History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce, Volume 4 (of 4)

INDEX.

• Achilles, The S.S., belonging to Mr. Holt, from Foochow, by Cape, made passage to London, 13,552 miles, in 58 days 9 hours, Sept. 1869, p. 435, note
• Admiralty, The Lords of, slow to construct ships of iron, p. 97
• —— secure nearly a million for the reconstruction of a wooden navy in 1861, p. 98
• —— object to screw-propeller, as likely to cause loss of mechanical power, p. 106
• Adriatic, The, purchased by Galway Co. from Collins Co., very fast passage of, p. 268
• ——, of the “White Star Line,” accomplishes 455 miles in 24 hours, p. 279
• Africa, The, details of the construction of, pp. 217-8
• Agamemnon, The (Mr. Holt’s ship), beats the mails from Shanghai to London by nine days, July 1873, p. 436, note
• Allan, J. (in 1722), proposes to navigate a ship “by forcing water through the stern,” p. 26
• Allan, Mr. Alex., sketch of life of, pp. 260-1, note
• Allan, or Montreal Line, starts April 1862, p. 262
• —— now maintains a regular weekly service, ibid.
• —— deservedly famous for the speed of many of its vessels, such as the Polynesian, Hungarian, and Peruvian, p. 263
• ——, steamers of, 1875, Append. p. 612
• Allan, Mr. James, ultimately one of the Managing Directors of P. and O. Co., a sketch of his early history, pp. 380-1, note
• Amazon, The, launched June 28, 1851, various details of, p. 305, note, and p. 306
• ——, dreadful destruction of, by fire, pp. 307-8
• America, sketch of lakes in, pp. 122-3, note
• ——, the first vessel of, on the western waters, the brig Dean launched at Alleghany in 1806, p. 123, note
• —— has now navigable communication throughout of more than 3000 miles, ibid.
• ——, chief navigable rivers, bays, roadsteads, and harbours of, pp. 125-8
• ——, great dangers in the navigation of the Western rivers of, as shown by the loss of sixty-six vessels in 1832-4; while no less than 233 steamers blown up, between 1816 and 1848, with the loss of 2563 people killed, and 2097 wounded, pp. 134-40, and note
• ——, Atlantic steamboats of, generally with low-pressure engines, working at 18 to 20 lbs. on the square inch, with a difference of rating as compared with English vessels, p. 141
• ——, river boats of, sustain an average speed of 20 miles an hour, p. 144
• ——, their peculiar construction, p. 149
• —— still retains the whole of her river, lake, and coasting trade, p. 164
• —— determines on subsidizing a fleet of steamers to provide for the protection of “American rights,” p. 197
• ——, merchants of (at Boston, Philadelphia, &c.), complain of the monopoly of Transatlantic Trade, at New York, p. 228
• ——, wooden clippers of, no chance against the iron screws of England, but, for a time, probably as remunerative, p. 270
• American Government, for a while, subsidize vessels for the carrying of their mails, and, especially, the “Collins Line,” p. 197
• ——, wherein they take a natural pride, p. 215
• American Line of Steamers, from New York to Bremen, calling at Southampton, 1847, p. 195
• American Steamers, Bristol and Providence, dimensions of, Append. p. 600
• American Sailing-Vessels, do more with twenty hands than the English with thirty, p. 167
• Americans, we owe to them the modifications of Watt’s engine, still in use, p. 122
• ——, the first to improve steam-vessels by substituting a fine entrance and a clear run for round and bluff bows, ibid.
• —— send the first trading steamer across the Atlantic in 1819, p. 167
• —— resolve to compete with the Cunard Line, by subsidized vessels of their own, p. 199
• —— prefer to “skim” the water rather than to force the ship through, p. 582
• Amherst, Lord (as Governor General), warmly approves of Steam Navigation with India, p. 339
• —— offers a premium to any Company or person who will establish a steam service to India by the end of 1825, p. 339
• Anchor Line, started from the Clyde, in 1856, by Messrs. Handyside and Henderson, with lines to Quebec and the Mediterranean, pp. 287-90
• —— start fortnightly service between Glasgow and New York in 1865, p. 287
• —— now owns 71,328 tons of steam-ships, their Mediterranean vessels connecting with India by Suez Canal, pp. 287-9
• ——, their steam-ship Victoria an excellent specimen of a “business” ship, p. 289
• ——, particulars of line of steamers, Append. p. 633
• Anderson, Arthur, sketch of his life, p. 379, note
• Anthemius, account of (from Gibbon, c. xl.), how he avenged himself on the philosopher Zeno, p. 8, note
• Aquatic animals, as whelks, cuttle fish, &c., exhibit many types of machinery, p. 2
• Arago, M., in his “Éloge de James Watt,” speaks highly of the invention of Solomon de Caus, p. 16
• Archimedes, The, screw steam-ship, of Mr. T. P. Smith, her trials with the Widgeon, Oct. 14, 1839, between Dover and Calais, pp. 107-8
• ——, important as settling satisfactorily the value of the “screw,” pp. 108-10
• Arctic, The, commonly called the “clipper of the seas,” details of, pp. 204-7
• ——, collision of, with the Vesta, and dreadful loss of life, Sept. 27, 1854, pp. 222-4
• Arsenals, extensive, established by Chinese Government at Nankin, Foochow, &c., p. 473, note
• Atherton, Mr. Charles, views of, with regard to the speed of steam-vessels when greatly increased, pp. 491-2
• —— thinks the views of the Directors of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company are not supported by their data, pp. 495-6
• Atlantic Steam Navigation, not the idea of any one man, but of many working together, p. 178
• Australia, details of routes to, considered by Committee of House of Commons, pp. 390-1, note
• ——, stringent penalties enforced by Government for failure in conveying the mails to, p. 433
• ——, anecdote, with reference to the penalties to be imposed on failure in the mail service to, p. 433, note
• Australian Mail Service, proposal for independent line, May 1856, p. 396
• ——, peculiar conditions of the contracts for carrying the mails to, pp. 431-2
• Austrian Lloyd’s Company, and other shrewd persons, question the commercial plans of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, p. 491
• Auxiliary Screws, presumed advantage of, fallacious, as the machinery takes up too much room, pp. 428-9
• Bacon (Roger) describes a boat capable of obtaining greater speed than the “London pinnaces,” A.D. 1214-1296, p. 15
• Baltimore Clippers and “American Liners,” the result of the efforts towards improvement by American shipbuilders, p. 166
• Batture, the name technically applied to the alluvial soil of the Mississippi at New Orleans, p. 137
• Bavarian, The, fine steam-ship belonging to Messrs. Leyland, employed in Mediterranean, p. 421
• Bayard, Mr., absurd notions of, with reference to high speed, p. 214
• Bell, Henry, lays before the English and other Governments his plan for the improvement of Steam Navigation in 1800, p. 62
• —— gives, in letter to Mr. Miller, 1816, an account of his steamer the Comet, pp. 63-4
• ——, no more than Fulton, can claim to be the inventor of the present system of Steam Navigation, p. 64
• Bell, Mr. Lothian, estimate of the amount of pit coal in America, p. 139
• Bentinck, Lord W., arrives at Calcutta on July 3, 1838, and at once takes up the cause of Steam-vessels on Indian rivers, pp. 449-50
• Bergenroth, M., gives a list of the letters of Blasco de Garay, found by him at Simancas, pp. 14-15, notes.
• Berlin, The City of, splendid ship belonging to the Inman Company, 1875, p. 259, note
• Bessemer, The, built by Mr. E. J. Reed, details of her construction, pp. 563-6
• ——, the “swinging saloon” of, her most important feature, not available on her first trial, May 8, 1875, p. 566, note
• Bessori, J., describes a vessel with two prows (not unlike the Castalia), (1582), p. 15
• Black Ball Line, Old, ultimately merged in the Guion Line of sailing-ships, p. 273
• ——, still, as of old, a line of sailing-packets, so called, but under the management of Marshall and Co., p. 273, note.
• Boilers, Marine, of which, now, four different patents, hard to make strong enough to withstand the great pressure required, p. 580
• Bombay Government, letter approving of Mr. Taylor’s plan for Steam communication with India, p. 350
• Boston, Shipowners of, complain that individual enterprise is paralysed by the unfair giving of Government patronage, p. 200
• ——, and, therefore, protest against the adoption, by the American Government, of a protective system, ibid.
• Bothnia and Scythia, The, magnificent steamers built for Cunard Line, 1874, by Messrs. J. and G. Thompson of Glasgow, pp. 232-7 and note
• ——, of 1874, compared with the Britannia of 1840, p. 238
• Bougner, M., in 1746, uses “revolving arms, like the vanes of a mill,” to propel vessels, p. 101
• Bourne, W., proposes a “boate without oares or sayle” (1578), p. 15
• Bramah, Joseph (the inventor of the hydraulic press), invents also (in 1785) the “screw-propeller,” pp. 31-2, note
• ——, in 1798, tests the application of the screw to a boat, pp. 101-2
• Branca, G., applies steam to blow against vanes attached to the external rim of a wheel (1629), p. 16
• Bright, John, The, Parsee trader between Bombay, Calcutta, and China, p. 455 and note
• Britannia, The, one of the four first ships of the “Cunard Line;” details of her construction, p. 183, note
• Britannic, The, one of the “White Star Line,” engines of, by Maudslay, Sons, and Field, p. 279;
• further details of, p. 279, _note_
• British and Indian Steam Navigation Company, originally, and till 1862, called the Calcutta and Birmah Steam Navigation Company, p. 455
• —— now own 42 iron screw-steamers, p. 456 and note
• ——, vessels of, now traverse 1,100,000 miles annually, p. 459
• ——, and is now the most important of all the Indian Companies, pp. 455-60
• Brunel, Mr. I. K., proposes to Eastern Steam Navigation Company the building of a ship of enormous dimensions, p. 487
• Builder’s Measurement, meaning and mode of calculating the old and the new, p. 173, note
• Burhampooter, The, and the Hooghly sent to India in 1828; details of the, p. 449 and note
• Burns, Mr. John, valuable table provided by, of the work done by all the Cunard vessels, p. 238, note
• Burns, Mr. George, and Mr. MacIver, sketch of their commercial history, p. 179, note
• Busterich, an early Teutonic god, noticed by Arago in his “Éloge de James Watt,” p. 8, note
• Calcutta, Meeting at, Dec. 17, 1823, to promote Steam Navigation with India, p. 339
• Canadian Government contracts with Messrs. McKean & Co. for line between Canada and England, 1853, p. 261
• Cape Route to India, at first proposed for steam in 1822, p. 339
• Carrying Trade, Transatlantic, great struggle between England and the United states to secure, pp. 163-7
• Castalia, The, plans and details of, pp. 561-3, and note.
• Caus, Solomon de, shows clearly in 1635 his acquaintance with the “motive” power of steam, p. 16
• Chabert, M. (in 1710), describes a paddle-wheel vessel, p. 25
• Chain cables of iron, used by the ancient Tyrians, p. 1
• Charlwood, E. F., R.N., Capt., evidence in favour of iron ships as splintering less when struck by shot, p. 98, note
• Chesney, Col., makes an elaborate survey and report of the Euphrates Route, p. 358, note
• Chicago, sketch of the history of, p. 123, note
• ——, first steamer to, in 1832, p. 132
• Chimborazo, The, launched in 1871 from the yard of J. Elder & Co., for Pacific Company, p. 325
• China, character of the country and of the inhabitants of the interior of, p. 465
• ——, tea-boats of, on Canton River and Yang-tse, p. 481
• Chinese Merchants, Steam Navigation Company established under the Chinese flag, pp. 472-3
• Cigar Ships, The, of Messrs. Winans, built at Baltimore, 1858, and on the Thames in 1864, pp. 567-70
• Clermont, The, built by Mr. Fulton for Mr. Livingston, p. 52
• Clyde, the mechanics on the, at Glasgow, take the lead in the construction of marine engines, p. 61
• ——, remarkable improvements in the navigation of, pp. 68-9, note
• ——, return of the number of ships built on its banks between 1868 and 1873 inclusive, p. 70, note
• ——, dredging machines on, Append. p. 591
• ——, ships launched on, 1863-4, ibid., p. 593
• ——, shipbuilders on, 1871, ibid., p. 594
• Coal, the carrying of, for long voyages, commercially, a mistake, p. 494, note
• Collins, Mr. E. K., undertakes to establish the well known “Collins Line” between New York and Liverpool, p. 202
• —— arranges for the construction of the Arctic, Baltic, Atlantic, and Pacific steamers for the “Collins Line,” p. 203
• “Collins Line,” details of the steamers of, p. 204
• ——, enormous cost of the ships on the, p. 211
• ——, finally started in 1850, just ten years after the Cunard had commenced, p. 214
• —— at length relinquished, 1858, pp. 228-9
• Colquhoun, Sir Patrick, idea of, that guilds (a form of trades’ unions) came from the East, p. 479, note
• Comet, The, (Henry Bell’s steamer), completed in Jan. 1812; details of, pp. 64-7, and notes
• —— not remunerative to her enterprising owner, p. 67
• ——, original engine of, now in Patent Museum, p. 67, note, and p. 574
• Compound Engines, introduced in order to utilise steam at high pressures, p. 577
• ——, principle of the construction of, pp. 577-8
• ——, how distinguished from simple, pp. 578-9
• ——, much more economical than simple, pp. 579-80
• Condensing Engine, distinguishing characteristics of, p. 576
• Coolie Chinese Emigration (as conducted by the Portuguese from Macao), no better than a slave-trade, pp. 469-70, note
• Cram, Capt. (1860, July 11), points out the advantages of the “Truss” plan on which Mr. Randall’s steamer was to have been built, p. 159, note
• Cunard, Mr. Samuel, so early as 1830, contemplates the establishment of mail steamers between Liverpool and Halifax, p. 178
• —— obtains the contract for the conveyance of the mails between England and America, p. 180
• —— commences a regular service between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston in 1840, p. 183
• —— adds, in 1844, the Cambria and Hibernia, p. 184
• Cunard Line, all the first ships built on the Clyde, with engines by Mr. Robert Napier, p. 181
• ——, vessels of, clearly shown to be superior in many respects to any others, p. 185, note
• ——, but, at first, slightly beaten in speed, by the Collins Line, p. 219
• —— now (1875) own 90,208 tons of shipping, p. 237
• ——, comparative statement of the consumption of coals in, p. 237, note
• ——, in thirty-five years, have never lost one life or one letter entrusted to their charge, p. 239
• ——, chief reasons of this remarkable success, pp. 240-4
• ——, strict regulations on board, and special orders for the course to be taken by the ships of, according to the season of the year, pp. 242-5
• ——, ships of Burns, MacIver, and Co., Append. p. 606
• Cunard Company, a striking example of what can be done, p. 248
• ——, regulations of, Append. p. 609
• Cunard and Collins Lines, comparison of, Append. p. 601
• Cunard Steamer, the Persia, passages of 1856-1868, ibid., p. 603
• Cunard Steamers, progress of, 1840-1875, ibid., p. 608
• Curaçoa, The, crosses the Atlantic, several times in 1829, between Holland and the Dutch West Indies, p. 170
• Darien Expedition, illustrates the difficulty of trade with Central America, p. 330
• Denny, W., the builder of the Rob Roy, and of the first steamers of “Allan Line;” sketch of the life of, with account of his firm, p. 79, note
• Diana, The, second steamer in India, takes Mr. Crauford, the Resident, up to Amarapura, p. 448
• Dicey, Capt., plans the new Channel steamer Castalia, p. 561
• Ditchburn and Mare, Messrs., build the Fairy, the tender to yacht of H.M. the Queen, p. 87
• Drew, Daniel, The, surpasses even the New World in speed, and attains 25 miles per hour, p. 150
• Dublin and Holyhead Line of Steam-packets, first started in 1819, p. 551
• ——, early success on, of the Meteor, Banshee, and Llewellyn, p. 552
• ——, splendid new steamers of, the Connaught, Ulster, Munster, and Leinster, built 1860, pp. 552-5
• ——, details of the construction of the new steamers for, pp. 552-5, and note
• Dundas, Lord, his vessel, the Charlotte Dundas (fitted with engine by Symington), “the first practical steamboat,” p. 37
• Dundas, Charlotte, the machinery of, mechanically superior to that of either the Clermont or the Comet, p. 64
• Duquet, M., invents a kind of screw-propeller, in 1729, p. 100
• Eastern Steam Navigation Company, proposed in reply to circular from the Admiralty after Lord Jocelyn’s Company, of 1851, p. 486
• East India Company, Directors of, establish a Tátar post between Constantinople and Baghdad, p. 338
• —— take no interest in steam to India, p. 351
• —— are compelled at length to act on the Report of the Committee of 1834, p. 358
• —— for years insist on carrying the mails in their own vessels, between Bombay and Suez, p. 387
• Economy, Political, erroneous reasoning about, in America, p. 215
• Elder, John, and Company, details of the vast shipbuilding business, conducted by, pp. 71-2, note
• Elevator, The, a peculiar machine invented by M. de Lesseps, during the making of the Suez Canal, p. 372
• Elizabeth, during Reign of, and some time after, English merchants trade by Syria, with Baghdad and India, p. 337
• Elphinstone, Hon. Mount-Stuart, as Governor of Bombay, in 1823, recommends steam communication with England, p. 344
• ——, to prove his views, returns to England, viâ Isthmus of Suez, in 1827, p. 345
• Emperor, The, yacht presented to Japanese by Lord Elgin in 1858-9, and, thus, the first Japanese steamer, p. 482
• England more interested than any one else in securing a route for her ships to the East, p. 369
• ——, the wisest statesmen of, Mr. Gladstone, Mr. S. Herbert, Mr. Cobden, Mr. Bright, &c., support M. de Lesseps’ scheme, p. 369, note
• England, The, a ship sold to Japanese by W. S. Lindsay, in Jan. 1861, p. 484, note
• Enterprize, The, first steamer to India in 1825, is 113 days on her passage to Calcutta, p. 341
• ——, showing thereby, that, commercially, the Cape route would not pay, p. 342
• —— proves of great value to the East India Co., in first Burmese war, p. 342
• Ericsson, Capt., in 1836, fully demonstrates the merits of the screw, p. 104
• ——, exhibits successfully his screw steamer to the Lords of the Admiralty, pp. 105-6
• Euphrates, Route to India, reasons advanced in its favour by Committee of 1839, pp. 356-7, note
• European and Australian Mail Company, tender of, accepted, p. 397
• —— proves a failure more disastrous than even that of the Galway Line, p. 398
• Evans, F. J., R.N., able report by, on the “Deviations of the Compass” in iron ships, Phil. Trans. 1860, p. 90, note
• Evans, Oliver, tries a plan for propelling vehicles by steam on common roads, in 1786, p. 47
• Farrer, T. H., letter from, noticing the Naval Review of 1853, p. 106, note
• Ferry-boats at Quebec and between Yarmouth and Norwich, propelled, till recently, by oxen walking on a circular platform, p. 20
• Fins of fish suggest the idea of a paddle, or oar, as their tails do that of sculling, p. 4
• Fitch, Mr. F., sketch of his life, and boat built by, pp. 42-3, note, and p. 44
• “Flat floor,” advantages of this construction for steam-vessels, as advocated by the Americans, p. 160
• Forbes, R. B., Mr., sketch of his commercial life, pp. 193-4, note
• Fowler, Mr., proposes a steam-boat to carry a railway train from Dover to Calais, pp. 557-8;
• with details, pp. 559-60, and note
• France, now, 1875, owns (including Messageries Maritimes) 160,478 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, note
• Froude, Mr. W., experiments on H.M.S. Greyhound, show a loss of 49 per cent. of motive power to attain 10½ knots, p. 581
• Fruit Schooners, in the Mediterranean, for a while maintain their ground against steamers, p. 418
• Fulton, Robert, conceives, previously to 1796, the idea of propelling vessels by steam, p. 48
• ——, sketch of his life, p. 50, note
• —— pays a visit to Mr. Symington, and studies his boat and its machinery, p. 50
• —— (in 1806) builds the Clermont steamer on East (Hudson) River, p. 51
• —— never claimed any patent for his assumed discovery, p. 52
• ——, engine of, for his Clermont, nearly the same as that of the Charlotte Dundas, p. 52
• —— not fairly spoken of by such men as Sir J. Rennie and Mr. Woodcroft, p. 55, note
• ——, unquestionably, the first to keep a steam-boat regularly running for purposes of trade, p. 56
• ——, vessel launched by, on July 4, 1815, the exact copy of that of Mr. Miller of Dalwinston, p. 131, note
• ——, note of origin and place of birth, Append. p. 585
• Galloway, Mr., patents, in 1829, a plan for “feathering” paddle-wheels, still in use, pp. 99-100
• Galway Line, or Royal Atlantic Steam Navigation Company, proposes (in 1859) to carry H.M. mails in six days from Galway to St. John’s, Newfoundland, &c., p. 265
• ——, contractors for, fail to deliver the vessels at the time agreed on, p. 267
• ——, ships, built for, always behind their time, pp. 267-8
• —— compelled to terminate their contract, May 1861, p. 269
• Ganges, length of journey up, previously to steam, Calcutta to Benares 2½ months; Calcutta to Cawnpore 3½ months; Calcutta to Agra 6 months; Calcutta to Delhi 7½ months; p. 449
• Garay, Blasco de, exhibits to Charles V. a mode of propelling vessels in a calm, p. 11
• ——, his letters shown by Mr. MacGregor not to refer to a steam-boat, pp. 12-14, notes
• Garry Owen, The, being driven on shore, thereby shows the superiority of iron over wood for strength, p. 88
• Gauthier, M. (in 1756) writes a treatise on “Navigation by Fire,” which, though approved at Venice, was not published, p. 28
• Gellatly, Messrs., and Company, establish steamers viâ Suez Canal to the East, p. 437
• Germanic, The, magnificent vessel of the “White Star Line” (1875), p. 279, note
• Glasgow, The, steam-vessel built by Mr. Cook in 1814, the standard for some years for river steamers, p. 73
• Glasgow, The City of, screw-steamer launched in 1850, and placed on the Inman Line, Dec. 1850, p. 252
• Grant, T., M.D., patents an invention “for the more speedy passage of calmed ships,” p. 17
• Gray, Mr. John, of Liverpool, plans the magnetic apparatus to insure the correct steering of the Great Eastern, pp. 509-10
• Great Britain, built at Bristol, from Mr. Patterson’s design, 1843, with details of, p. 187, and note
• —— launched July 19, 1843, and great success of, from that time to this, p. 189, note, and p. 434
• Great Eastern, relative claims of Mr. Brunel and Mr. Scott Russell to different parts of her construction, pp. 492-3
• ——, Messrs. Watt & Co., of Birmingham, to make her screw-engines, and Mr. Scott Russell her paddle-engines and hull, p. 493
• ——, actually commenced May 1, 1854, p. 496
• ——, general details of her construction, pp. 497-504
• ——, chief distinguishing feature of, the combined application of the paddle and the screw, pp. 501-2
• ——, under full sail, can spread 65,000 yards of canvas, p. 508
• ——, ingenious apparatus for steering, pp. 510-11
• ——, conversation about, between Mr. Lindsay and Mr. Brunel in 1857, as to whether she will “pay,” p. 513, note
• ——, a wonder of construction, but a commercial failure, pp. 513-14
• ——, enormous preparations made for launching, pp. 514-15
• ——, launching of, repeated several times, but unsuccessfully, pp. 519-20
• —— at length floats of her own accord, Jan. 31, 1858, pp. 521-2
• ——, the whole scheme, in fact, of her mode of launching, a blunder from beginning to end, p. 522
• —— offered to Government, but this offer wisely declined, pp. 523-4
• —— starts on her first sea voyage, Sept. 9, 1859, p. 526
• ——, report of the pilot in command of her, pp. 527-8
• ——, peculiar construction of rudder and anchors of, pp. 511-3
• ——, daily performances of, on first voyage across the Atlantic, p. 530, note
• —— encounters a heavy gale, Sept. 1861, 100 miles S.W. of Ireland, and returns to Cork, pp. 532-3, and notes
• ——, chief subsequent value as a cable layer, but, even then, scarcely remunerative, p. 538, note
• ——, thus employed in 1855-6, 1868, 1870, 1873-4, pp. 539-41
• ——, in spite of every error, a vessel of which the people of England may well be proud, pp. 541-3
• Great Western, The, the first vessel specially built for the Atlantic trade, leaves Bristol for New York April 7, 1838, p. 172
• Great Western Company naturally annoyed that, having started the Great Western, they did not obtain the Government contract for the mails to America, p. 180
• —— obtain a Parliamentary inquiry into the relative costs of the Trans-Atlantic mail service, pp. 184-5
• Guion, Mr. S. B., the chief owner of the Guion Line, supplies, in 1863, cargoes for the Cunard and National Companies, p. 273
• ——, and his partners commence, in 1866, a line of steamers, the Manhattan being the first, p. 273
• Guion Line, otherwise called Liverpool and Great Western Steamship Company, excellent vessels of, pp. 273-4
• Gutznur, Mr., of Leith, adopts in the Athol and Tourist steamers a new plan for connecting the piston-rod with the crank of the paddle-shaft, p. 82, note
• Hall (Admiral Sir W. H.), evidence that iron ships are less injured by shot than wooden ones, p. 97, note
• Hamburg, now (1875) owns 45,669 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, note
• Hamburg American Steam Packet Company, fine ships of, pp. 290-1
• Hankow, nine steamers employed in trade of, so early as in 1863-4, since when, many more, pp. 468-9
• Hankow and Pekin Steamers (completed April 1874), belonging to Messrs. Swire and Co., details of, p. 470, and note
• Harfield, Mr., invents a new steam windlass, which is fitted in the Bothnia, &c., p. 234, note
• Harland, Mr., invents a new method of lifting the screw, pp. 280-1
• Head, Major, C. F., account of his journeys by Red Sea and Suez in 1829-30, and evidence about Overland route to India, p. 345 and note
• Heat, used in creating steam, great loss during its conversion, p. 581, note
• Hero, a mathematician of Alexandria, B.C. 120, p. 4
• —— writes a work “On Pneumatics,” containing 78 experiments, many of them of much interest, p. 4
• ——, machine of, called the Æolipile, resembling the modern engines of Avery and Ruthven, pp. 5-7, and note
• ——, the first to record, if not actually to invent, the steam engine, p. 7
• ——, experiments of, often applied to superstitious purposes, as in the case of Nos. 37 and 70, pp. 7-8 and note
• Hibernian, The, built in 1861, the first vessel with a promenade deck from stem to stern, p. 263
• High Pressure, meaning of, in America, p. 139
• Himalaya, The, building of, and details, p. 392 and note
• Hindoo, The, fine ship of, belonging to Messrs. Gellatly, p. 437
• Hindostan, The, sent, in 1842, to open the line between Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, and Suez, p. 388
• Hooghly Tug Company, and Bombay Steam Navigation Company, among the first private Companies in India, p. 452
• Holland now (1875) owns 36,644 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, note
• Hollar, curious drawing by (A.D. 1653), of a Dutch vessel, preserved in the British Museum, p. 20
• Holt, Mr. Alfred, notice of his life, with particulars of the line established by him, to Colon and West Indies, p. 331, and p. 435, note
• ——, steamers, run in 1865, from Liverpool to the Mauritius, 8500 miles without stopping, p. 434
• ——, the first to use the compound engine in long oversea voyages, p. 435, note
• ——, steamers to China, details of freight by, p. 436, note
• Holyhead and Kingston, average passage between, for 14 years to Sept. 30, 1874, Append. p. 644
• Holy Ship, curious native pilgrim vessel, so-called, with notes of the model, her construction, p. 460
• Hongs, The Chinese, not unlike the “Guilds” of the Middle Ages, pp. 478-9
• Horse-power, technical meaning of, pp. 52-3, note
• Hugh Lindsay, The, sent to Suez from Bombay, March 20, 1830, under command of Capt. Wilson, p. 352
• —— makes one voyage annually from 1830, p. 352, note
• ——, details of her first voyage to Suez, pp. 354-5
• Hulls, Jonathan (in 1736), plan by, for converting reciprocating rectilinear into a continuous rotary motion, p. 27
• ——, sketch of his life, p. 27, note
• ——, boats resembling the one he made still to be seen on the Upper Thames in England, and on the Murray in Australia, p. 27
• Iberia, The, the first ship of the P. and O. Company, sailed Sept. 1837, p. 383
• Independence, War of, at the close of, ships of America and England alike under the leading strings of protection, p. 164
• India, steam navigation to, meeting in London for, 1822, p. 339
• ——, report of Committee, 1834, in favour of Euphrates route much influenced by political considerations, pp. 355-6
• ——, method adopted for the conveyance of mails to, previously to 1839, pp. 383-4
• ——, postal service with, remains under the control of the Directors of East India Company till 1854, p. 39
• ——, steam to, by the Cape even now is not very remunerative, p. 426
• Indian Produce, the bulkiest articles of, as jute, &c., generally brought home in sailing-vessels, p. 444, note
• Indian Steam Committee of 1857, at length arouses people to the advantage of steam in Indian trade, p. 452
• Indian Trade, no private steam companies started for, till 1845, p. 452
• Indus, steamboat for, designed by Mr. Windus, and built by Pearce and Co., of Stockton-on-Tees, details of, p. 454, note
• Inglis and Co., builders of the Hankow, Pekin, &c., for Yang-tse trade, note from, about these ships, p. 472, note
• Inman, Mr., the first to start a regular line across the Atlantic, consisting of iron screw-steamers only, p. 255, note
• ——, sketch of the life of, pp. 255-6, note
• Inman Line, or Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steam-ship Company, commencement of, in 1850, p. 251
• ——, splendid ships of, the City of Paris, the City of Brussels, and the City of Richmond, p. 253
• ——, logs of the City of Brussels, and the City of Richmond, pp. 253-4, note
• —— convey, in 1856-7, 85,000 passengers to and from the United States, or about one-third of all who then crossed the Atlantic, p. 256
• ——, details of the voyages of the City of Chester, and the City of Richmond, pp. 257-8
• ——, the City of Berlin of, the longest, and probably the largest, merchant ship afloat, except the Great Eastern, p. 259
• ——, steamers of, Append. p. 611
• Insurance of Vessels, going to sea, note on, pp. 248-9
• Iona, The, successful paddle-wheel steamer between Glasgow and the Western Highlands, p. 545, details of, note
• Iron, as a material for shipbuilding, first used partially in 1830, p. 83
• —— at first objected to by many because heavier than water, p. 84
• —— successfully used by Messrs. Fawcett and Co. at Liverpool, Mr. Laird at Birkenhead, Mr. (Sir William) Fairbairn and others, on the Thames, p. 87
• —— long objected to, owing to the difficulty in adjusting the compasses, p. 90
• Iron ores of America, now being largely developed (‘Times,’ May 28, 1875), p. 166, note
• Iron ships, general consideration of their superiority over wooden vessels, with reasons for this, pp. 92-7
• ——, various reasons why more economical, pp. 96-7
• ——, accidental damages in, more easily repaired than in the case of wooden ones, p. 97
• —— liable to lose their speed by the adherence to them of animal and vegetable matter, p. 93
• Iron Steam Ships, total built in United Kingdom, 1861-74, and total tonnage compared with four other nations, Append, p. 645
• Irrawaddy River, great fertility of the country it drains, p. 465
• ——, before introduction of steam, more than 25,000 native craft engaged on, p. 463
• Irrawaddy Flotilla and Burmese Steam Navigation Company, started in 1865, one of the most remarkable commercial undertakings in India, pp. 462-5
• ——, Mr. Jas. Galbraith, the managing Director, chief partner of the firm of Henderson & Co., p. 462, note
• —— now run their steamers up to Bhamo, 1000 miles above the mouth of the Irrawaddy, p. 463
• ——, peculiar character of the vessels employed by, p. 464
• ——, fleet of (in Jan. 1875), consists of 15 steamers, and 25 “flats,” p. 464
• Japanese, now have several merchant steamers and iron-clads built for them in England, p. 482
• Japanese boats, original form and character of, p. 483, note
• Jersey, New, The, her value shown, as able to tow through drift ice, where paddle-wheel steamers were useless, p. 115
• ——, many years a steam-tug on the Delaware and Schuylkill, ibid.
• Jocelyn, Lord, Indian Navy List supplied to the Committee of 1851, pp. 359-60, note
• Johnston, Capt. (then Lieut.), sent to Calcutta in 1822 to promote steam navigation with India, p. 339
• —— commands the Enterprize by Cape to India, 1825, p. 341
• —— and, in 1828-30, the Hooghly to Allahabad, p. 450
• Jouffroy, Marquis de, said to have constructed (in 1781) a steam-boat 140 feet long, p. 30
• Junks, Chinese, general character of, pp. 473-4, note
• Just, Mr. J., as Manager of the Pacific Company, adopts, in 1856, the compound engine, and, thereby, saves much fuel, p. 322
• Khedive, The, splendid new steamer of the P. and O. Company, details of, pp. 410-14
• ——, log of, Append. p. 637
• Kinder, R., in 1816, patents a shaft and screw, nearly the same as at present used, p. 102
• King Coal, The, collier so named, details of, p. 547, and note
• Laird, Mr. MacGregor, states that wooden ships are more than twice as heavy as those of iron, p. 95, note
• ——, under signature of “Chimera,” replies, in Liverpool Albion, to Dr. Lardner’s objection against Transatlantic Steam Navigation, pp. 171-2, note
• Laird, William, sketch of his life, p. 87, note
• Laird, Messrs., carry out the plan of iron vessels for ocean navigation in 1832, and build the Elburkah and Lady Lansdowne, p. 88
• —— build two iron steam-vessels in 1837 for the navigation of the Indus, and those for the Euphrates Expedition, p. 90
• Lamport, C., article by, on “Merchant Shipping Legislation” in Westminster Review, for April 1875, p. 246, note
• Lange, Sir Daniel, the warm supporter of M. de Lesseps from the commencement; paper read by, to the Society of Arts, on the nature of the ground through which the Suez Canal was cut, p. 373
• Lardner, Dr., Report of lecture at Liverpool, December 1835, from Liverpool Albion, pp. 168-9, note 2.
• Law, Roberts & Co., Messrs., undertake to carry U. S. mails between New York, California, and Oregon monthly, in 1847, p. 156
• Leach, Harris and Forwood, Messrs., build boats and extend line started by Mr. Holt, p. 331
• Leith Smacks, an early mode of communication, between Leith and London, commenced in 1809, p. 550
• ——, a fleet of, successfully repel an attack of French privateers, p. 550, note
• Lesseps, De, M., sketch of the life of, p. 366, note
• Levees, a peculiar kind of wharf on the western rivers of America, and, especially, at New Orleans, p. 136
• Leyland, Messrs., and Co., now employ twenty-three large steamers in the Mediterranean trade, p. 420
• ——, the fleet of, alone could bring all the corn from Egypt required by Ancient Rome, p. 421
• Lin, F., patents an invention (1637) for working vessels “without the use of horses,” p. 17
• Lindsay, Mr., moves the reduction by 300,000l. of the vote for the reconstruction of a wooden navy, May 23, 1861, p. 98, note
• ——, address to his constituents at Tynemouth, on the Great Eastern, pp. 539-40, note
• Liners, Yankee, The, the perfection of sailing ships, p. 270
• Liverpool, Brazil, and River Plate Company organized in 1865, chiefly by Messrs. Lamport and Holt, p. 333
• —— now own 49,294 tons of steamships, ibid.
• ——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 637.
• Livingston, Mr., enters into Fulton’s plans, and builds a boat on the Seine, in 1803, which, however, fails, p. 49
• Lloyd’s, North German, an old established Company between Bremen, Baltimore, and New York, p. 291
• Lowe, Robert, The, account of her voyage up the Yang-tze, p. 468 and note
• —— loads at Shanghai for Hankow, May 8, 1863, and brought tea thence direct to England, pp. 468-9
• Luck, good or bad, applicable only to games of chance, requiring no skill or genius, p. 246
• Lynch, A. K., excellent account by, of the early works in connection with the Suez Canal, p. 370, note
• MacGregor, J., investigates the story of the invention of a steam-boat, by Blasco de Garay, pp. 10-14
• —— arrives at the conclusion that De Garay did not invent any steam-boat, p. 13, note
• —— visits Simancas and Barcelona, to investigate the story of Blasco de Garay, pp. 12-14, and notes
• Mackinnon, Mr., the founder and Managing Director of the British Indian Steam Navigation Company, pp. 455-6
• Malcolm, Sir J., and his brothers, Sir Charles Malcolm and Sir Pulteney Malcolm, support Mr. Elphinstone’s views for steam communication with India, p. 345
• Manby, Mr., fits a steam-engine, for the first time, into an iron vessel, the Aaron Manby, in 1821, p. 86
• Manchester, The City of, fine screw-steamer, purchased for the Inman Line in 1851, p. 252 and note
• Margary, Mr., murdered (Feb. 1875) in an attempt to explore the country between Bhamo and Hankow, p. 463, note
• Marine Steam Engine, history of the progress of, since the days of the old Comet, pp. 573-8
• Maritime Casualties, can and must be reduced, p. 246
• Massachusetts, The, auxiliary screw-steamer, sent out by the Americans in 1845, details of, pp. 190-1, and note
• —— still running, under the name of the Alaska, pp. 191-2, note
• McKean, McLarty, and Lamont, Messrs., successfully employ the Osmanli and Levantine in the Mediterranean ports in 1849, p. 419
• Mediterranean, trade in, revived by the introduction of steam-vessels, p. 417
• Melbourne, Lord, present of 50l. granted by the Administration of, to the four daughters of James Taylor in 1837, p. 36
• Merrifield, C. W., F.R.S., statement of the amount of work to be obtained from 1 lb. of coal, p. 581, note
• Messageries Maritimes, the largest existing Steam Navigation Company, but, altogether, the creation of the Government, p. 422
• ——, originally carriers by land, make their first oversea contract with Government in 1851, p. 423
• —— own now (1875) 175,000 tons of steam shipping, p. 424
• —— now run over more than 423,607 French leagues annually, p. 424
• ——, details of the vast trade conducted by, pp. 425-6
• ——, list of all steamers of, and how employed (1875), Append. p. 641
• Michigan Lake, first steam-boat on, 1827, p. 132
• Miller, Mr., of Dalswinton, the first, in 1787, actually to use a marine engine, p. 32
• —— lays before Royal Society, Dec. 20, 1787, an account of his mode of propulsion, p. 33, note
• ——, his success mainly due to Mr. Symington, p. 35
• ——, the “parent” engine of steam navigation made by, in 1788, now in Patent Office, p. 36, note
• Mississippi, first steamer launched on, in 1814, p. 131
• ——, steam-boats on, constructed, specially, to rise on the levees, p. 136
• ——, peculiar character of the boats, barges, employed on, pp. 137-8
• ——, and of the boatmen on the barges of, ibid.
• Mississippi and Dominion Steam-ship Company, founded in 1870, to trade between Liverpool and New Orleans in the winter, and Canada in the summer, p. 274
• Mississippi and Ohio, 234 steamers on, as early as 1834, p. 133
• Mitrovitch, Capt., the commander of the Telica, blows up himself and vessel at Guayaquil, p. 315
• Mitsu-Bishi Steam Navigation Company, a Japanese line, started Feb. 1875, p. 481
• Mongredian, Mr., attempts to establish a line of steamers to Mediterranean in 1845, p. 419
• Morland, Sir Samuel (in 1683), writes a work entitled “Elévation des Eaux par toutes Sources de Machines, etc.,” and dedicated to Louis XIV., p. 24
• ——, accuracy of his view with relation to the expansion of water, when converted into steam by fire, p. 24
• Morisotus, strange and clumsy paddle-wheeled vessel, described and figured in his work entitled “Orbis Maritima,” p. 19
• Muhammed Ali suggests to Mr. Galloway a railroad between Cairo and Suez, p. 362
• Napier, Mr., in 1815, starts his first “fire-boat” on the Thames, p. 77
• —— builds the Rob Roy in 1818, “the first sea-going steamer” to trade between Glasgow and Belfast, pp. 78-9
• ——, introduces a plan for “surface condensation,” in the United Kingdom steamer, 1826, p. 82, note
• Napier, Capt., R.N. (afterwards Sir Charles), commands the Aaron Manby, the first iron steam-vessel, in 1821, p. 86
• National Steam Navigation Company, first started in 1863, between Liverpool and New York, pp. 270-1
• ——, like the Cunard Line, has never lost a passenger by any negligence or act of the sea, p. 272
• —— now maintains a weekly service between Liverpool and New York, and fortnightly between Havre and New York, ibid.
• Nautilus, The, possesses in itself powers of propulsion by projecting water, p. 3
• Navarrette, M., publishes the account of the experiments of Blasco de Garay in 1543, p. 10
• Netherlands Steam Navigation Company, started in 1863, now own twenty-three steamers of 20,000 tons, p. 461
• —— run their steamers through Torres Straits to Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne, p. 461
• Newcomen, Mr., a working blacksmith at Dartmouth, greatly improves Savery’s engine in 1705, p. 25
• New World, The, details of her construction and equipment, pp. 146-50
• ——, type of, as of other similar vessels, wholly different from those in England, p. 148
• New York, destined to rival (perhaps surpass,) any city, London not excepted, owing, in part, to its extraordinary natural advantages, p. 129
• New York and New Orleans, first steamer between, 1818, p. 132
• Nightingale, Sir Miles, the first to return to England by the Red Sea and Suez Route, p. 344
• Ocean-race between Cunard and Collins Line, general results of, in 1852, pp. 218-9
• Ogden, Francis B., The, a screw-steamer built for Captain Ericsson, at Wapping, p. 105
• Ohio, Navigation of, greatly impeded by rapids formed over bars or chains of locks, p. 135
• Ontario, Lake, thirteen screw-propelled vessels on, so early as 1846, p. 115
• Orleans, The, the first steamer on any American lake in 1811, p. 132
• Osborn, Capt. Sherard, R.N., takes H.M.S. Furious up the Yang-tse to Hankow in September 1858, p. 467, note 1
• Over-insurance of Ships, a matter requiring the careful investigation of Parliament, p. 249
• Overland Route to India, various details connected with, pp. 360-3
• ——, papers and books on, from 1819 to 1872, p. 343, note
• Overstone, Lord, speech of, March 24, 1859, giving full details of the failure of the European and Australian Steam Company, pp. 399-401
• Oxford, City of, steamship belonging to Messrs. Smith, details of, pp. 443-4 and note, p. 444
• Pacific, The, general character and construction of, as distinguished from other Transatlantic steamers, p. 208
• ——, loss of, from causes unknown, Jan. 1856, pp. 224-5
• Pacific Mail Steamship Company (American), great cost and difficulty of starting and maintaining in 1847, p. 151
• —— by far the greatest of all American maritime undertakings, p. 153
• —— undertakes the service between San Francisco, Yokohama, and China, pp. 153-4
• —— (English), early details of, 1840, pp. 314-7
• ——, value of the trade obtainable by, as shown in a pamphlet by Mr. Wheelwright, London, 1836, p. 318
• ——, great difficulties in its early career, pp. 319-20
• —— accept the proposal of the Admiralty to run steamers monthly to Panama, p. 321
• ——, the first to prove the value of the compound engine, p. 322, note
• —— establish, in 1870, a fortnightly service to Valparaiso, with an addition to Callao, ibid.
• —— now own fifty-four steamers, with an aggregate of 119,870 tons, p. 324
• ——, the Cuzco and Garonne, built for, by J. Elder & Co., with engines by R. Napier & Sons, p. 326
• ——, schemes of, too elaborate and too large to be successfully carried out at present, pp. 326-7
• ——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 635
• Palmerston, Lord, resists, on political grounds, M. de Lesseps’ plan for the Suez Canal, p. 369
• Papin, Mr., describes (in 1690) a steam cylinder and a mode of propelling ships by “Rames volatiles” or paddle-wheels, p. 23
• —— proposes to use gunpowder to create a vacuum under a piston, ibid.
• —— makes various experiments with a boat constructed on the design of the Prince Palatine Robert, ibid.
• ——, sketch of his life, pp. 23-4, note
• —— (in 1697) uses Savery’s engine to propel a steam-boat on the Fulda, p. 25
• Paris, The City of, took H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught to America in six days, twenty-one hours, the quickest passage ever known, p. 253, note 1
• Passenger ships, impossible to compare accurately the cost of different, p. 284
• Pharaoh Necho, the works of, as recorded by Herodotus, p. 365, note
• Philadelphian Company establish a new line from Philadelphia to Liverpool, managed by Americans only, pp. 284-5
• —— have much to contend against, owing to the heavy duties imposed by their own Government, p. 285
• Peacock, Mr., thinks that steam to India will not pay, p. 352, note
• Pekin, City of, The, and City of Canton, the finest vessels that have ever carried American flags, p. 155, note
• Pelican, H.M.S. The, one of Messrs. Perkins’s “economical” engines to be fitted in, p. 571
• Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, early history of, pp. 376-7
• —— propose a weekly mail from Falmouth to Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, &c., pp. 382-3
• ——, contract by Government with, Aug. 1837, to carry the mails, p. 383
• ——, Oriental and Great Liverpool, the first ships of, p. 387
• ——, Parliamentary Committee of 1851, report strongly in favour of, p. 389
• —— obtain (instead of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company) the tenders for mails to India, Hong Kong, and Sydney, pp. 391-2
• ——, various details of their contract of Jan. 1853 for carrying mails to Singapore and Sydney during alternate months, pp. 393-5
• ——, eleven of their ships engaged during the Crimean War in the transport service, p. 395, note
• ——, arrangements made in 1857, under contract of 1854, for extending its services between Bombay, Aden, and Suez, pp. 397-8, note
• —— contract in Feb. 1859 for transport of the mails to Australia, p. 402
• ——, present enormous range of the services of, pp. 404-6
• ——, more than one-third of its shareholders are ladies, p. 404
• ——, details of the rates per mile paid to, pp. 406-8, notes
• ——, present condition (1874) and fleet of. pp. 404-10
• —— employ 170 sailing-vessels to carry coal to their different stations, p. 409
• —— keep 90,000 tons of coal in stock at their different stations, p. 409, note
• ——, for some time, have had a practical monopoly of the trade of the Eastern seas, p. 454
• ——, list of all vessels belonging to (June 1875), Append. p. 369
• Perfection not yet attained by English or any other ships, although there has been great improvement, p. 584
• Perkins, Jacob, asserts that Fulton, having witnessed Symington’s experiments, ordered an engine of Boulton and Watt for the United States, p. 51
• Perkins, Messrs., propose a new ship of extraordinary power, which they call “the economical engine,” pp. 571-2 and notes
• Persia, The, the first iron ship of the Cunard Line—launch of, 1855, and details, p. 226 and note
• ——, four times in 1856, runs from New York and Liverpool in less than nine days and a half, p. 227
• Peruvian, The, one of the Allan Line, crosses the Atlantic and back from N. of Ireland, with cargo, in twenty-four days and fifteen hours, pp. 263-4
• Pickard, James, invents (Aug. 1786) the connecting rod and crank and flywheel, so as to produce rotary motion, p. 30
• Pierson, J. P., the inventor of the “double vacuum condenser,” p. 208
• Plombière, Guyon de la, suggests a steam-engine for the propelling of a boat, p. 41
• Preble, Commander, states that Stevens invented, in 1804, the twin screw-steamer, p. 46, note
• President, The, and The Pacific, have left no record of their fate, probably owing to their having foundered in deep water, p. 225, note
• Princeton, The, Captain Ericsson’s experiments in, quite successful, p. 113
• Q. E. D., first screw-collier, p. 546
• Queen of the East, The, proposed in 1838 to run between England and Calcutta, p. 386, note
• Queen Margaret, The, runs (Sept. 1875) from London to Calcutta in thirty days, including forty hours’ detention in the Suez Canal, p. 438, note
• Ramelli, A., gives a design for a boat with a wheel on each side (1588), p. 15
• Ramsay, D., patents an invention (1630) for making boats go against the tide, ibid.
• Randall, Mr., projects the next largest steamer to the Great Eastern (1860), p. 157
• ——, detailed account of, and beauty of her model, pp. 157-61
• ——, brief sketch of what he has accomplished since 1833, and of the various ships he built or commanded, pp. 161-2, note
• Rathbone and Company, Messrs., details of ships belonging to, and of their passages to India, pp. 438-9
• Rattler, The, built, specially, for the purpose of testing the screw-propeller, p. 110, and note
• ——, river trials of (1843-5) showed that, in smooth water, the screw was equal to the paddle-wheels, pp. 110-11
• ——, but, not so successfully as expected, in a heavy sea in 1845, between Portsmouth and Pembroke, p. 111
• —— tows the Erebus and Terror, in 1845, entirely to the satisfaction of Sir John Franklin, p. 112
• Red Sea, early popular notion that the waters were 25 to 30 feet above the Mediterranean, p. 363
• Register at Lloyd’s, wooden ships, never allowed by, to exceed twelve years as A 1, though renewable, p. 96, note 2
• Rennie, Mr., services of, in advocating the employment of steam in the navy, p. 78, note
• Rivault, D., publishes (1605, 1668) “Les Elémens de L’Artillerie,” and describes the power of steam in bursting a strong bombshell, p. 16
• Robertson, W. J., sets up, at the Patent Office, in 1862, the engine of the Comet he had placed in her, 50 years before, in 1812, p. 67, note
• Royal William, The, crosses from Quebec to Gravesend in 1833, p. 170
• ——, the first steamer from Liverpool July 1838, pp. 176-7, and note
• Rudder, no real evidence as to when it was invented, pp. 511-12, note
• Russell, Scott, Mr., conversation between him and a naval architect, on the subject of iron for shipbuilding, p. 84, note
• ——, letter from, to the ‘Times,’ stating his share in the construction of the Great Eastern, pp. 492-3, note
• Russia, The, first Cunard screw-steamer (1862), p. 231
• Said, Port, enormous preparatory works required for, and harbour of 132 acres, excavated, p. 370
• Salt-water, chemical action of, on iron alone, less than on wood, p. 92
• Sampans, technical name of the small commercial craft on the Chinese rivers, pp. 480-1, note
• Sauvage, F. (one of the claimants, in 1832, to the invention of the screw), p. 103, note
• Savannah, The, the first American steam-vessel, which crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool in 1819, p. 168
• ——, rigged as a sailing-ship with auxiliary steam-power and removable paddles, p. 168, note 1
• Savery, T., proposes (in 1696) giving motion to mill-work by the agency of fire, p. 24
• ——, sketch of the life of, p. 25, note
• Schiller, The, evidence of chief mate, showing that the lead had not once been cast during three days of fog, (May 1875), p. 241, note
• Scotia, The, magnificent Cunard steamer (1862), details of, p. 228 and note
• Scotland, The, belonging to Mr. W. S. Lindsay, the first foreign vessel (in June 1860) to load a cargo at Shanghai for Hankow, p. 467
• Screw-propeller, not possible to decide the absolute inventor of, p. 116
• ——, Messrs. Woodcroft, Ericsson and Smith, practically, the chief authors of, pp. 117-8
• Sea, dangers of, might be reduced by two-thirds with exercise of sufficient foresight, &c., p. 245
• Seamen, great additional care of, as shown especially in the coal trade, pp. 549-50
• Seraffino Serrati plans a steam-boat on the Avon, in 1796, p. 41
• Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, interesting reports from the delegates of, with reference to the trade of the Upper Yang-tse, p. 476, note
• Shannon Steam Packet Company, the first to employ iron steamers in river navigation in 1824, p. 86
• Shipbuilders (American) resolve to build the cheapest and most remunerative merchant vessel, ibid.
• —— make many great improvements, especially in the mechanical details of their ships, p. 167
• Shipbuilders (English) slow, at first, to improve their ships, ibid.
• Ship-building yards, private, great importance of, in cases of sudden emergency, p. 71
• Shipowners of America not allowed to compete on equal terms with the vessels of any foreign country, p. 165
• Shipowners (English) having plenty of fields for employing their ships, cling to protection, ibid.
• —— do not care to compete with Americans on equal terms, but with inferior ships, ibid.
• Shipowners of all countries ought to be compelled, under heavy penalties, to send seaworthy ships to sea, p. 247, note
• Shorter, E., in 1800, invents “a perpetual sculling machine,” which was tried in H. M. S. Dragon and Superb, p. 102
• Sirius, The, leaves London for New York, on the suggestion of Mr. MacGregor Laird, April 4, 1838, pp. 170-1, and note
• Smith, G., Esq., letter from, giving an account of the rise and progress of his firm, pp. 439-43
• Smith, T. S., takes out a patent (May 1836) for a “sort of screw or worm,” pp. 106-7
• Smith, Messrs., send twenty-four sailing ships to Calcutta in 1871, and sixteen to Bombay, p. 442, note
• “Snags” and “Sawyers,” peculiar character of, and danger arising from, p. 134
• “Soma,” technical name given to the Chinese tea-boats, p. 475, and note
• Speed, high, greatly increased danger from the desire to attain, pp. 211-13
• ——, enormous cost of, shown in statement that to save a day or day and a-half, cost Collins’ Company a million of dollars, p. 216
• ——, relative, of Cunard, Liverpool and New York, and P. and O. Lines, pp. 403-4, note
• Stanhope, Lord, is said to have built a small steamer, in 1790, with a high pressure engine, p. 38, note
• Steam, the ancients certainly were acquainted with the power of, p. 4
• —— first applied for towing purposes on the Mersey, October 1816, p. 77
• —— in early use, between Norwich and Yarmouth in 1813; and London and Margate in 1815, p. 73
• ——, on the Thames, long and bitterly opposed by the watermen, p. 74
• Steam-boat, the first from the Clyde to Liverpool, on June 28, 1815, p. 77
• ——, the Etna, the first built as a special ferry-boat at Liverpool in April 1816, pp. 77-8
• ——, the Comet, the first built by the Admiralty in 1819, p. 78
• Steam-engines, general principles of all, p. 28, note
• ——, first application of, for pumping water out of mines, p. 575, note
• Steamers, owned, respectively, by the United States and Canada, amounted in January 1875 to 258,980 tons, pp. 124-5, note
• Steamers of the Cunard, Inman, and National Companies adopt the “Lane route,” i.e. to the south of the Newfoundland Banks, p. 286, note
• ——, by the Cape to India and Australia, cannot profitably compete with Messrs. Green’s sailing-vessels, p. 427
• Steamers (Mail), not employed, since 1856, east of the Cape, except perhaps to Natal and Mauritius, p. 429
• Steam-power, ingenious plans for increasing, p. 577
• Steam-Ship Propeller Company, incorporated by Act of Parliament, July 29, 1839, p. 107
• Steam-ship building, carried out by private enterprise for forty years before the Admiralty recognised the value of steam-ships, p. 72
• Steers, Mr., the builder of the yacht America and superintendent, also, of the construction of the Arctic, p. 204
• Stephenson, Robert, suggests the idea of covering the bottom of an iron ship with sulphate of copper, p. 93, note
• —— completes, in 1870, the railway from Alexander to Cairo, p. 363
• Stephenson, R. MacDonald, Sir, publishes in Calcutta Review his plans for railway communication with India, p. 338, note
• Stevens, J. C., devotes much time and money to the improvement of steam navigation in America, p. 46
• ——, the first (in 1804) to place on the sea a steam-boat propelled by a screw, p. 102
• Stevens, R. L. S., ingenuity of his improvements, and the shape and speed of steam-boats, pp. 142-3
• St. Lawrence, River, the first steam-boat launched on, in 1809, named the Accommodation, p. 58, and note
• Stockton, Capt., orders two boats to be built (on his own account) on Capt. Ericsson’s principle, p. 112
• ——, unlike the Lords of the Admiralty, at once takes up the cause of Capt. Ericsson, p. 113
• ——, but, not able for two years, to persuade the United States of the value of Capt. Ericsson’s plans, ibid.
• Stockton, Robert F., Brig, The, sails from England to America, April 1839, and under the command of Captain Cram, p. 114
• ——, subsequently plies on the Delaware, under the name of New Jersey, till 1840, p. 115
• Stuart, C. B., valuable work by, entitled “On Naval and Mail Steamers,” New York, 1853, p. 205, note
• Suavia, The, of the Hamburg American Line, details of, p. 290, notes
• Subsidies, relative value of those paid to the P. and O. and Messageries Maritimes, p. 426, note
• Suez Canal, general details of, unquestionably the greatest maritime work of any time, pp. 363-74
• ——, notices of an ancient one, across the Isthmus, p. 366
• ——, no reason to suppose that the men employed on, were in any sense “slaves,” p. 370 and note
• ——, great ingenuity of the works, provided for, by M. de Lesseps, p. 372
• —— partially opened, April 18, 1869, p. 374
• —— more completely opened, Sept. 28, 1869, when M. de Lesseps steamed through it, from sea to sea, ibid.
• —— formally opened by the Empress Eugénie, Nov. 17, 1869, ibid.
• ——, the whole cost amounted to about 20,000,000l., p. 375
• ——, more than three-fourths of the whole tonnage now passing through, belongs to England, and, therefore, cannot be prejudicial to English interests, pp. 445-6
• ——, its great value to India; notice in Friend of India, ibid., note
• ——, if foreign nations wish to compete through it successfully, they must adopt English “Free Trade,” p. 446.
• ——, list of vessels that have annually passed through it between 1870 and 1874, Append. p. 643
• Symington, Mr. [if he did not suggest the use himself], employed to carry out Mr. Taylor’s proposal to propel Mr. Miller’s paddle-wheels by steam, p. 34, note
• —— employed by Thomas Lord Dundas, in 1801, to place an engine in the Charlotte Dundas, p. 37
• ——, the important points which his experiment established, p. 39, note
• Szchuen, Province of, remarkably rich in grain, tobacco, hemp, sugar, &c., p. 477.
• Talbot, The, the first mail steamer between Holyhead and Dublin, p. 80
• Tátar Post, between Baghdad and Constantinople, established by East India Company, p. 338
• Taylor, James, a tutor in Mr. Miller’s family, said to have suggested to him the use of steam for propelling boats, p. 34
• Taylor, Mr. J. R., said to have lost 12,000l. in his efforts to promote steam communication with India, p. 348, note
• —— sends the plan of his scheme to Sir John Malcolm, ibid.
• Teak, at one time, like iron, objected to, as a material for shipbuilding, as it will not float, p. 84, note
• Telica, The, first steamer actually employed on the Pacific Coast, in 1825, p. 315
• Thames, early traffic on, before the invention of steam-boats, chiefly by rowing-boats, barges, hogs, &c., p. 75
• Tobin, Sir John, warmly takes up the cause of Ocean Steam Navigation, October 1838, p. 177
• Tod and MacGregor, Messrs., of Glasgow, build the Princess Royal, for line between Glasgow and Liverpool, in 1840, p. 91
• Transatlantic Steam Navigation, the Committee of House of Commons report (1846) in favour of Messrs. Cunard, Burns, and MacIver, p. 185
• Transatlantic Steamers, average speed of, in 1856, p. 227, note.
• Table of passages of, between Liverpool and New York 1873-4, Append. p. 617
• Trevethick, R., and Mr. Dickenson, propose, in 1809 and 1815, to build ships of iron, but do not carry out their patent, p. 85
• Trevethick, R., in 1815, patents a worm or screw, p. 102
• Underwriters, Liverpool, remarks by, on the superior durability of iron ships, p. 94, note
• United Kingdom, The, steamer built by Mr. Steele of Greenock, 1826, p. 81
• Unseaworthy Ships, report of the Royal Commission on, 1873-4, p. 246, note
• Valturius, A.D. 1472, gives several representations of paddle-wheels, p. 10
• ——, his work, A.D. 1472 (published at Verona), the first in Latin, containing woodcuts, ibid.
• Van der Capellen, The, the first actual steamer built in India, about 1811, p. 448, note
• Verne, M. Jules, considers the Great Eastern a failure, both in speed and comfort, p. 540, note
• Vessels, very large, not so safe as smaller ones, pp. 537-8
• Vetch, Capt., R.N., proposes, thirty years before M. de Lesseps, a ship canal from Tineh, p. 367
• Victoria, The, of the Anchor Line, details of, p. 290, note
• ——, Dover and Calais steam-boat, details of, p. 556, note
• Vincent, Mr., intrepidity of, and dreadful story by, of the fate of the Amazon, pp. 309-10
• Vivian and Co., Messrs., the first to establish a line of Mediterranean steamers from Liverpool in 1840, p. 419
• Waghorn, Lieut., one of the most energetic early supporters of steam communication with India, p. 346
• ——, sketch of his life, ibid., note
• —— commissioned by Lord Ellenborough and Mr. Loch, leaves London Oct. 28, 1829, and reaches Bombay, March 21, 1830, p. 347
• ——, rapid journey across Europe, and boat voyage for 628 miles on Red Sea, 1829-30, ibid.
• ——, as the paid agent of the Calcutta Company, at first, naturally, supports the route of the Cape, p. 348
• ——, evidence of, before Committee of House of Commons, 1837, p. 361, note
• ——, the first to organize, systematically, the conveyance of the Mails across the Isthmus of Suez, p. 361
• Walk-in-the-Water, The, trades on Lake Erie in 1819, with cargoes of furs, p. 132
• Wasborough, M., patents (March 16, 1779) a plan for converting rectilinear into circular motion, p. 29, and note, ibid. p. 101
• Washington, The, steamship from New York to Bremen, detailed comparison of, with the Britannia, pp. 195-6, note
• Watt, James, by patents (of January 5th, 1769), first shows how the steam-engine can be employed effectively for marine propulsion, p. 28
• —— invents the “double impulse” or double-acting engine, ibid.
• —— renders his engine more effective by using a detached condenser, p. 29
• —— invents (1781) the form of engine known as the “Sun and Planet,” now preserved at South Kensington, p. 30
• ——, in 1770, speaks of using a screw-propeller to be turned by an engine, p. 101
• Watt, James, Jun., in 1817, takes the steamer Caledonia up the Rhine as far as Coblentz, p. 73, note
• Watt, James, The, constructed to take the place of the Leith smacks, p. 80
• Waves, deep sea, approximative measurement of the height of, p. 535, note
• Wear River, shipbuilding on, 1874-5, Append. p. 595.
• Welland Canal, the bond between the other lakes and Ontario; its great value thereby, p. 124 and note
• West India Royal Mail Steam Packet Company inaugurated, 1841, p. 292
• ——, their vessels to carry guns, and to be like H.M.’s war steamers, p. 293
• ——, subsidy granted to, at the rate of 240,000l. per annum, p. 294
• ——, error of, in selecting, at first, as their commanders, naval men, with no special knowledge of steam, &c., ibid.
• ——, the public complain, not unnaturally, of the heavy subsidies granted to, pp. 295-6
• ——, improved state of, in 1851, arising, chiefly, from improved management, pp. 298-9
• ——, contract with, in 1857, requires acceleration of the mails between England and Rio Janeiro, pp. 299-300
• ——, conditions of the services of, in 1864, details, &c., p. 301, note
• ——, contract for, renewed, 1874, on a greatly reduced subsidy, p. 301
• ——, the Forth, steamship, details, pp. 302-3
• ——, no fewer than six of their vessels lost in their first eight years as a Company, p. 303
• ——, return of vessels added to, 1851 to 1860, p. 311, note
• ——, details of present services of, pp. 312-13, note
• —— arrange with Government, Feb. 1858, to perform the services of the European and Australian Company, p. 401
• ——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 634.
• West India and Pacific Company now conveys the British mails to Honduras and Mexico, p. 322
• —— organized, in 1863, by union of several smaller companies, ibid.
• Wheelwright, Mr., the first, in 1846, to point out the best eastern and western route for Transatlantic steamers, p. 245, note
• ——, as United States Consul of Guayaquil, sees the advantages of steam communication along the coasts of the Pacific, p. 316
• ——, sketch of his life and history, p. 316, note
• —— obtains a charter with some peculiar conditions, Feb. 1840, for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, p. 317
• White Star Line, conducted by Messrs. Ismay, Imrie, and Co., adopt, in 1870, the name of this famous line of sailing packets, p. 275
• ——, originally, a line of the fast-sailing American clipper ships, to Australia, now continued in steamships by Messrs. Ismay & Co., p. 275, note
• ——, very strict regulations that no risks are to be run, safety of life and property being always the first consideration, p. 276, note
• ——, logs of their ships, the Baltic and Adriatic, p. 277, note
• —— now run in connection with the Erie Railway from New York, booking through to San Francisco, p. 283
• ——, Letter of Instructions, Append. p. 613
• ——, passage of steamships of, ibid. p. 614
• Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, supports the view that Mr. Waghorn, more than any one else, made the Oriental route to Suez a success, p. 361
• Willcox, Mr. B. McGhee, sketch of his early life, p. 378, note
• —— practically the starter of the Company since known as the Peninsular and Oriental, pp. 378-9
• —— greatly improves the Peninsular Mail Service, p. 382
• Wilson, T., of Faskine, builds the Vulcan, the first iron vessel in Scotland, which is still (1875) in use, p. 86
• Wilson, Robert, brings, in 1827, under the notice of the Admiralty a screw “perfect in all its details,” pp. 103-4
• Wilson, Capt., note of the Journey of Hon. Mr. Elphinstone to England by Red Sea and Suez, in 1827, p. 345, note
• ——, as Captain of the Hugh Lindsay, did much to “educate” the Government of England and India, with regard to steam to India, p. 352, note 2
• Wind, the effect of, as producing long rollers at the Cape and elsewhere, p. 535
• Winter, T. B., Mr., designs a very effective steam-vessel for the Indus, pp. 453-4
• Wood, much of the, for H.M. Ships, obtained by the vote of 1861, left to rot in the Government Dockyards, p. 98, note
• Woodcroft, Mr. Bennet, in 1832, patents “an increasing screw-propeller” of special value, p. 103, note
• ——, “value of his varying pitch” propeller, patented Feb. 1849, p. 117
• ——, his invention accepted by the Admiralty, in the case of the Royal Yacht Fairy, and H.M. Ship Dwarf, ibid.
• Wooden and iron ships, relative strength and weight of, Append. p. 599.
• Worcester, Marquess of, no reasonable doubt that he was the first to make a steam-engine, p. 18
• ——, but might not have succeeded if he had applied it to drive a boat, ibid.
• “World’s Highway, The,” pamphlet on railway communication with India, by Sir D. MacDonald Stephenson, p. 338, note
• Yang-tse-Kiang, notice of the course of, for 3000 miles from E. Tibet, to Shanghai, pp. 465-7
• —— opened to Western Trade Feb. 1860, by Treaty, p. 467
• ——, navigation on, for boats drawing 8 ft., to Ichang, 363 miles above Hankow, p. 480