Aeginetan pediments, 90;
  - Ligourio bronze, 91;
  - Argive and Athenian types, 91
- Development of athletic statue, 93;
  - Tübingen hoplitodromos, 94;
  - Myron’s diskobolos, 95, 319, 322, 330;
  - Polycleitus, 95
- Growing uniformity of type, 97;
  - preference for younger type, 101;
  - head of ephebos, 102;
  - Delphi charioteer, 111
- Diversity of type in fourth century, 124;
  - Apoxyomenos and Agias, 124;
  - Farnese Heracles, 146;
  - cessation of athletic statues, 160
- Girl runner (Vatican), 48;
  - standing diskobolos (Vatican), 327;
  - bronze statuettes of diskobolos, 326, 328, 330;
  - wrestling boys (Naples), 379, 382;
  - bronze wrestling groups, 396, 398, 399, 400;
  - boxer of the Terme, 146, 409;
  - Uffizi wrestlers, 448
Sicilian, rules for wrestling, 401;
- love of horse-racing, 451
Sicily and Italy, athletic eminence in sixth century, 81;
- decline in third century, 160
Simonides, epinikia, 78, 109;
- epigrams, 359, 364, 378
Skamma, 297, 376
Smyrna, connexion with Peloponnese, 50
Socrates on athletics, 124, 127
Sogenes of Aegina, pentathlete, 224
Solon, rewards for athletes, 74;
- laws for palaestrae, 469, 477
Solos, 24, 313
Sophius of Messene, runner, 143
Sophronistai, 501
Sostratus of Sicyon, pankratiast, 148, 447
Sotades of Crete, proclaims himself an Ephesian, 134
Sparta, athletic greatness in seventh century, 56;
- decline in sixth century, 81;
- popularity of horse-racing, 133;
- revival of Lycurgean discipline under the Empire, 183;
- contest of endurance, 183;
- festivals and games, 184;
- ball games, 185;
- musical and other competitions, 185;
- successes in running, 284;
- contempt of science in boxing and wrestling, 401, 402, 425
Spina, unknown in Greek race-courses, 251
Stadiodromos and Olympic chronology, 52, 273
Stadium, primitive type of, 251;
- history of, 267;
- Isthmia, 219;
- Nemea, 225;
- Olympia, 252;
- Epidaurus, 254;
- Delphi, 257;
- Athens, 263;
- Priene, 265;
- Messene, 266;
- Ephesus, 266;
- Aezani, 266;
- Aphrodisias, 266;
- Laodicea, 266
Start, the. Vide Aphesis, Foot-race
Statius, description of boxing, 426, 432
Stomius of Elis, pentathlete, 136
Stone-throwing in war and sport, 23
Strigil, 481
Style in athletics, importance attached to, 2, 114, 373
Sulla transfers Olympia to Rome, 165
Sweating-bath, 491
Swimming, 83, 507
Sybaris, 58, 82
Syracuse, 465
Taraxippus, 455
Tarentum, love of horses, 461
Tauromenium, number of competitions at, 502
Teos, inscriptions, 151, 502, 503
Tetrads, 191
Theagenes of Thasos, boxer, pankratiast, 77, 81, 82
Thebes, famed for chariots, 50, 210, 211;
- for wrestling, 401
Themistocles, at Olympia, 116;
- teaches his son riding and the javelin, 132, 356;
- frequents Cynosarges, 468
Theocritus, description of boxing, 428
Theodota, victory in chariot-race, 462
Theophrastus, 393, 485
Theseus, science of wrestling ascribed to, 372;
- of boxing, 402;
- of pankration, 437;
- wrestles with Cercyon, 391;
- comparison of, with Heracles, 85
Thessalian wrestling, 401
Thessaly, famed for horses, 58, 210
Tisamenus defeated by Hieronymus, 365
Tiberius Caesar, victory in chariot-race, 167
Timodemidae of Athens, 217, 226
Timodemus of Athens, 229
Tisander of Naxos, boxer, swims for exercise, 83
Titormus, weight-lifter and strong man, 83

Torch-races, 151, 240, 247, 292, 461, 501
Toxotes, 151
Trainers, 81, 108, 122, 504
Training, 124, 191, 293, 503
Troilus of Elis, Hellanodicas, wins horse-race unfairly, 135
Truce, sacred, 43, 141, 201;
- abuse of, by Argos, 223
Trumpet, races started by, 456
Trumpeters, competitions for, 139, 199
Tug of war, 405
Tullius, M., of Apamea, boxer, inscription of, 151
Tydeus, as boxer, 402
Tyrtaeus, 81, 88
Valerius Eclectus of Sinope, herald, 192
Varazdates, last Olympic victor, 193
Vases, athletic scenes on, 104;
- red and black figured, compared, 85, 352, 418;
- conventional representation of running, 282;
- geometric vases, 30;
- Panathenaic, 75, 241
Vergil, description of boxing, 172, 431
Vitruvius, description of gymnasium, 489
Walk-over, 375
Watsch, amentum represented on sword-belt, 343;
- boxing on situlae, 412
Weight-lifting, 83
Women, excluded from Olympia, 47;
- compete in chariot-races, 47, 239, 462;
- foot-races for, at the Heraea, 47;
- join in sports with men at Sparta, 47, 296;
- wrestle with youths at Chios, 387
Wrestling, its popularity, 372;
- an exercise of skill, 373;
- instruction in, 374;
- competitions in, the bye, 374;
- number of competitors, 374;
- “upright” and “ground,” 376;
- rules of, 377;
- the throw, 377;
- number of throws, 378;
- leg-holds, 380;
- preliminary position, 382;
- arm-holds, 383;
- flying mare, 383;
- neck-holds, 386;
- body-holds, 389;
- the heave, 391;
- cross-buttock, 393;
- tripping, 397;
- variety of styles, 400
Xenarches of Sparta, chariot-race, 225
Xenocles of Maenalus, wrestler, 375
Xenocrates of Agrigentum, chariot, 210
Xenophanes, protest against over-athleticism, 79, 272
Xenophon, 130;
- account of battle of Olympia, 196, 363;
- on javelin-throwing, 356
Xystarches, 175, 176, 506
Xystos, 483
Zanes, 134, 174
Zosimus of Priene, gymnasiarchos, 496

Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals

About This Book

INDEX