INDEX.
- Aaron de la Papa, rabbi in Smyrna, anti-Sabbatian, 136.
- Abdul Meg'id, sultan of Turkey, 634.
- Abendana, Jacob, rabbi in London, 214.
- Abensur, Daniel, Jewish millionaire, 205.
- Aboab, Immanuel, defends Talmudical Judaism, 55.
- Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca, rabbi at Amsterdam, and Spinoza's unbelief, 92–3.
- Aboab, Samuel, rabbi at Venice, excommunicates Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 240–1.
- Abraham Ibn-Ezra, studied by Spinoza, 88.
- Abraham Vita di Cologna. See Vita, Abraham, di Cologna.
- Abt, Thomas, rival of Moses Mendelssohn, 303.
- Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, 155.
- Abulafia, Moses, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, 636.
- converted to Islam, 638.
- Abydos, Sabbataï Zevi at, 148–9, 151.
- Acosta, Gabriel. See Da Costa, Uriel.
- Act of Federation for the German states, and the Jews, 518–20.
- Adam Kadmon, Kabbalistic term, 121, 143.
- Adams, Hannah, historian of the Jews, 593.
- Adath Jeshurun, a separatist community in Amsterdam, 457.
- Admission of Jews into England, the feeling about, 44–7.
- Adrianople, Sabbatians at, 159.
- "Advice to the Representatives of the People," by Van Swieden, 453–4.
- Aguilar, de, Baron, frees the Moravian Jews from a tax, 252.
- intercedes for the Austrian exiles, 253.
- Ahmed Coprili, grand vizir, and the Sabbatians, 146.
- imprisons Sabbataï Zevi, 148.
- Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, 525–7.
- Akiba, disciples of, enthusiasm of, 724–5.
- Alenu prayer, the, attacked, 185, 191–2.
- Alexander I, of Russia, and the improvement of the condition of the Jews, 472–3, 525, 527.
- Alexandria, Jews of, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 647, 660.
- Algazi, Moses Joseph, rabbi at Cairo, supports Crémieux, 664.
- Algazi, Solomon, anti-Sabbatian, 144.
- Ali Ibn-Rahmadan, mathematician, 76.
- Alliance Israélite Universelle, the, foundation of, 664, 701–2.
- "Almansor," by Heine, 548–9.
- Almanzi, Jewish scholar, 622.
- Alsace, Jews of, appeal to Mendelssohn, 351.
- Amigo, Abraham, Talmudist, 126.
- Amschel, representative of the Frankfort Jews, 505.
- Amsterdam, Portuguese community of, prosperity of, 166–7.
- Anan, founder of the Karaites, 727.
- Ananites, the, rise of, 727.
- Andrade, Abraham, rabbi, member of the Assembly of Notables, 484, 490.
- "Anglo-Jewish Association, The," 703.
- Anteri, Jacob, rabbi, charged with Father Tomaso's murder, 638.
- "Anti-Phædon" by John Balthasar Kölbele, 316.
- Anti-Semitism, prevalence of, 704.
- Anti-Talmudists. See Frankists.
- Anton, Charles, apostate, defender of Eibeschütz, 267.
- "Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews," by Edward Nicholas, 28–9.
- Apostasy among the Jews of Germany, 420–22.
- Arari, David, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 636, 637, 638.
- "Are there means to make the Jews happier and more useful in France," prize essay in Metz, 434–5.
- Argent, d', intercedes for Moses Mendelssohn, 304.
- Arias, Joseph Szemach, translator, 113–14.
- Arnstein, von, Nathan Adam, husband of Fanny Itzig, 414.
- Ascarelli, Deborah, poetess, 68.
- Asher, Saul, defends the Jews, 463.
- Ashkenazi, Jacob, father of Chacham Zevi, Sabbatian, 150.
- Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden. See Emden, Jacob.
- Ashkenazi, Zevi, chacham at Amsterdam, father of Jacob Emden, anti-Sabbatian, cause of, espoused by the European rabbis, 227.
- Asiré ha-Tikwah, by Joseph Penso, 112–13.
- Asser, Amsterdam deputy to the Synhedrion, 497.
- Asser, Carolus and Moses, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 453, 454.
- Astruc, Aristides, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.
- Atias, Isaac, da Costa, president of the Batavian National Assembly, 458.
- Attaman, Cossack chieftain, 2.
- Auerbach, Jacob, preacher at the Leipsic reform synagogue, 573.
- August, of Brunswick, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, 114–15.
- Augustus III, of Poland, protects the Frankists, 283.
- Austria, Jews of, emancipated, 697.
- Austrian Succession, War of the, and the Jews, 251–2.
- Autobiography by Solomon Maimon, 409.
- Ayllon, Solomon, Sabbatian rabbi at Amsterdam, characterization of, 214–15.
- Baal-Shem (Baal-Shemtob). See Israel of Miedziboz.
- Babylonian exile, the, changes during, 719–20.
- Baden, Jews of, show gratitude to Riesser, 601.
- the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.
- Bail, defender of the Jews, 522.
- Bailly, mayor of Paris, and the emancipation of the Jews, 445.
- Baki, Simon, rabbi, superstition of, 201–2.
- Bamberg, Jews of, persecuted, 529.
- Barebones Parliament, the, Puritan character of, 34.
- Barlæus, Caspar, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.
- Barnave favors the emancipation of the Jews, 441.
- Barrios, de, Daniel, historian, 202, 204.
- Baruch, Jacob, father of Börne, deputy of the Frankfort Jews in Vienna, 513.
- Baruch, Löb (Louis). See Börne, Ludwig.
- Basnage, Jacob, historian of the Jews, 195–97.
- banishment of, 196.
- Bassan, Isaiah, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 235, 238, 239, 241.
- Batavian Republic, the. See Holland.
- Baudin, secretary of Ratti Menton, 637.
- Bavaria, Jews of, partially emancipated, 508.
- Bayonne, the Jewish community of, 436.
- Bayreuth, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.
- Beer, Jacob, private synagogue of, 563.
- Beer, of Mizricz, founder of the new Chassidim, 375, 379–83.
- Belgium, Catholic agitation in, hostile to Jews, 655.
- "Belief of the Universe, The," by Nehemiah Chayon, 219–20.
- Belillos, Jacob, rabbi at Venice, pronounces against Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 239.
- "Bellerophon" by Lefrank, 471–2.
- Belmonte, Manuel, Marrano poet, 113.
- Belmontes, the, Jewish millionaires, 205.
- Ben-David, Lazarus, lecturer on Kant's philosophy, 409–10.
- member of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews," 583.
- Benedictus XIV, pope, petitioned to acquit the Jews of the blood-accusation, 282.
- Benet, Mordecai, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.
- protests against the Temple innovations, 572.
- Benisch, Abraham, founder of the Anglo-Jewish Association, 703.
- Ben Usiel, disciple of Bernays, opposes the reform movement, 627.
- Benvenisti, Chayim, rabbi at Smyrna, Sabbatian, 136, 155.
- Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, 400.
- Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, accepted successor of Sabbataï Zevi, 211.
- Berish. See Beer of Mizricz.
- Berlin, Jewish physicians of, restricted, 461.
- Berlin, Jews of, apply to be baptized, 421–2.
- "Berlin religion, the," 333.
- Berlin, the progressive party in, 418.
- Bernal, Abraham Nuñes, martyr, 92.
- Bernal, Marcos da Almeyda, martyr, 92.
- Bernard, Isaac, employer of Moses Mendelssohn, 296.
- Bernays, Isaac, chacham of the Hamburg congregation, 574–8.
- Bernays, Jacob, organizer of the Breslau seminary, 700.
- Bernstorff, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, 265.
- Bernstorff, deputy from Holstein to the Congress of Vienna, and the emancipation of the Jews, 519, 527.
- Berr, Berr Isaac, representative of the Lorraine Jews, 431.
- Berr, Cerf, representative of the Alsatian Jews, 351, 436.
- Berr, Lipmann Cerf, addresses the Assembly of Notables, 487.
- Berr, Michael, first Jewish attorney in France, champions the Jews at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 527.
- Bertolio, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 445.
- Besht. See Israel of Miedziboz.
- Beugnot, state councilor under Napoleon, friendly to the Jews, 480.
- helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 500.
- Beyrout, Jews of, protected by European consuls, 641.
- "Bible for Israelites, The," by Sachs, 693.
- Bible, the, characterized by Heine, 553–5.
- Biblical exegesis, 695–6.
- "Biblical Orient, The," ascribed to Isaac Bernays, 575–6.
- Biester proposes a statue to Moses Mendelssohn, 372.
- Bing, Isaiah Berr, refutes the charges against the Alsatian Jews, 434.
- Bloch, Matathias, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 133, 137.
- Blood-accusation, the, at Damascus. See Chap. XVII.
- Blood-accusation, the, groundlessness of, asserted by Moses Germanus, 177.
- Blood-accusation, the, in Jülich, 642.
- in Rhodes, 640–41.
- Bohemia, Jews of, banished, 252–3.
- Bonafides, character in "Nathan the Wise," 325.
- Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, Sabbatian, 207, 208.
- Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, hostility of, to the Jews, 477–8.
- Bonifaccio, Balthasar, accuser of Sarah Sullam, 70.
- Bonnet, Caspar, a Geneva author, and Moses Mendelssohn, 309, 313–314.
- Bordeaux, Jews of, unrestricted, 499.
- Börne, Ludwig, a figure in Jewish history, 536–44.
- and the reaction, 541–2.
- as a political leader, 556.
- attitude of, towards Judaism, 538, 540.
- champions the Jews, 542–4.
- characterization of, 538.
- compared with Heine, 544.
- converted, 542.
- employed in the ducal police of Frankfort, 505, 541.
- in German literature, 537.
- Jewish qualities of, 538–9.
- publishes a journal, 542.
- 's love of liberty, 538–9.
- 's opinion of the Jews, 539–40.
- style of, 556.
- Bourbons, the, and the emancipation of the Jews, 596.
- Brancas, de, duc, derives an income from the Jews of Metz, 348, 446.
- Brandenburg, Jews settle in, 173–4.
- Breidenbach, Wolff, and the abolition of the poll-tax, 466–8, 472.
- Bremen, Jews of, emancipated, 507.
- Brendel, professor at Würzburg, friendly to the Jews, 528.
- Breslau, a theological seminary founded in, 699, 700.
- Bresselau, Mendel J., one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, 398–9, 672.
- Brieli, Jehuda Leon, rabbi at Mantua, condemns Chayon, 225, 226.
- culture of, 200.
- Brody, culture strivings in, 612.
- Broglie, de, duc, opposes the emancipation of the Jews of Alsace, 447.
- Bromet, Herz, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 453, 454, 458.
- Brühl, Saxon minister, and the Eibeschütz controversy, 263.
- Brunswick, conference of rabbis at, 677–8, 681–2.
- Jews of, under restrictions, 512.
- Buchholz, a writer hostile to the Jews, 468.
- Buda-Pesth, theological seminary at, 700.
- Buena, David, de Mesquito, Jewish millionaire, 205.
- Buol Schauenstein, von, count, president of the Diet, and the Frankfort Jews, 530.
- Buxtorf, John, senior, Hebrew scholar, 21.
- Byk, Jacob Solomon, member of the Galician school, 617.
- Caballo, Jules, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.
- Caceres, de, Simon, Marrano in London, 49.
- Cairo, Jewish schools opened at, 664.
- Calabrese. See Vital, Chayim.
- Campo Formio, peace of, and the poll-tax, 464.
- "Can the Jews remain in their present condition without harm to the state?" an anti-Jewish tract, 469–70.
- Cansino family, the, dragomans in Oran, 169.
- Capo d'Istrias, and the emancipation of the Jews, 527.
- "Captives of Hope, The," by Joseph Penso, 112–13.
- Cardoso, Abraham Michael, Sabbatian, 163–5.
- announces himself as the Ephraimite Messiah, 207–8.
- Cardoso, Abraham Michael, works of, forbidden, 220–21.
- studied by Eibeschütz, 248.
- Cardoso, Isaac (Fernando), anti-Sabbatian, 163–4.
- Carlsruhe, the confirmation ceremony introduced in, 573.
- the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.
- Carpentras, the Jewish community of, 436.
- Carvajal, Fernandez, Marrano in London, 38, 49.
- Castellane, de, advocates freedom of conscience in the National Assembly, 439.
- Castro, de, speaker at the London meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 653.
- Castro, de, Balthasar Orobio, Marrano physician, 115–17.
- Castro, de, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah), Marrano physician, Sabbatian, 140–1, 150.
- Castro, de, Isaac Orobio, writer, character of, 199–200.
- refutes Spinoza's philosophy, 167.
- Castro-Tartas, de, Isaac, Marrano martyr, 31–2.
- Ceba, Ansaldo, friend of Sarah Sullam, 69–70.
- Chacham Zevi. See Ashkenazi, Zevi.
- Chages, Jacob, scholar at Jerusalem, 126.
- Chages, Moses, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 238–9, 241.
- Chamiz, Joseph, disciple of Leo Modena, 67, 74.
- Charles VII, emperor, in Prague, 251.
- Charles, of Baden, grants civil rights to the Jews, 502–3.
- Charles X, of France, and the emancipation of the Jews, 596.
- Charles X, of Sweden, against Poland, 15.
- Charles XI, of Sweden, and the Karaites, 182–3.
- Charles XII, of Sweden, and Karaism, 184.
- Chasdaï Crescas, studied by Spinoza, 88.
- Chassidim, a Polish Sabbatian sect, 212.
- Chassidism, attacked, 612.
- Chateaubriand, and the connection between Judaism and Christianity, 427–8.
- Chaumette, atheist deputy to the National Assembly, 450.
- Chaves, de, Jacob, pupil of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242.
- Chaves, de, Moses, patron of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242.
- Chaya, daughter of Elisha Schor, a Sabbatian, 275.
- Chayim of Lublin, partisan of Eibeschütz, 261, 263.
- Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya, Sabbatian, 215–31.
- acquitted of the charge of heresy, 225.
- at Amsterdam, 221–7.
- at Constantinople, 227–8.
- at Prague, 218.
- countenanced by the Amsterdam council, 226.
- death of, 231.
- excommunicated, 216, 223–4.
- freed from the ban, 228.
- in Europe a second time, 230–1.
- influences Eibeschütz, 248.
- Kabbalistic theories of, 216–17, 219–20.
- son of, converted to Christianity, 231.
- Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, society for the promotion of the Hebrew language, 398.
- Chelebi, Raphael Joseph, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 124–5, 127–8, 129, 145, 160.
- Chinuch Nearim, free school for Jews in Berlin, 416.
- Chmielnicki, Bogdan, Cossack leader, allied with the Russians, 14.
- Chorin, Aaron, rabbi, and innovations in Judaism, 569, 571.
- Chosen people, the, meaning of, 718.
- Christian IV, of Denmark, alluded to, 115.
- Christian VII, of Denmark, subscribes to Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 334.
- "Christian Denunciation, The," by Wagenseil, 186.
- Christians study Hebrew, 178, 184.
- Christians, the, under Mehmet Ali, 634.
- Christina, of Sweden, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22, 23.
- Cincinnati, theological seminary at, 700.
- Circumcision regulated by the Frankfort Senate, 676–7.
- "Citizen's Cry against the Jews, The," anti-Jewish pamphlet, 434.
- "Claims of the Jews to German Citizenship," by Rühs, 517.
- Clement IX, pope, death of, 171.
- Clement XIII, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood-accusation, 285–6.
- Clermont-Tonnerre, count, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 440, 441.
- Cochelet, French consul-general, and the Damascus affair, 647, 649.
- Coen, David, de Lara, philologist, 115.
- Coen Belmonte, Bienvenida, poetess, 203.
- Cohen, Malachi, rabbi at Leghorn, partisan of Eibeschütz, 264.
- Cohen, Moses Gerson. See Anton, Charles.
- Cohen, Naphtali, rabbi at Prague, and Nehemiah Chayon, 217, 218, 219, 227.
- Cohen, Nehemiah, Messianic prophet, and Sabbataï Zevi, 152–4.
- Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi at Venice, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 239.
- Cohen, Raphael, rabbi of the "three communities," biography of, 570.
- Cohen, Sabbataï, and the Cossack persecutions, 13.
- Cohen, Shalom, employed by the orthodox party in Hamburg, 573.
- Cohn, Isidore, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.
- Collectants. See Rhynsburgians.
- Collier, Thomas, defends the Jews, 46.
- Commune, the Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 443–445.
- "Communities of the Friends of Light," established, 682.
- "Conciliador" by Manasseh ben Israel translated, 22.
- Conference of rabbis at Brunswick, 677–8, 681–2.
- at Frankfort, 683–4.
- "Confessions" by Heine, 553–5.
- Confirmation ceremony, the, in various communities, 573.
- introduced by Jacobson, 562.
- Conforte, David, Jewish historian, 202.
- Constantine, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 725.
- Constantinople, Sabbataï Zevi in, 146–8.
- Conversions to Christianity, 7–8, 13, 213, 420–22, 587.
- to Judaism, 177–8.
- Copenhagen, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 531.
- Copia, Sarah. See Sullam, Sarah.
- Correa, Isabel (Rebecca), Marrano poetess, 114.
- Cossacks, the, ill-treatment of, 6.
- Creizenach, Michael, reformer, 674–675.
- Crémieux, Adolf, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 644.
- appealed to, by the Jews of the East, 651.
- appeals to Louis Philippe in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 645.
- attempts to emancipate the Egyptian Jews, 662–4.
- attends London meetings in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 645, 653.
- hampered by the French government, 658.
- influences Mehmet Ali, 660.
- influences the European consuls in favor of the Damascus Jews, 660.
- medal struck in honor of, 670–1.
- ovations to, 667–8.
- president of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 702.
- received by Mehmet Ali, 659.
- reception of, in France and Italy, 658.
- 's proposal to commemorate the Damascus affair, 671.
- "Critical History of the Old Testament, The," by Richard Simon, 179.
- Cromwell, Oliver, and Marrano merchants in London, 49.
- Cuenqui, Abraham, biographer of Sabbataï Zevi, 212.
- Czarnicki, Polish general, 15.
- Da Costa, Joseph, president of the Amsterdam community, 34.
- Da Costa, Uriel, and the Church, 56–7.
- D'Aguilar, Raphael Moses, rabbi at Amsterdam, Sabbatian, 139, 160.
- Dalberg, von, Karl, imperial chancellor, and the emancipation of the Jews, 468, 504–5.
- Damascus affair, the, how to celebrate, 671–2.
- Damascus, Jewish women of, tormented, 637.
- Damascus, Jews of, accused of the murder of Father Tomaso, 635.
- Damascus prisoners, the, liberated, 660, 661.
- Damascus, the blood-accusation at. See Chap. XVII.
- the Jewish community of, 634.
- "Danger to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the Jews," by J. F. Fries, 521.
- "Dangerous Courses, The," by Joseph Penso, 113.
- Daniel Jehuda. See Oliver y Fullana, de, Nicolas.
- Danz, Frankfort deputy to the Congress of Vienna, and the emancipation of the Jews, 519.
- Darmstadt, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.
- Da Silva, Samuel, opponent of Uriel da Costa, 59.
- Daub, professor at Heidelberg, protects the Jews, 531.
- Daya, character in "Nathan the Wise," 324–5.
- Dayanim, assistant rabbis, 566.
- "Defense of the Rational Worshipers of God," by Hermann Samuel Reimarus, 320–23.
- Delaborde, count, on the Turkish Jews, 649.
- De la Vega, Joseph Penso. See Penso, Joseph.
- De Lemon, Herz, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 453–5.
- deputy to the Batavian National Assembly, 458.
- Delitzsch, Franz, devoted to neo-Hebraic literature, 628–9.
- Della Volta, Samuel Vita, Jewish scholar, 622.
- Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, scholar, 56, 75–80, 84.
- Dembowski, Nicolas, bishop of Kamieniec, and the Frankists, 278–280, 281, 282.
- Descartes, inconsistency of, 90.
- studied by Spinoza, 89.
- Deutz, Menahem, member of the French central consistory, 502.
- De Wette, Bible exegete, 695.
- De Witt, John, friend of Spinoza, 107–8.
- "Die Waage," journal published by Börne, 542.
- Diebitsch, von, Freiherr, a defender of the Jews, 470.
- Diez, Prussian ambassador to Turkey, friendly to the Jews, 358–9.
- Djabar, Jews of, attacked, 641.
- Dob Beer. See Beer of Mizricz.
- Dohm, Christian William, military councilor, advocate of the Jews, 336.
- Dolmäh, the, a Sabbatian-Mahometan sect, 211.
- Dominicus Haman Epiphanes, nom de plume of a Jewish writer, 471.
- Donmäh, the. See Dolmäh, the.
- Dormido, David Abrabanel, petitions Parliament to admit Jews, 35.
- Dresden, Jews of, threatened with expulsion, 344.
- Dubno, Solomon, commentator on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 329–34.
- Duchan, Jacob Israel, Sabbatian, 156.
- Duport favors the emancipation of the Jews in the National Assembly, 441, 447–8.
- Dury, John, opposes the admission of the Jews into England, 46.
- Düsseldorf, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.
- Du Vallié, Paul (Isaac), convert, hostility of, to Jews, 175.
- East, the, Jews of, appeal for aid to the European Jews, 651.
- Eastern question, the, 634.
- Edzardus, Esdras, preacher, and David de Lara, 115.
- and the Sabbatians, 151.
- Eger, Akiba, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.
- Eger, Samuel, rabbi, protest of, against Jacobson's reforms, 562.
- Egypt, Jews of, emancipation of, 662–4.
- Eibeschütz, Jonathan, addresses a letter to his followers, 261–2.
- amulets by, 256–7, 260.
- and his disciples, 249–61.
- and Rabbinical Judaism, 248.
- characterization of, 247–8.
- condemned by the Danish government, 265.
- declared a secret Christian, 270–71.
- declared innocent by the Danish government, 268.
- employs Charles Anton, 267.
- excommunicated, 263–4.
- excommunicates his adversaries, 259–60.
- excommunicates the Sabbatians, 249.
- exposed as a Sabbatian, 229–30.
- in communication with the Jesuits, 250.
- in Metz, 251, 253–4.
- Kabbalistic studies of, 246–7.
- publishes an imperfect Talmud, 250–51.
- rabbi of the "three communities," 254.
- Sabbatian doctrines of, 248.
- supposed author of a Kabbalistic work, 229.
- suspected of Sabbatianism, 250–58.
- the great Gaon of the Frankists, 289.
- traitor to Austria, 252–3.
- triumphs over his opponents, 271.
- Eichhorn, Bible exegete, 695.
- Eisenmenger, John Andrew, and the Jews, 187–8.
- suppression of work of, 189–93.
- "Eisenmenger the Second, an open letter to Fichte," by Saul Asher, 463.
- Eisenstadt, Meïr, teacher of Eibeschütz, 250.
- Elijah Wilna. See Wilna, Elijah.
- Elijah Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, 145.
- Elizabeth, of Brunswick, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, 114–15.
- Emancipation, the, of the European Jews, 696–9.
- of the French Jews, 596–8.
- Emden, Jacob, and Moses Mendelssohn, 318–19.
- anti-Sabbatian, 256.
- appealed to by the orthodox Jews of Poland, 277–8.
- biographer of Sabbataï Zevi, 266.
- characterization of, 254–5.
- criticises Eibeschütz's vindication, 270.
- discovers Eibeschütz's Sabbatian
- heresy, 257–8.
- excommunicated, 261.
- fails to be elected rabbi of the "three communities," 255–6.
- on the Frankists, 278.
- persecuted, 260.
- proves the Zohar a forgery, 278.
- rebuked by the council of the "three communities," 258–9.
- returns to Altona, 265.
- triumphs over Eibeschütz, 289.
- Engel proposes a statue to Mendelssohn, 373.
- England, civil war in, 25–6.
- England, Jews of, emancipated, 698–699.
- England, settlement of Jews in, 18–19, 34–5.
- Enriquez, Antonio, de Gomez, the Jewish Calderon, 110–11.
- Ensheim, Moses, one of the Measfim, poem by, on the French victories, 450.
- tutor in Mendelssohn's house, 401.
- Ergas, Joseph, Kabbalist, accuses Chayon of heresy, 227.
- Erter, Isaac, Hebrew poet, 612–17.
- Eskapha, Joseph, teacher of Sabbataï Zevi, 118, 122.
- Eskeles, Issachar Berush, rabbi at Vienna, frees the Jews of Moravia from a tax, 252.
- intercedes for the Austrian exiles, 253.
- Essenes, a Jewish sect, 722–3.
- Essingen, Samuel, follower of Eibeschütz, 262.
- "Esther," by Ansaldo Ceba, 69, 70.
- Euchel, Isaac Abraham, one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, 398–9.
- Ewald, Heinrich, Bible exegete, 696.
- Ewald, Johann Ludwig, defends the Jews, 522.
- "Examination of the Pharisaic Traditions, An," by Uriel da Costa, 60.
- "Example of Human Life, An," Uriel da Costa's autobiography, 64–5.
- Exilarchate, the, 726.
- Faliachi, Jacob, Sabbatian, 156.
- Falk, Jacob Joshua, rabbi at Metz and Frankfort-on-the-Main, 251.
- against Eibeschütz, 262.
- "Familianten," privileged Jews in Austria, 253.
- Farchi, Chayim Maalem, minister of the pasha of Acco, 460.
- Farchi family, the, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, 638.
- Farchi, Raphael Moses, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, 639.
- member of the Damascus city council, 661–2.
- Fast of the seventeenth Tammuz abolished by the Sabbatians, 151.
- Fast of the tenth of Tebeth abolished by the Sabbatians, 143–4.
- Fauma Kadin, Mahometan name of Sarah, wife of Sabbataï Zevi, 154.
- February Revolution, the, 696–8.
- Felgenhauer, Paul, mystic, and Messianic expectations, 35–6.
- Felix Libertate, a Dutch club, 453.
- Ferber, von, cabinet councilor, appealed to in behalf of the Jews of Dresden, 344.
- Ferrajo, Lucio, proves the blood-accusation from the Talmud, 639.
- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, opposes the granting of civil rights to Jews, 461–3.
- Fifth Monarchy, the, and the Jews, 23.
- "Five Evidences of the Faith," a Sabbatian work, 162.
- Florentin, Solomon, Talmudist, supports Querido as the Messiah, 210.
- Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, de, Sarah, poetess, 203.
- Fontanes, de, countess, derives an income from the Jews of Metz, 348, 446.
- Fontanes, reactionary politician in France, 477, 479.
- "Fool's Voice, The," by Leo Modena, 73–4.
- Fould, Achille, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, 649.
- "Fragments of an Unknown, The," by Reimarus, published by Lessing, 320–23.
- France, Catholic agitators in, hostile to Jews, 655.
- Jewish communities of, 435–6.
- France, Jews of, and the religion of Reason, 451–2.
- France, the protector of Christianity in the East, 634.
- Francis I, of Austria, and the emancipation of the Jews, 508, 523.
- Franciscus, of Sardinia, a Capuchin, employed against the Damascus Jews, 639–40.
- Franconia, Jews of, persecuted, 529.
- Frank, Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank, 289.
- Frank, Jacob, Sabbatian, advises his followers to accept baptism, 278–9, 284.
- Fränkel, David, rabbi at Berlin, teacher of Moses Mendelssohn, 293–4.
- Frankel, Jonas, patron of the Breslau seminary, 700.
- Fränkel, Sæckel, opposes the omission of Hebrew from the prayers, 564.
- Frankel, Zachariah, and the reform movement, 684–5.
- Frankenberg, von, Abraham, mystic, and Manasseh ben Israel, 24.
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, conference of rabbis at, 683–4.
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jews of, and Eisenmenger, 189.
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, seat of the reform movement, 674–5.
- the "hep, hep" persecution in, 529–30.
- Frankfurter, Naphtali, Kabbalist, 55.
- defends the Talmud, 56.
- Frankists, the, a Sabbatian sect in Podolia founded by Jacob Frank, 274–5.
- accused of dissoluteness, 275–6.
- baptized, 287–8.
- believers in the Trinity, 279.
- condemned by Emden, 278.
- confession of faith of, 280–81.
- denounced to the bishop of Kamieniec, 278.
- disputation of, with Talmudists, 281–2, 286–7.
- excommunicated, 276–7.
- persecuted, 283.
- petition for baptism, 284–5.
- protected by Augustus III, of Poland, 283.
- protected by Bishop Dembowski, 279–80.
- Frederick Franz, duke of Mecklenburg, grants civil rights to the Jews, 507.
- Frederick V, of Denmark, and the Eibeschütz controversy, 265, 267–8, 269, 271.
- Frederick I, of Prussia, and the Alenu prayer, 191–2.
- Frederick II (the Great), of Prussia, and French literature, 411.
- Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, admits the Jews, 173–4.
- Frederick William II, of Prussia, the emancipation of the Jews expected from, 414–16.
- Frederick William III, of Prussia, and the Berlin reform movement, 563.
- French Revolution, the, influence of, on the Jews, 429–30.
- Frenks. See Frankists.
- Fresco, Moses, grand rabbi of Constantinople, urges the Jews to learn Turkish, 664.
- Friedländer, David, advises Israel Jacobson, 502.
- and conversion to Christianity, 421–2.
- conducts the Berlin Free School for Jews, 416.
- house of, a literary center, 412.
- imitator of Mendelssohn, 397.
- member of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews," 583.
- on the ill-treatment of the Jews, 534.
- representative of the Berlin Jews, 415.
- urges the repeal of anti-Jewish laws, 414.
- works for the emancipation of the Jews, 508.
- Friedländer family, the, 397.
- Friedrichsfeld, David, one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, 400–1.
- work by, defending the Jews, 454.
- "Friends of Reform," the, principles of, 675–6.
- Fries, J. F., writer against the Jews, 521.
- "Fulfillment of Prophecy, The," by Pierre Jurieu, 176.
- Furtado, Abraham, acquaints Napoleon with the agitation against the Jews, 498.
- addresses the Synhedrion, 495, 497.
- deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
- member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.
- member of the Assembly of Notables, 483.
- president of the Assembly of Notables, 487.
- replies to Molé in the Assembly of Notables, 489–90.
- representative of the French Jews, 436.
- view of, of Judaism, 496.
- Gad, Baruch, emissary from Palestine, 126.
- Gaffarelli, Jacob, pupil of Leo Modena, 71.
- Gailan, emir, persecutes the Jews, 151.
- Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim, of Trieste, addresses Mendelssohn, 369.
- Galante, Moses, Sabbatian, 132.
- Galicia, Jews of, degradation of, 703.
- Galicia, the new culture in, 611–12.
- Galician school, the, 607.
- Galileo, teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, 75.
- Gans, David, criticises Eibeschütz's vindication, 270.
- Gans, Edward, and Heine, 551–2.
- "Gaon," title of Elijah Wilna, 389.
- "Gate of Heaven, The," by Abraham de Herrera, 54.
- "Gatherer, The," a Hebrew journal, 399–400.
- Gaza, Jews of, flee before Napoleon, 459.
- proclaimed the Holy City, 132.
- Geiger, Abraham, rabbi and scholar, 626.
- Geldern, von, Betty, Heine's mother, 545.
- "Gemul Athalia," by David Franco Mendes, 401.
- Gentz, von, Frederick, frequenter of Henrietta Herz's salon, 423.
- quoted, 413.
- George II, of England, ratifies the naturalization of the Jews, 337.
- George, of Hesse, and the Jews, 185.
- German Catholic Church, the, established, 682.
- "German Jewish Church," a, established, 686.
- Germanus, Moses. See Speeth, John Peter.
- Germany, Jews of, and citizenship, 465–6, 517.
- Germany, the reform movement in, 627–8, 674–91.
- Gerson, Christian, convert, asperses the Talmud, 181.
- Gerville, de, Cahier, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 444–5.
- Gesenius, Bible exegete, 695.
- Ghirondi, rabbi, Jewish scholar, 622.
- Gleim, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," 307.
- Gley, a priest, establishes a journal for Jews, 494.
- "Glorious Stone, The, or the Image of Nebuchadnezzar," by Manasseh ben Israel, 37–8.
- "Glory to the Virtuous," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242–4.
- Glynn, Lord Chief Justice, member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, 43.
- Godard advocates the cause of the Jews before the National Assembly, 443.
- Goldberg, Samuel Löb, founder of the "Kerem Chemed," 621.
- Goldbergs, the, members of the Galician school, Hebrew style of, 617.
- Goldschmidt, Moritz, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.
- Goldsmid brothers, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645.
- Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa, Marrano poet, 113.
- "Good News of the Messiah for Israel!" by Paul Felgenhauer, 36.
- Goethe, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," 307.
- Göze, opponent of Lessing, 322.
- Gradis, David, deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
- Granville, Lord, English ambassador at Paris, 668.
- Grattenauer, writer, hostile to the Jews, 468.
- Grégoire, abbé, advocate of the Jews, 432, 440.
- Greeks, creative power of, 706–7.
- inability of, to resist destruction, 707–8.
- Grotius, Hugo, Hebrew scholar, 21.
- and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.
- Grund, Christopher (Christian), defends the Jews at the Congress of Rastadt, 463.
- draws up a petition for the Jews of Germany, 465–6.
- Guarini, Italian dramatist, 114.
- "Guide of the Perplexed, The," studied by Mendelssohn, 295.
- studied by Solomon Maimon, 407.
- Guidon, physician to the sultan, charged with the conversion of Sabbataï Zevi, 153–4.
- Guldberg, von, Danish minister, appealed to, in behalf of Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 333.
- Gumpertz, Aaron Solomon, teacher of Mendelssohn, 295.
- Gumprecht, representative of the Frankfort Jews, 505.
- Hadrian, persecution by, 725.
- Haidamaks, Tartar troops, 8.
- persecute the Jews, 388.
- Halevi, Elia, a Jewish poet in France, 460.
- Halfen, Azaria and Solomon, rabbis, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, 638.
- Halle, Aaron, editor of Ha-Meassef, 400.
- Hamburg, Dayanim of, oppose the Temple, 569–70.
- Jews of, emancipated, 506.
- Hamburg Temple, the, 564–5.
- Hamburg, the reform movement in, 563–4.
- Ha-Meassef, a Hebrew journal, 399–400.
- Hanna Bachari Bey, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633, 635.
- Hanover, Jews of, under restrictions, 512.
- Hanse Towns, the, Jew-hatred in, 506–8.
- Jews of, send deputies to Vienna, 513.
- Hardenberg, Prussian chancellor, and the emancipation of the Jews, 507, 520, 527.
- Harrach, count, patron of Lazarus Ben-David, 410.
- Harrison, Puritan general, 34.
- Hartmann, Frederick Traugott, opponent of the Jews, 359.
- Hasselbauer, bishop of Prague, friend of Eibeschütz, 250.
- Hebert, atheist deputy to the National Assembly, 450.
- "Hebrew Chrestomathy," by Adam Martinet, 628–9.
- Hebrew language, the, renaissance of, 399.
- "Hebrew Rites, The," by Leo Modena, 71.
- translated, 180.
- Hebrew scholarship in Holland, 20–21.
- Hebrew studied by Christians, 178, 184.
- Hegel, influence of, on Young Israel, 585.
- Heidelberg, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530–31.
- Heidenheim, Wolf, one of the Measfim, student of the Masora, 400.
- Heilmann, rabbi, proceeds against Eibeschütz, 262.
- Heilperin, Jechiel, historian, 202.
- Heine, Heinrich, a figure in Jewish history, 536.
- and Edward Gans, 551–2.
- and Jehuda Halevi, 555.
- as a political leader, 556.
- attachment of, to the Jewish race, 546.
- attitude of, towards Judaism, 546–548.
- characterization of, 544–5.
- compared with Börne, 544.
- conversion of, 550–51.
- hatred of, towards apostates, 548–549.
- Hellenism of, 555–6.
- in German literature, 537.
- member of the Berlin "Society for Culture," 547.
- mother of, 545.
- on Isaac Bernays, 577.
- on Judaism, 552.
- on Moses Moser, 583.
- on Shylock, 552–3.
- on the Bible, 553–5.
- on the conversion of Edward Gans, 587.
- on the journal for the Science of Judaism, 587.
- on the shortcomings of modern Jews, 547–8.
- religious education of, 545–6.
- reverence of, for Judaism, 553–5.
- studies of, in Jewish history, 549–550.
- style of, 556.
- Hell, persecutes the Jews of Alsace, 349–50.
- Hellenism, the, of Heine, 555–6.
- Heller, Lipmann, and the Cossack persecutions, 13.
- Hengstenberg, Bible exegete, 695.
- Hennigs, von, Augustus, Danish state councilor, and Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 333–4.
- "Hep, hep" persecutions, the, 528–532.
- Herder, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," 307.
- feeling of, towards Jews, 462.
- Herod, king of the Jews, 723.
- Herrera, de, Alonzo (Abraham), Kabbalist, 54–5, 88.
- Herschel, Solomon, rabbi in London, swears to the groundlessness of the blood-accusation, 654–5.
- Herz, Henrietta, and Schleiermacher, 423.
- Herz, Leb, Sabbatian, 152.
- Herz, Marcus, physician, husband of Henrietta Herz, 412–3.
- Heschels, Leb, rabbi, proceeds against Eibeschütz, 262.
- Hess, Isaac, introduces Mendelssohn to Lessing, 297.
- Hesse, the electorate of, emancipates the Jews, 601.
- Hetman, Cossack chieftain, 2.
- "High Tower, The, or the Innocence of the Virtuous," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 235.
- Hildesheim, Jews of, under restrictions, 512.
- Hildesheimer, Frankfort deputy to the Synhedrion, 497.
- Hillel, work of, 723.
- Hirschel, jeweler, and Voltaire, 339.
- "History of neo-Hebraic Poetry," by Franz Delitzsch, 628.
- "History of the People of Israel, The," by Ewald, 696.
- "History of the Religion of the Jews," by Basnage, 197.
- Hodges, English consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 653, 659.
- Hodki, Tartar leader, 9.
- Holdheim, Samuel, and Sachs, 691.
- Holland, and the settlement of the Jews in England, 46.
- Holland, Jews of, emancipation of, 452–9.
- Holland, learning in, 20–21.
- Portuguese Jews of, averse to emancipation, 454–5.
- Holmes, Nathaniel, Puritan, and Messianic expectations, 29–30.
- and the Jews, 27.
- Holst, Dr. Ludwig, a Jew-hater, opposed by Börne, 543.
- Holstein, Jews of, protected, 519.
- Homberg, Herz, one of the Measfim, 402.
- "Homilies of the Jews in Divine Worship," by Zunz, 620.
- Hooghe, de, Romeine, celebrates the Amsterdam synagogue, 167.
- Hoornbeck, John, asperses the Jews, 46.
- "House of God, The," by Abraham de Herrera, 54.
- Howdon, Lord, addresses the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 656.
- Huet, Peter Daniel, Jesuit, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.
- Hufnagel, translates Wessely's "Songs of Glory," 404.
- Humboldt, von, William, and Henrietta Herz, 423.
- framer of the Prussian constitution, 514.
- Hundt, Hartwig, writer against the Jews, 532.
- Hurwitz, Isaiah, Kabbalist, 52, 55.
- Hurwitz, Phineas Levi, rabbi, opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 331.
- Hurwitz, Sabbataï, compiler of penitential prayers, 13.
- Hurwitz, Salkind, deputy to the General Assembly of the Paris Commune, 443.
- urges the emancipation of the Jews, 434.
- Ibn-Raz of Alkala, character in Leo Modena's work, 73.
- Immortality of the soul, the doctrine of the, in the eighteenth century, 305–6.
- "Inquiry into Light and Truth," pamphlet against Mendelssohn, 363.
- "Inquiry into Probability," by Mendelssohn, 299.
- "Investigation into the Evidences of Christianity against Unbelievers," by Bonnet, 309.
- "Investigation of Van Swieden's Work in Reference to the Civil Rights of the Jews," by David Friedrichsfeld, 454.
- Isaiah Chassid, Sabbatian leader, 213, 229–30.
- Isaiah, the second, characterized, 720.
- Isambert, on the Damascus accusation, in the Chamber of Deputies, 650.
- Israel, Abraham, envoy from Jerusalem, partisan of Eibeschütz, 264.
- Israel, of Kozieniza, a prominent Chassidistic leader, 393.
- Israel, of Miedziboz, founder of the new Chassidim, 375–9.
- "Israelitische Allianz," founded in Vienna, 703.
- "Israel's Hope," by Manasseh ben Israel, 31, 32–3.
- Isserles, Moses, Talmudist, 4, 51.
- Itzig, Daniel, Berlin banker, 397, 415.
- Itzig, Fanny, salon of, 413–14.
- Itzig, Itzig Daniel, conducts the Berlin Free School for Jews, 416.
- Jacob Ashkenazi. See Ashkenazi, Jacob.
- Jacob de Perpignan, permitted in Bordeaux, 344.
- Jacob Querido, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, accepted as the Messiah, 209–10.
- Jacob, Syrian priest, antagonizes the Jews of Damascus, 662.
- Jacobi, charges Lessing with Spinozism, 372.
- Jacobson, Israel, reformer, and the poll-tax, 466–7.
- Jacoby, Joel, writer on the Jews, 630–31.
- quoted, 632.
- Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, court factor in Vienna, 172.
- Jankiev, Lejbovicz. See Frank, Jacob.
- Janow, Hirsch, rabbi, opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 330–31.
- Jaroslav, Aaron, works on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 334.
- Jehuda Halevi, and Heine, 555.
- Jerome (Bonaparte), of Westphalia, friendly to the Jews, 500.
- reprimands Jacobson, 562.
- Jerusalem, Jews of, distress of, 16.
- Kabbalistic center, 125.
- "Jerusalem, or upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism," by Mendelssohn, 364–5.
- Jeshurun, Isaac, accused of child murder, 42.
- Jesse, Henry, and Messianic expectations, 24, 35.
- Jessel, Sir George, Master of the Rolls, 699.
- Jessica, Shakespeare's, characterized by Heine, 553.
- Jesuits, the, in Poland, 1, 2, 3, 6.
- Jewish colonies, 722.
- Jewish conception, the, of God, 709–710.
- "Jewish Curiosities," by Schudt, studied by Heine, 549.
- "Jewish Letters," addressed to Voltaire by a Catholic priest, 346–347.
- Jewish millionaires, 205.
- Jewish morality, 710–12.
- Jewish race, the, solidarity of, 632–3.
- "Jews' porcelain," 415.
- Jews, the, and French literature, 411–12.
- "Jews, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States," by August Krämer, 521–2.
- "Jews, The," by Lessing, 297.
- Jews, the, cessation of persecution of, 176.
- chastity of, described by Heine, 553.
- cognizant of their mission, 708.
- condition of, at the end of the seventeenth century, 199–200.
- defects of, 713–14.
- defended by German and French writers, 521–2.
- degeneration of, 204–5.
- emancipation of, opposed by Fichte, 461–3.
- histories of, 592–3.
- in the Act of Federation for the German states, 518–20.
- in the European armies, 511.
- lack of æsthetic sense in, 300–1.
- literature of, 714.
- literary tastes of, 397.
- maligned by Eisenmenger, 187–8.
- Jews, the modern, described by Heine, 547–8.
- Jews, the, moral degeneracy of, 419–420, 422–3.
- Joel, Emanuel, organizer of the Breslau seminary, 700.
- John Casimir, of Poland, and the Jews, 13, 14.
- John George, elector of Brandenburg, expels the Jews, 173.
- John Sobieski, of Poland, and the Karaites, 182.
- Jollivet, French government commissioner, and the poll-tax in Germany, 465.
- Jonghe, de, Isaac, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 455.
- Jonghe, de, Lublink, deputy to the Batavian National Assembly, 455–6.
- Joseph I, of Austria, refuses to remove the ban from "Judaism Unmasked," 193.
- Joseph II, of Austria, abrogates the poll-tax on Jews, 415.
- Joseph II, of Austria, reforms of, displease the orthodox, 369–70.
- opposed by the Chassidim, 394.
- Joseph Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, 145.
- Jost, Isaac Marcus, historian of the Jews, 594–6.
- Jourdan, French general, frees the Frankfort Jews from the Ghetto, 503–4.
- Judah Chassid, Polish Sabbatian leader, 212–13.
- Judah I, compiler of the Mishna, 725.
- Judah of Galilee, chief of the zealot party, 723.
- Judaism, a split in, 565–6.
- Judaism, reform of, begun in Germany, 560.
- necessary, 559–60.
- Judaism, reforms in, 561–3.
- "Judaism Unmasked," by Eisenmenger, contents and title of, 188.
- Jülich, the blood-accusation in, 642.
- July Revolution, the, and the emancipation of the Jews, 596.
- "Jumpers, The," a Christian sect, 378.
- Jurieu, Pierre, Huguenot preacher, defends the Jews, 176.
- Jussuf Pasha, governor of Rhodes, investigates the charge against the Jews, 640.
- punishment of, 647.
- Justinian, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 725.
- Kabbala manuscripts, 53.
- Kabbala, the, and Rabbinical Judaism, 144.
- Kabbala, the later, 120–1.
- Kabbala, the, rise of, 728.
- study of, forbidden, 277.
- Kabbalistic terms, 120–1, 143.
- Kabbalists, 52–5.
- Kahana, Jacob, rabbi, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 241.
- exposes Moses Meïr Kamenker, 229–30.
- Kahtz, Christian, convert, maligns the Jews, 191.
- Kamenker, Moses Meïr, Sabbatian emissary, 228–30.
- Kant, Immanuel, and Marcus Herz, 405–6.
- Karaism explained by Mordecai ben Nissan, 183–4.
- Karaites, the, and Charles XI, of Sweden, 182–3.
- Karl Ludwig, count palatine, patron of Spinoza, 108.
- Karlinians, the, a branch of the Chassidim, 388.
- Karo, Joseph, Rabbinical authority, 51.
- Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel, rabbi, denounces Moses Chayim Luzzato, 238.
- proposes to forbid the study of the Kabbala to young men, 241.
- Kelifoth, Kabbalistic term, 120.
- Keller, Alexander, reformer of the Galician Jews, 394.
- Kerem Chemed, a Hebrew journal, 621, 693.
- Kewanoth, Kabbalistic term, 121.
- Kley, Edward, introduces reforms in Hamburg, 563–4.
- Kofrim (unbelievers), anti-Sabbatians, 144–50.
- Kölbele, John Balthasar, writes against Mendelssohn, 316–17.
- "Kol Sachal," by Leo Modena, 73–4.
- Koniecpolski, a family of the Polish nobility, 3.
- Königsberg, Jewish center of culture, 397–8.
- Kosmann, a defender of the Jews, 470.
- Kotzebue, murder of, 528.
- Krämer, August, a defender of the Jews, 521–2.
- Krochmal, Nachman Cohen, Bible exegete, 607–10, 695, 699.
- Krysa, Jehuda Leb, Frankist preacher, 275.
- makes a Catholic confession of faith, 285.
- Kryvonoss, Tartar leader, 9.
- Kuranda, Ignatz, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.
- Kussiel. See Yekutiel.
- La Fare, bishop of Nancy, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 441.
- Laguna, Lopez, Marrano poet, translates the Psalms, 203.
- Landau, Ezekiel, chief rabbi of Prague, leader of the orthodox party, 417.
- "Language of Truth, The," compiled by Eibeschütz's enemies, 266.
- Laniado, Joseph, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, 636.
- tortured to death, 638.
- La Peyrère, Isaac, and Messianic expectations, 24–5.
- Lathier, opponent of the Jews of Alsace, 524–5.
- Laurilla, the Dutch consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 641.
- Laurin, Austrian consul-general, and the Damascus affair, 647, 653.
- Lavater, John Caspar, apologizes to Mendelssohn, 314.
- Law, the, 716–17.
- translated into Greek, 722.
- "La-Yesharim Tehilla," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242–4.
- "Lectures upon the Modern History of the Jews," by Solomon Löwisohn, 594.
- Lee, Johanna, founder of the Shakers, 378.
- Lefrank, a Jewish satirist, 471–2.
- Lehren, Hirsch, rabbi, at Amsterdam, and the Damascus affair, 649–51.
- protests against the Brunswick resolutions, 682.
- "Leibzoll." See Poll-tax.
- Leipsic, battle of, celebrated in the synagogue, 528.
- reform synagogue at, 573.
- Lemberg, culture strivings in, 612.
- Jews of, suffer from the Cossack insurrections, 11.
- Lemos, de, Henrietta. See Herz, Henrietta.
- Leo (Judah) ben Isaac Modena rabbi at Venice, 56, 65–7, 71–4.
- Leon, Jacob Jehuda, Marrano author, 114–15.
- Leon of Filnek, character in "Nathan the Wise," 325.
- Leopold I, of Austria, banishes the Jews from Vienna, 169–71.
- Leopold II, of Austria, hostile to the Jews, 508.
- refuses to remove the ban from "Judaism Unmasked," 193.
- Leopoldstadt, Vienna Jews' quarter, 172.
- Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, advocate of the Jews, 297, 336.
- and Göze, 322.
- and Mendelssohn's dispute with Lavater, 319.
- and "The Fragments of an Unknown," 320–3.
- characterization of, 296.
- charged with Spinozism, 372.
- death of, 326–7.
- estimate of, of Christianity, 319, 325–6.
- opinion of, of Mendelssohn, 297.
- publishes Mendelssohn's "Philosophical Conversations," 299.
- "Letter of Zeal," by Jonathan Eibeschütz, 261–2.
- Léven, Narcisse, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.
- Levi, Aaron. See Montezinos, de, Antonio.
- Levi, Elisha, emissary from Jerusalem, 130.
- Levi, Gedaliah, and Vital Calabrese, 52.
- Levi, Isaiah, Sabbatian, 152.
- Levi, Nathan Benjamin. See Nathan Ghazati.
- Levi, Raphael, accused of child murder, 175–6.
- Levi, Wolf, one of the Chassidim, convert to Christianity, 213.
- Levin, Rachel, leader in society and literary circles, 413.
- Levy, Maurice, acquaints Napoleon with the agitation against the Jews, 498.
- Lewin, Hirschel, rabbi at Berlin, and Mendelssohn, 317.
- Libermann, Eleazar, reform emissary, 568–9.
- Liebmann, Jost, favorite of Frederick I of Prussia, 219.
- Lipmann, Solomon, temporary chairman of the Assembly of Notables, 487.
- Lisbona, Samuel, father-in-law of Nathan Ghazati, 130.
- Lissa, Jacob, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.
- London, Jews of, celebrate Montefiore's return from Damascus, 670.
- London, Mansion House meeting in, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 655–7.
- theological seminary at, 700.
- Long Parliament, the, dissolution of, 34.
- Lopes-Dubec, deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
- member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.
- Lopez, Balthasar, martyr, 91–2.
- Lorraine, the Jewish community of, 435.
- Louis XIV, of France, deeds away the Jews of Metz, 348, 446.
- Louis XV, of France, confirms the statute expelling German Jews from Bordeaux, 342.
- Louis XVI, of France, abrogates the Jewish poll-tax, 415, 432.
- Louis XVIII, of France, and the emancipation of the Jews, 524, 596.
- the clergy influential with, 512.
- Louis Philippe, of France, and Montefiore, 668.
- Löwe, Joel, editor of Ha-Meassef, 400.
- Löwisohn, Solomon, historian, 594.
- Löwy, Albert, founder of the Anglo-Jewish Association, 703.
- Lübeck, Jews of, expelled, 520.
- Lubienski, Wratislaw, archbishop of Lemberg, and the Frankists, 284.
- Lüneville, peace of, and the poll-tax, 464, 465.
- Lurya, Isaac, Kabbalist, 51–2.
- ritual of, introduced among the Chassidim, 386–7.
- Lurya, Solomon, Polish Talmudist, 4.
- Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, dramatist, 203–4, 234, 235.
- as Hebrew stylist, 234.
- as hymn writer, 234.
- asserts his orthodoxy, 238.
- at Amsterdam, 242.
- death of, 244.
- excommunicated, 240–1.
- imitates the style of the Zohar, 235.
- Kabbalistic fancies of, 232–3, 236, 239.
- promises to abandon Kabbalistic pursuits, 241.
- replies to Leo Modena's work against the Kabbala, 240.
- Luzzatto, Samuel David, Bible exegete, 622–5, 695, 699.
- Luzzatto, Simone, rabbi at Venice, 56, 67, 80–4.
- "Maccabee, The," by Miguel Silveyra, 111.
- Maccabees, the, victories of, 722.
- Mahomet, and the Jews, 726–7.
- Maimaran, Joseph, adviser of Muley Ismail, 168.
- Maimon, Solomon, and the Chassidim, 407.
- Maimuni, Moses, philosophy of, 728.
- studied by Spinoza, 88.
- Maimunists, the, 728.
- Malach, Chayim, Polish Sabbatian leader, 212, 213–14.
- Malesherbes, and the emancipation of the Jews of France, 431–2.
- Malka Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, 143.
- Manasseh ben Israel, rabbi in Amsterdam. See Chap. II.
- and Lord Middlesex, 33.
- and Lord Oliver St. John, 33–4.
- and Messianic expectations, 24–5, 28–33, 36–8.
- and the Hebrew studies of Christians, 22.
- and the Ten Tribes, 31.
- as author, 20.
- characterization of, 19–20.
- death of, 50.
- defends the Jews, 47–9.
- in London, 38–49.
- inclined to mysticism, 55.
- outlines a history of the Jews, 202.
- petitions the Protector, 38–9.
- proposal of, for admission of Jews into England, 44.
- reasons of, for admitting Jews into England, 39–42.
- son of, 38.
- teacher of Spinoza, 87.
- threatens to leave Amsterdam, 34.
- Manchester, Jews of, determine to help the Damascus Jews, 654.
- meeting at, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 657.
- Mannheimer, Isaac Noah, rabbi at Vienna, 578–82.
- Mansion House meeting, the, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 655–7.
- Margalita, Aaron, convert, asperses the Midrash Rabba, 194–5.
- Margaret, of Austria, and the Jews, 169–71.
- Maria Anna, of Austria, banishes the Jews from the Spanish provinces, 169.
- Maria Juliana, of Denmark, influenced in favor of Eibeschütz, 267.
- Maria Theresa, of Austria, banishes the Jews from Bohemia and Moravia, 252–3.
- Marini, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237.
- Marrano authors, 109–18.
- Marranos, the, origin of, 729.
- persecution of, 90–2.
- Marshall, lord mayor of London, calls a meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 655–6.
- Marten, Harry, urges the admission of the Jews into England, 43.
- Martinet, Adam, devotee of neo-Hebraic literature, 628, 629.
- Maruni, Catholic patriarch, antagonizes the Damascus Jews, 662.
- Masuel, Eugene, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.
- Maury, abbé, opponent of the Jews, 441–2, 446.
- Maximilian Joseph, of Bavaria, concedes some civil rights to Jews, 508.
- Mayo, Moses, excommunicated, 261.
- Measfim, the, the Mendelssohn school, 397–404.
- Mecklenburg, Jews of, emancipated, 507.
- Medelsheim, Herz. See Berr, Cerf.
- Medina, a Jewish capitalist, and Voltaire, 339.
- Megerlin, David Frederick, declares Eibeschütz a secret Christian, 270–1.
- "Mehemenuta de Cola," by Nehemiah Chayon, 219–20.
- Mehmed Effendi, Mahometan name of Sabbataï Zevi, 154.
- Mehmet Ali, pasha of Egypt, and the European powers, 647.
- Meiningen, Jews of, expelled, 530.
- Meisels, rabbi, and the Revolution of 1848, 697.
- Meldola, David, rabbi, in London, swears to the groundlessness of the blood-accusation, 654–5.
- Melo, Francisco, Jewish millionaire, 205.
- Mendelssohn, Dorothea, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, and Schlegel, 424.
- Mendelssohn, Henrietta, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, convert to Catholicism, 424.
- Mendelssohn, Joseph, son of Moses Mendelssohn, supports the "Society of Friends," 418.
- Mendelssohn, Moses, accused of abandoning Judaism, 363.
- admired by Mirabeau, 432.
- æsthetic sense of, 300–1.
- and the charge of Spinozism against Lessing, 370–1.
- and the early burial question, 318–19.
- and the Measfim, 402.
- as a Talmud student, 294.
- as a tutor, 296.
- becomes acquainted with Lessing, 297.
- challenged to refute Bonnet, 308–310.
- criticises Dohm's Apology for the Jews, 361–2.
- criticises Frederick the Great's poetry, 302–3.
- criticises Reimarus' work adversely, 320.
- daughters of, leaders in society, 412.
- death of, 371–3.
- Hebrew style of, 295–6.
- house of, a literary center, 412.
- influence of, 729–30.
- influenced by Lessing, 297–8.
- intercedes for the Saxon Jews, 344.
- Jewish critics of, 317.
- lacks appreciation for history, 301–302.
- Lessing's ideal Jew, 323.
- letter of, to Lavater, 311–13.
- misunderstood, 417.
- on the necessity of a Pentateuch translation, 332.
- pamphlets against, 315–17.
- proposed as a member of the Berlin Academy, 308.
- proposed statue to, 372–3.
- rejuvenates the Jewish race, 292–3.
- relation of, to Judaism and Christianity, 310–13.
- "Schutz-Jude," 304.
- shows the untenability of Christian dogmas, 314–15.
- studies German, 298.
- studies "The Guide of the Perplexed," 295.
- visit of, to Königsberg, 398.
- wins a prize offered by the Berlin Academy, 303–4.
- writes a preface to the "Vindiciæ Judæorum," 362–3.
- youth of, 293–4.
- Mendes, David Franco, one of the Measfim, dramatist, 244, 401.
- Merari, Moses Menahem, rabbi, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 239.
- Mérilhou, minister of education, proposes the equalization of Judaism with the other religions in France, 597.
- Merkel, secretary of the Westphalian consistory, 502.
- Merlato, Austrian consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 639, 646, 653.
- Messiah, the, Sabbatian view of, 142–143.
- Messianic craze, the, in Moravia, 150–1.
- Messianic expectations, 23–5, 28–33, 35–8, 120–1.
- Metternich, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 646, 647, 653.
- Metz, Jews of, accused of child murder, 174–6.
- Metz, the Jewish community of, 435.
- Metz, Moses, follower of Joseph Delmedigo, 77.
- Meyer, Edward, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, 602.
- Meyerbeer, composes the music for the reform synagogue at Leipsic, 573.
- Michaelis, John David, Hebrew scholar, and Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem," 365–6.
- Michaelis, John Henry, defender of the Jews, 191.
- Middlesex, Lord, and Manasseh ben Israel, 33.
- Migdal Oz, Sabbataï Zevi's prison at Abydos, 148.
- Mikulski, de, canon, and the Frankists, 285.
- "Mirror of the Jews, The," by Hartwig Hundt, 532.
- Mirabeau, admiration of, for Mendelssohn, 432.
- Mises, Jehuda Löb, patron of Galician students, 612–14.
- Mishna, the, compiled by Judah I, 725.
- translated by Surenhuysius, 193.
- Mixed marriages, discussed by the Assembly of Notables, 491.
- by the Synhedrion, 496–7.
- Mizriczians, the, a branch of the Chassidim, 388.
- Mochiach. See Mordecai of Eisenstadt.
- Mochinger, John, mystic, and Manasseh ben Israel, 24.
- Modena, Leo. See Leo ben Isaac Modena.
- Mohammed, sultan of Turkey, death of, 634.
- Mohammed El-Telli, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633, 635, 636.
- Moisling, Jews of, migrate to Lübeck, 506.
- Molé, addresses the Assembly of Notables, 489–92.
- "Moniteur," the, on Jewish history, 485–6.
- Montefiore, Judith, accompanies her husband to Damascus, 654.
- Montefiore, Moses, addresses a meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 653.
- and Louis Philippe, 668.
- appealed to by the Jews of the East, 651.
- attends a meeting for the Damascus Jews, 645.
- chosen to go to Damascus, 652.
- distinguished by Queen Victoria, 670.
- journey of, to Damascus, 654–7.
- ovations to, 668–9, 670.
- received by Abdul Meg'id, 662.
- received by Lord Palmerston, 669.
- received by Mehmet Ali, 659.
- Montefiore, Moses (continued), reception of, in France and Italy, 658.
- Montesquieu, opposes the barbarous treatment of the Jews, 336.
- Montezinos, de, Antonio, and the Ten Tribes, 30–31.
- Moore, Dorothea, Hebrew scholar, 21.
- Moravia, Jews of, banished, 252–3.
- Mordecai ben Nissan, explains the origin of Karaism, 183–4.
- Mordecai of Eisenstadt, founder of the Polish Sabbatians, 208–9, 212.
- poses as the Messiah, 208–9.
- Mordecai Zevi, father of Sabbataï Zevi, 119–20.
- Morpurgo, Elijah, one of the Measfim, 402.
- Mortara case, the, 701.
- Morteira, Saul, rabbi at Amsterdam, 32.
- "Mosaic Law," by John David Michaelis, 359.
- Moser, Moses, founder of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews," 583.
- urges the conversion of the Jews, 587–8.
- Moses da Rieti, alluded to, 112.
- Muley Arshid, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, 168.
- Muley Ismail, sultan of Morocco, patron of the Jews, 168.
- Müller, von, Johannes, Swiss historian, friendly to the Jews, 359.
- helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 500.
- Mulot, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 444, 445.
- Munk, Solomon, scholar, accompanies Crémieux as interpreter, 658, 660.
- Murad el Fallat, servant of David Arari, accuses himself of the murder of Father Tomaso, 637–638.
- Musaphia, Dionysius, (Benjamin), physician and rabbi, 115.
- Mustapha Pasha, deputy-vizir, and Sabbataï Zevi, 147, 153.
- Naar, Isaac, companion of Spinoza, 88, 92.
- Nachman ben Samuel Levi, Frankist preacher, 275.
- Nancy, Jews of, threatened with pillage, 440.
- Napoleon, calls an Assembly of Jewish Notables, 481–2.
- council of, discusses the Jewish question, 479–81.
- fall of, 510–11.
- forms two new political divisions, 500.
- hostility of, to Jews, 474, 476–7, 480.
- in Palestine, 459–60.
- influenced in favor of the Jews, 481.
- legislation for the Jews proposed by, 498–9.
- proposes a Synhedrion, 493.
- return of, from Elba, 518.
- satisfied with the Assembly of Notables, 492.
- supremacy of, 474.
- Napoleon III, protests against the Mortara abduction, 701.
- Nathan Ghazati, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 130–2, 137.
- Nathan Nata, father of Jonathan Eibeschütz, 246.
- Nathan, the hero of "Nathan the Wise," 323–4.
- "Nathan the Wise," influence of, 326–7.
- National Assembly, the Batavian, and the poll-tax, 458.
- National Assembly, the French, abrogates exceptional regulations against Jews, 448.
- National Guard, the French, Jews in, 438, 443.
- Natkes, member of the Galician school, excommunicated, 614.
- Hebrew style of, 617.
- Neander, Augustus, Church historian, asserts the groundlessness of the blood-accusation, 650.
- Neidhard, inquisitor-general, adviser of Maria Anna, of Austria, 169.
- Nepi, Graziadio, rabbi, Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables, 488.
- Nesselrode, and the emancipation of the Jews, 527.
- Netter, Charles, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.
- Neumann, Andrew, ambassador at Vienna from Brandenburg, and the Jews, 173.
- Nicholas, Edward, apologist for the Jews, 28–9.
- Nicholas I, of Russia, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 657.
- Nicolai proposes a statue to Mendelssohn, 372.
- Nieto, David, rabbi at London, accuses Chayon of heresy, 227.
- culture of, 200.
- "Nineteen Letters on Judaism," by Ben Usiel, 627.
- Nizuzoth, Kabbalistic term, 120.
- Noel, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation of the Jews, 456.
- interferes with the communal administration in Amsterdam, 457.
- Nomologia, by Immanuel Aboab, 55.
- Notables, the Assembly of, appoints a commission on the twelve questions, 490.
- Notables, the Jewish, of Westphalia, 501.
- Nuñes, Isaac. See Belmonte, Manuel, 113.
- Nuñez da Almeida, Manuela, poetess, 203.
- "Observations of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews of Alsace," by Hell, 350.
- O'Connell, Daniel, on the Damascus blood-accusation, 653, 657.
- Olam ha-Tikkun, Kabbalistic term, 121.
- Old Testament, the, and the Puritans, 26–8.
- exegesis of, 695–6.
- Oldenburg, Heinrich, on Sabbatianism, 139.
- Olianow, Elijah, follower of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 245.
- partisan of Eibeschütz, 262.
- Oliver y Fullana, de, Nicolas, cosmographer, 113, 114.
- Omar, caliph, and the Jews, 727.
- "On the Speedy Glory of Judah and Israel," by Henry Jesse, 35.
- Onias, Temple of, 722.
- Oppenheim, painter, alluded to, 601.
- Oppenheim, David, chief rabbi of Prague, Kabbalist, 217.
- Oppenheim, Joseph, son of the preceding, patron of Nehemiah Chayon, 217.
- Oppenheim, Samuel, philanthropist, and Eisenmenger, 189–90.
- patron of the Chassidim, 213.
- Oran, Jews of, banished, 169.
- Orenstein, Jacob, rabbi of Lemberg, excommunicates Erter, 614–15.
- "Orient, The," a German Jewish journal, 693.
- Orthodox party, the, disorganization of, 567–8.
- protests against the Temple innovations, 571.
- Paalzow, a writer hostile to the Jews, 468.
- Palestine, Napoleon in, 459–60.
- wrested from Turkey, 633.
- "Palingénésie," by Bonnet, 314.
- Palmerston, Lord, and Montefiore, 669.
- Pardo, Joseph, rabbi at Amsterdam, 58.
- Paris, Jews of, praised by the Carmelites district, 444–5.
- Pasquier, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, 485.
- Pastor, a member of the Galician school, excommunicated, 614.
- "Pastor Fido," translated, 114.
- Patriarchate, the, 725.
- Paul, apostle, influence of, 724.
- Pauli, Oliger, espouses the cause of the Jews, 176–7.
- Peel, Sir Robert, introduces the Damascus affair in the House of Commons, 652–3.
- Pelham, English minister, advocates the naturalization of the Jews, 337.
- Penso, Isaac, philanthropist, 111.
- Penso, Joseph (Felice), Marrano poet, 112–13.
- Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn's translation of, 328–9.
- Penya, Chayim, anti-Sabbatian, 136.
- Sabbatian, 145.
- Pereira, Abraham, Sabbatian, 139, 150, 160.
- Pereira, Jacob Rodrigues, representative of the Bordeaux Jewish community, 342–4.
- Peringer, Gustavus, studies Karaism, 182–3.
- Perl, Joseph, founds a High School in Tarnopol, 612.
- Peters, Hugh, Cromwell's secretary, 43.
- member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, 45.
- Pfizer, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, 602.
- "Phædon, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, 306–8.
- Pharisees, the, a Jewish sect, 723.
- Philanthropin, school at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 674.
- Philosoph, Joseph, Talmudist, father-in-law of Sabbataï Zevi, 166.
- supports Jacob Querido as the Messiah, 210.
- "Philosophical Conversations," by Mendelssohn, 298–9.
- Philip IV, of Spain, and the Jews of Oran, 169.
- Philippi, Francis Lothair. See Levi, Wolf, 213.
- Picciotto, Isaac Levi, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 638–9.
- Pinedo, de, Thomas (Isaac), philologist, 114.
- Pinheiro, Moses, Kabbalist, 164.
- Pinto, David, broker, partisan of Eibeschütz, 264.
- Pinto, de, Aaron, espouses Chayon's cause, 222.
- Pinto, Isaac, answers Voltaire's attack upon the Jews, 344–6.
- Pintos, de, Jewish millionaires in Amsterdam, 205.
- Pius VII, pope, and the emancipation of the Jews, 518.
- Pius IX, pope, and the Mortara case, 700–1.
- "Plaints of a Jew, The," by Joel Jacoby, 630–1.
- Plantavicius, Jacob, bishop, pupil of Leo Modena, 71.
- Podolia, Sabbatianism in, 228.
- Poland, civil war in, 387–8.
- Poland, Jews of, butchered by Cossacks, 7–11, 14.
- Poland, Rabbinical Judaism in, 385–386.
- Poll-tax, the, on Jews, abolished in Austria, 357, 415.
- Polytheism, weakness of, 709.
- Poniatowski, Stanislaus Augustus, of Poland, issues laws against the Jews, 387.
- Portalis, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, 485.
- Portugal re-admits Jews, 532.
- Potocki, a family of the Polish nobility, 3.
- Polish general, 7.
- "Prayer-Book for Israelites" by the Hamburg Temple, 673.
- Preteau, president of the National Assembly, defender of the Jews, 441.
- Primo, Samuel, secretary of Sabbataï Zevi, 133, 213, 216.
- "Prophets of the Old Testament, The," by Ewald, 696.
- Prophets, the, 719.
- "Proposals in Favor of the Jews," by Grégoire, 437.
- Prosnitz, Löbele, Sabbatian, and Jonathan Eibeschütz, 248.
- Prussia, constitution of, promises equality to Jews, 514.
- Prussia, Jews of, emancipated partially, 507, 508.
- Prynne, William, opposes the admission of Jews into England, 45–46.
- Puffendorf, John, and Karaism, 183.
- "Punishment of Athalia, The," by David Franco Mendes, 401.
- Puritans, the, and the admission of Jews into England, 27–8.
- Quadruple Alliance, the, formation of, 658.
- Querido, Jacob. See Jacob Querido.
- Rabbanites, reconciled with Karaites in Cairo, 664.
- "Rabbi of Bacharach, The," by Heine, 549–50, 552.
- Rabbinical Judaism. See Talmudical Judaism.
- Rabbis, the, disregard of, in Germany, 566.
- Ragoczi, Transylvanian general, 15.
- Ramson, a defender of the Jews, 470.
- Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda, scholar, and Krochmal, 610, 617–18.
- Rastadt, the Peace Congress at, and the emancipation of the Jews, 463.
- and the poll-tax, 459.
- Ratti Menton, the French consul in Damascus, and the blood-accusation, 633.
- Reaction, the, 512–13.
- Reason, the religion of, and the Jews, 450–52.
- Rebbe, the, leader of the Chassidim, 392.
- subordinate to the supreme Zaddik, 393.
- Recha, character in "Nathan the Wise," 324.
- "Reflections," by Isaac Pinto, 345.
- Reform Association, the Berlin, at the Frankfort conference, 684, 685–6.
- Reform movement, the, in America, 702.
- Reform party, the, aggressiveness of, 568.
- Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, 564.
- Reformers, attitude of, towards Judaism, 629–30.
- Reggio, Jewish scholar, 622.
- Regnault, state councilor under Napoleon, favorable to the Jews, 480–81.
- Reign of Terror, the, end of, 452.
- Jews during, 450.
- Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, 320.
- interested in Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 329.
- Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, critic of Christianity, 319–23.
- Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated, 261.
- "Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain, The," by Michael Sachs, 555, 694.
- Rembrandt, illustrates one of Manasseh ben Israel's works, 38.
- Renaissance, the, of Judaism, 291–292, 395–6, 558.
- "Return of the Jewish Warrior, The," painting by Oppenheim, 601.
- "Return of the Jews, The," by Isaac La Peyrère, 25.
- Reubell, deputy to the National Assembly, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 441, 448.
- "Revelation according to the System of the Synagogue," by Solomon Ludwig Steinheim, 604–7.
- Rhodes, the blood-accusation in, 640–41, 647.
- Rhynsburgians, a Christian sect, 94.
- Richelieu, de, duc, issues a command against the German Jews of Bordeaux, 343–4.
- Richter, Jean Paul, and the Jews, 533.
- Riess, David, permitted to have a private synagogue in Berlin, 191.
- Riesser, Gabriel, and Chacham Bernays, 673.
- and the Damascus affair, 669.
- and the emancipation of the Jews, 599–601.
- and the Friends of Reform, 675–6.
- awakens self-respect in the Jews, 602.
- characterization of, 598–9.
- honored by the Jews of Baden, 601.
- member of the Prussian Landtag, 697.
- opposes the Judæophobists, 601–602.
- secretary of the Hamburg Temple, 672.
- view of, of Judaism, 599.
- Riesser, Lazarus, father of the preceding, affiliates with the Hamburg Temple Union, 570–71.
- Risaat Bey, presides over the inquiry into the Rhodes blood-accusation, 570–71, 647.
- Rivarola, cardinal, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 668.
- "Roaring Lion, The," by Leo Modena, 74.
- "Roaring of the Lion, The," by Leo Modena, 73–4.
- Robert, Ludwig, letter to, from his sister, Rachel Levin, 534.
- Robert, Rachel. See Levin, Rachel.
- Robespierre favors the emancipation of the Jews, 441.
- Robles, Antonio, Marrano merchant in London, 49.
- Rocamora, de, Vincent, Marrano poet, 109–10, 113.
- Rodrigues, Isaac, deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
- member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.
- Rohrer, Joseph, writer hostile to the Jews, 472.
- Romanticism and the Jews, 515–16.
- Rome, Jews of, return to the Ghetto, 518.
- Rothschild, de, James, services of, in Damascus acknowledged, 653.
- Rothschild, de, Lionel, elected member of Parliament, 698.
- Rothschild, de, Nathaniel M., and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645.
- Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, founder of the house of Rothschild, 514.
- representative of the Frankfort Jews, 505.
- Rothschild, the house of, power of, 513–14.
- Rothschilds, the, appealed to by the
- Rubio, Abraham, Sabbatian, 145.
- Rückert, poet, the master of Sachs, 692.
- Rühs, Friedrich, professor of history, writes against the Jews, 516–17.
- Russia, Jews of, 472–3.
- supports Turkey, 634.
- Russians, the, allied with Chmielnicki, 14.
- Sabbataï Raphael, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 133, 137, 157.
- poses as prophet in Germany, 160.
- Sabbataï Zevi, and Nehemiah Cohen, 152–3.
- and Rabbinical Judaism, 152.
- as Messiah, 122, 134, 162–3.
- asceticism of, 119.
- at Abydos, 148, 151.
- brothers of, 145.
- characterization of, 118.
- converted to Islamism, 154.
- death of, 166.
- duplicity of, 165–6.
- excommunicated, 122.
- forms a Turkish-Jewish sect, 163.
- homage paid to, 141–2.
- in Cairo, 124–5, 128–9.
- in Constantinople, 146–8.
- in Jerusalem, 127, 132–3.
- in Salonica, 124.
- in Smyrna, 133–7.
- marriages of, 128–9, 154, 166.
- news of conversion of, how received, 155–6.
- on his conversion, 155.
- rewards his followers, 145.
- studies of, 118.
- wealth of, 123.
- Sabbatian view, the, of the Messiah, 142–3.
- Sabbatianism among Christians, 151.
- Sabbatians, converted to Mahometanism, 154, 211.
- Sabilenki, Zachariah, and Chmielnicki, 7.
- Sachs, Michael, rabbi in Berlin, and Holdheim, 691.
- and Rapoport, 690.
- and the reform movement, 691–2.
- as a preacher, 689–90, 692.
- as a Talmudist, 690–91.
- Bible exegete, 692, 693, 695, 699.
- characterization of, 687–9.
- contributions by, to Jewish literature, 692–4.
- contributor to the "Kerem Chemed," 622.
- translation of the Bible by, 693.
- writer on the Jewish poetry of the Middle Ages, 555, 693–4.
- Sadducees, a Jewish sect, 723.
- "Sahaduta di Mehemnuta," a Sabbatian work, 162.
- Saint Etienne, Rabaud, favors freedom of conscience, 439.
- St. John, Oliver, and Manasseh ben Israel, 33–4.
- Salins, François, persecutor of the Damascus Jews, 661.
- Salman, of Lemberg, spy upon Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 240.
- Salman, of Liadi, Chassidistic leader, 393, 394.
- Salomon, Gotthold, preacher at the Hamburg Temple, 564–5.
- Salomons, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645.
- Salomons, David, elected member of Parliament, 698.
- Salonica, Sabbataï Zevi in, 124.
- Sabbatians in, 211.
- Saloniki, Moses, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, 636.
- Salvador, Jonah, and Richard Simon, 180.
- saves the Jews of Metz, 175–6.
- "Salvation of the Jews, The," Mendelssohn's preface to the "Vindiciæ Judæorum," 362–3.
- Samaritans, the first Judæan sect, 721.
- Samson, the Syrian Hercules, 715.
- Samuel ben Aaron, on Karaism, 183.
- Samuel, son of Manasseh ben Israel, 38.
- Samun, rabbi of Leghorn, and the Temple innovations, 571.
- Sand, Karl, murderer of Kotzebue, 528.
- Sarah, wife of Sabbataï Zevi, 128–9.
- Saruk, Israel, Kabbalist, 54.
- Sason, the Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 641.
- Sasportas family, the, dragomans in Oran, 169.
- Sasportas, Jacob, scholar and rabbi, anti-Sabbatian, 138, 141, 150, 161.
- Sasportas, Jacob, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 455.
- Satanow, Isaac, one of the Measfim, 400.
- Saubert, John, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, 115.
- Savoy, Jews settle in, 169.
- Saxony, Jews of, under restrictions, 509.
- Scaliger, Joseph, philologist, 20, 21.
- Schiller, and Solomon Maimon, 409.
- Schimmelpenink, grand pensioner of the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation of the Jews, 458.
- Schlegel, Frederick, and Dorothea Mendelssohn, 423–4.
- Schleiermacher, and Henrietta Herz, 423.
- repudiates the connection between Judaism and Christianity, 426–427.
- Schmidt, of Hildburghausen, defends the Jews, 522.
- Schmidt, the Bremen deputy to the Congress of Vienna, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 519.
- Schor, Elisha, a Polish Sabbatian, 275.
- composes the Frankist confession of faith, 280.
- Schudt, author of "Jewish Curiosities," 549.
- Schurmann, Anna Maria, Hebrew scholar, 21.
- "Schutz-Jude," a protected Jew, 304.
- abolished in Prussia, 507.
- Schwager, an author friendly to the Jews, 358.
- "Scientific Journal, The," a German-Jewish journal, 625.
- Segre, Joshua Benzion, Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables, 488.
- Ségur, state councilor under Napoleon, friendly to the Jews, 480–481.
- Selden, John, Hebrew scholar, 21.
- Selig (Selek), Eliakim, sent to Rome to obtain the acquittal of the Jews from the blood-accusation, 282, 285.
- Serach ben Nathan, Karaite, and Joseph Delmedigo, 76–7.
- Sermon, the German, introduced into the synagogue, 562.
- Serra, Nicolas, papal nuncio, credits the blood-accusation, 285–6.
- opposed to the Frankist converts, 285.
- Serrarius, Peter, and Messianic expectations, 24, 36.
- Sèze, de, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 442.
- "Shaagath Aryeh," by Leo Modena, 73.
- Shäbs. See Sabbatians.
- Shach. See Cohen, Sabbataï.
- Shachna, Polish Talmudist, 4.
- Shakers, the, founded, 378.
- Shammai, work of, 723.
- Sheloh. See Hurwitz, Isaiah.
- Sherif Pasha, governor of Damascus, circulates Lucio Ferrajo's book against the Jews, 639.
- Shibli Ajub, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633.
- Shlomel, Kabbalist, 55.
- "Short Demurrer, A," by William Prynne, 45–6.
- Short Parliament, the, dissolution of, 35.
- Puritan character of, 34.
- Sid Gailand, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, 168.
- Sigismund III, of Poland, bigotry of, 2.
- Silesia, Jews of, heavily taxed, 508.
- Silveira, Isaac, companion of Sabbataï Zevi, 145.
- Silveyra, Miguel, Marrano poet, 111.
- Simon Episcopius, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.
- Simon, Richard, Father of the Oratory, as Bible critic, 178–9.
- Sinzheim, Joseph David, rabbi, addresses the Synhedrion, 495.
- Skytte, Swedish royal councilor, plans a university, 174.
- Smith, member of parliament, addresses the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 656.
- Smyrna, commercial importance of, 119.
- Sabbataï Zevi in, 133–7.
- "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews, The," aims of, 584–586.
- "Society for the Good and the Noble, The," 403.
- "Society for the Promotion of Christianity among Jews, The," foundation of, 587.
- "Society of Friends, The," and the reform movement in Berlin, 563.
- union against the orthodox party, 418–19.
- Sofer, Moses, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.
- protests against the Temple innovations, 572.
- Sofino, Raphael, Sabbatian, 160.
- Solomon, Kabbalist, 55.
- Solomon, of Rohatyn, makes a Catholic confession of faith, 285.
- "Songs of Glory," by Wessely, 404.
- "Songs of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The," by Steinheim, 603–604.
- Spain, Jews expelled from, 728–9.
- Spalding, translates Wessely's "Songs of Glory," 404.
- Speeth, John Peter, defends the Jews, 177.
- Spinoza, Baruch, attacked, 93–4.
- character of, 107–8.
- characterization of, 86.
- death of, 167.
- defends freedom of thought, 95–7.
- doubts of, 89–90.
- excommunicated, 93, 94–5.
- explains the Jewish state, 103–7.
- idea of, of God, 98–9.
- idea of, of Judaism and Christianity, 101–3.
- idea of, of man, 99–101.
- studies of, 87–9.
- theory of, of the state, 96–7.
- trade of, 95.
- youth of, 87.
- Spira, Nathan, emissary from Palestine, 126.
- "Spirit of the Laws, The," by Montesquieu, 336.
- Stambuli, Aaron, suspected of the murder of Father Tomaso, 638.
- "Stättigkeit," the Frankfort legislation against Jews, 503.
- Steel, Lord Chief Baron, member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, 43.
- Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig, physician, philosopher, and poet, 602–7, 699.
- Strasburg, Jews excluded from, 349.
- Jews of, hostility to, 476–7.
- Streckfuss, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, 602.
- "Stübel," hermitage of the Zaddik, 382.
- Suasso, Isaac (Antonio), and William III, of England, 205.
- Sullam, Sarah, poetess, 68–70.
- Sulzer, musician in the Vienna temple, 581.
- "Summons," addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael Berr, 460–61.
- Surenhuysius, William, Hebrew scholar, and the Jews, 194.
- translates the Mishna, 193–4.
- Synhedrion, a, proposed by Napoleon, 493.
- Synhedrion, the, composition of, 493.
- Synod, the, of the Four Countries, 3–4.
- not permitted to assemble, 387.
- Syria, returned to Turkey, 661.
- wrested from Turkey, 633.
- "Tables of Testimony, The," by Jonathan Eibeschütz, 270.
- Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, on the emancipation of the Jews, 442.
- Talmud, the, attacked, 73–4, 77.
- Talmud Torah, the Amsterdam synagogue, 167.
- Talmudical Judaism, and Sabbatianism, 142, 152.
- Talmudical schools, the, decay of, 566–7.
- decline of, 699.
- Talmudists, 4.
- "Tantalus in the Lawsuit," comedy by Frederick the Great, 339.
- Tarnopol, culture strivings in, 612.
- Teller, consistorial councilor, and Jews desiring baptism, 421–22.
- Temple, the Hamburg, 564–5.
- Templo. See Leon, Jacob Jehuda.
- Ten Tribes, the, and Manasseh ben Israel, 31.
- theories about, 30–31.
- Teutomania, and the Jews, 515–16.
- Texeira, Isaac (Manuel), appealed to by the Jews of Vienna, 171.
- Sabbatian, 140.
- Texeiras, Jewish millionaires, 205.
- Theodosius II, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 725.
- Theological seminaries, 699–700.
- "Theologico-Political Treatise, The," by Spinoza, 95–109.
- Thibaut, professor at Heidelberg, protects the Jews, 531.
- Thiers, and Louis Philippe, 648.
- Thiery, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 434.
- Tholuck, Bible exegete, 695.
- Thompson, chairman of the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 656.
- "To the Friends of Lessing," by Jacobi, 372.
- Toland, John, champion of the Jews, 197–8.
- Toledano, Daniel, adviser of Muley Ismail, 168.
- Tomaso, Father, disappearance of, 634–5.
- Trajan, persecution by, 725.
- "Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul, A," by Samuel da Silva, 59.
- "Treatise on the Position of the Hebrews, A," by Simone Luzzatto, 81–4.
- Treves, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237.
- Treves, pilgrimage to, 682.
- Trier, Solomon, invites discussion on circumcision, 677.
- Trieste, Jews of, addressed by Wessely, 370–71.
- petition for a normal school, 369.
- Trigland, Jacob, inquires into Karaism, 183–4.
- "True Shepherd, The," translated, 114.
- Tuch, Bible exegete, 695.
- Tucker, Josiah, attacked for defending the Jews, 338.
- Tugaï Bey, Tartar leader, 11.
- Tugend-Bund, a Berlin society, 423.
- Turkey, and the European powers, 634.
- Turkey, Jews of, emancipated, 641.
- Tusti, Father, urges the blood-accusation against the Damascus Jews, 635.
- Tyrol, Jews excluded from, 523.
- Unger, Christian Theophilus, disciple of Basnage, 197.
- "Union of American Hebrew Congregations, The," 702.
- United States, the, Jews of, 702.
- "Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews," by Mirabeau, 432–3.
- "Upon the Aim of Jesus and His Disciples," one of the "Wolfenbüttel Fragments," 321.
- "Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews," by Dohm, 352–8.
- "Upon the Inutility of the Jews in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Moravia," pamphlet against the Jews, 359.
- Usque, Solomon, dramatist, alluded to, 70.
- Uziel, Isaac, rabbi at Amsterdam, 58.
- Vaad Arba Arazoth. See Synod, The, of the Four Countries.
- Valensino, an Alexandrian Jew, supports Crémieux in the establishment of schools, 663.
- Van den Enden, Franz, teacher of Spinoza, 88–9.
- Vanni, mufti, converts Sabbatians, 154.
- Van Oven, Bernard, addresses the London meeting in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 653.
- Van Swieden, a writer against the Jews, 453.
- Vantabiet, Armenian bishop, antagonizes the Damascus Jews, 662.
- Varnhagen von Ense, and the Jews, 533, 534.
- Vega Enriques, de, Rachel, wife of Jacob de Chaves, 242.
- Veit, member of the Prussian Landtag, 697.
- Veit, Simon, husband of Dorothea Mendelssohn, 424.
- Veitel, Ephraim, jeweler, and Voltaire, 339.
- founder of a school, 405.
- Venice, the Jewish community of, 68.
- Victoria, of England, and Montefiore's journey to Damascus, 654.
- Vienna, Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, 513–15, 518–20.
- Vienna, Jews of, 170–72.
- Vienna, the new temple in, 581.
- Viennet, proposes the abolition of a state religion in France, 597.
- Villa-Real, de, Manuel Fernando, martyr, 91.
- "Vindiciæ Judæorum," translated into German, 362.
- Vishnioviecki, a family of the Polish nobility, 3.
- Polish prince, protects the Jews, 10–11.
- Vita, Abraham, di Cologna, rabbi, characterization of, 559.
- Vital, Chayim, Calabrese, Kabbalist, in Damascus, 52–3.
- Vital, Moses, brother of Chayim, and Kabbala Mss., 53.
- Vital, Samuel, son of Chayim Vital, 53, 125.
- Viva, Isaac, writer, 188.
- Vladislav, of Poland, death of, 8.
- Voltaire, de, Arouet, and the Jews, 338–40, 345.
- Von Bohlen, Bible exegete, 695.
- Voss, von, Julius, writer of comedies, defends the Jews, 533.
- Vossius, Dionysius, translator of the "Conciliador," 22.
- Vossius, Isaac, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22, 37.
- Vossius, John Gerard, senior, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.
- Vries, de, Simon, a friend of Spinoza, 107.
- Wagenseil, John Christopher, Hebraist, and the Jews, 185–7.
- Way, Lewis, champions the cause of the Jews at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 525–7.
- Wenzel, Francis, convert, maligns the Jews, 191.
- Werry, the English consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 639.
- Wertheimer, Joseph, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.
- Wessely, Hartwig (Naphtali-Herz), Hebrew poet, 366–71.
- Wessely, Moses, patron of Lessing, 326.
- Westphalia, consistory of, Jacobson's influence over, 562.
- Westphalia, Jews of, consistorial organization of, 501–2.
- William III, of England, and Isaac Suasso, 205.
- Wilna, Chassidim in, 391.
- Wilna, Elijah, scholar, antagonizes Talmudic subtlety, 389.
- Wolf, Aaron Benjamin, rabbi at Berlin, and Chayon, 219, 220.
- Wolf, Christopher, disciple of Basnage, 197.
- "Wolfenbüttel Fragments, The," by Reimarus, 320–23.
- Wolfssohn, Aaron, editor of Ha-Meassef, 400.
- "Wonderworker, The, by means of the Invocation in the Name of God," Israel of Miedziboz, 375.
- "Word to the Impartial, A," by Ransom, 470.
- "Words of Peace and Truth," by Hartwig Wessely, 368–70.
- Wülfer, John, Hebraist, and the Alenu prayer, 184–5.
- Würzburg, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 528–9.
- Yachini, Abraham, Sabbatian, 123, 145.
- Yavan, Baruch, opponent of Eibeschütz, 263.
- Yekutiel, of Wilna, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237–8, 245.
- Yizchaki, Abraham, anti-Sabbatian, 220.
- Young Germany, and the emancipation of the Jews, 602.
- led by Börne and Heine, 556.
- Young Israel, influenced by Hegel, 585.
- Zacut, Moses, Kabbalist, companion of Spinoza, 87–8.
- Zaddik, the, Chassidean leader, 380–383.
- Zamosc, Israel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 295.
- Zaporogians. See Cossacks.
- Zemach, Jacob, Marrano physician, 125–6.
- Zevi Ashkenazi. See Ashkenazi, Zevi.
- Zevi, Jacob. See Jacob Querido.
- Zevi, Joseph. See Joseph Zevi.
- Zevi, Mordecai. See Mordecai Zevi.
- Zevi, Sabbataï. See Sabbataï Zevi.
- Zinzendorf, count, petitioned by the Jews of Trieste, 369.
- Zion, a Hebrew journal, 693.
- Zohar, the, predictions of, 121–2.
- proved a forgery, 278.
- Zohar Tinyana, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237.
- Zoharites. See Frankists.
- Zunz, Leopold, Jewish scholar, 619–621.