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History of the United States

Chapter 261: INDEX
By Charles A. Beard
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History - American

About This Book

This work presents a comprehensive examination of American history, emphasizing a topical rather than a narrative approach. It explores significant social, economic, and political developments throughout various periods, while intentionally omitting traditional stories of exploration and battles to focus on the underlying causes and consequences of events. The authors aim to foster analytical thinking and understanding of contemporary issues, preparing students for informed citizenship. By addressing the evolution of political institutions and the impact of foreign relations, the text seeks to provide a clearer understanding of how historical events shape modern America.

b. Government of the colonies (48-53).
c. Formation of the first state constitutions (108-110).
d. The admission of new states (see Index under each state).
e. Influence of Jacksonian Democracy (238-247).
f. Growth of manhood suffrage (238-244).
g. Nullification and state sovereignty (180-182, 251-257).
h. The doctrine of secession (345-346).
i. Effects of the Civil War on position of states (366, 369-375).
j. Political reform—direct government—initiative, referendum, and recall (540-544).
2. Origin and growth of national government.
a. British imperial control over the colonies (64-72).
b. Attempts at intercolonial union—New England Confederation, Albany plan (61-62).
c. The Stamp Act Congress (85-86).
d. The Continental Congresses (99-101).
e. The Articles of Confederation (110-111, 139-143).
f. The formation of the federal Constitution (143-160).
g. Development of the federal Constitution.
(1) Amendments 1-11—rights of persons and states (163).
(2) Twelfth amendment—election of President (184, note).
(3) Amendments 13-15—Civil War settlement (358, 366, 369, 370, 374, 375).
(4) Sixteenth amendment—income tax (528-529).
(5) Seventeenth amendment—election of Senators (541-542).
(6) Eighteenth amendment—prohibition (591-592).
(7) Nineteenth amendment—woman suffrage (563-568).
3. Development of the suffrage.
a. Colonial restrictions (51-52).
b. Provisions of the first state constitutions (110, 238-240).
c. Position under federal Constitution of 1787(149).
d. Extension of manhood suffrage (241-244).
e. Extension and limitation of negro suffrage (373-375, 382-387).
f. Woman suffrage (560-568).
II. Relation of government to economic and social welfare.
1. Debt and currency.
a. Colonial paper money (80).
b. Revolutionary currency and debt (125-127).
c. Disorders under Articles of Confederation (140-141).
d. Powers of Congress under the Constitution to coin money (see Constitution in the Appendix).
e. First United States bank notes (167).
f. Second United States bank notes (257).
g. State bank notes (258).
h. Civil War greenbacks and specie payment (352-353, 454).
i. The Civil War debt (252).
j. Notes of National Banks under act of 1864 (369).
k. Demonetization of silver and silver legislation (452-458).
l. The gold standard (472).
m. The federal reserve notes (589).
n. Liberty bonds (606).
2. Banking systems.
a. The first United States bank (167).
b. The second United States bank—origin and destruction (203, 257-259).
c. United States treasury system (263).
d. State banks (258).
e. The national banking system of 1864 (369).
f. Services of banks (407-409).
g. Federal reserve system (589).
3. The tariff.
a. British colonial system (69-72).
b. Disorders under Articles of Confederation (140).
c. The first tariff under the Constitution (150, 167-168).
d. Development of the tariff, 1816-1832 (252-254).
f. Tariff and nullification (254-256).
g. Development to the Civil War—attitude of South and West (264, 309-314, 357).
h. Republicans and Civil War tariffs (352, 367).
i. Revival of the tariff controversy under Cleveland (422).
j. Tariff legislation after 1890—McKinley bill (422), Wilson bill (459), Dingley bill (472), Payne-Aldrich bill (528), Underwood bill (588).
4. Foreign and domestic commerce and transportation (see Tariff, Immigration, and Foreign Relations).
a. British imperial regulations (69-72).
b. Confusion under Articles of Confederation (140).
c. Provisions of federal Constitution (150).
d. Internal improvements—aid to roads, canals, etc. (230-236).
e. Aid to railways (403).
f. Service of railways (402).
g. Regulation of railways (460-461, 547-548).
h. Control of trusts and corporations (461-462, 589-590).
5. Land and natural resources.
a. British control over lands (80).
b. Early federal land measures (219-221).
c. The Homestead act (368, 432-445).
d. Irrigation and reclamation (434-436, 523-525).
e. Conservation of natural resources (523-526).
6. Legislation advancing human rights and general welfare (see Suffrage).
a. Abolition of slavery: civil and political rights of negroes (357-358, 373-375).
b. Extension of civil and political rights to women (554-568).
c. Legislation relative to labor conditions (549-551, 579-581, 590-591).
d. Control of public utilities (547-549).
e. Social reform and the war on poverty (549-551).
f. Taxation and equality of opportunity (551-552).


Political Parties and Political Issues

I. The Federalists versus the Anti-Federalists [Jeffersonian Republicans] from about 1790 to about 1816 (168-208, 201-203).
1. Federalist leaders: Hamilton, John Adams, John Marshall, Robert Morris.
2. Anti-Federalist leaders: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe.
3. Issues: funding the debt, assumption of state debts, first United States bank, taxation, tariff, strong central government versus states' rights, and the Alien and Sedition acts.
II. Era of "Good Feeling" from about 1816 to about 1824, a period of no organized party opposition (248).
III. The Democrats [former Jeffersonian Republicans] versus  the Whigs [or National Republicans] from about 1832 to 1856 (238-265, 276-290, 324-334).
1. Democratic leaders: Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Benton.
2. Whig leaders: Webster and Clay.
3. Issues: second United States bank, tariff, nullification, Texas, internal improvements, and disposition of Western lands.
IV. The Democrats versus the Republicans from about 1856 to the present time (334-377, 388-389, 412-422, 451-475, 489-534, 588-620).
1. Democratic leaders: Jefferson Davis, Tilden, Cleveland, Bryan, and Wilson.
2. Republican leaders: Lincoln, Blaine, McKinley, Roosevelt.
3. Issues: Civil War and reconstruction, currency, tariff, taxation, trusts, railways, foreign policies, imperialism, labor questions, and policies with regard to land and conservation.
V. Minor political parties.
1. Before the Civil War: Free Soil (319) and Labor Parties (306-307).
2. Since the Civil War: Greenback (463-464), Populist (464), Liberal Republican (420), Socialistic (577-579), Progressive (531-534, 602-603).



The Economic Development of the United States

I. The land and natural resources.
1. The colonial land system: freehold, plantation, and manor (20-25).
2. Development of the freehold in the West (220-221, 228-230).
3. The Homestead act and its results (368, 432-433).
4. The cattle range and cowboy (431-432).
5. Disappearance of free land (443-445).
6. Irrigation and reclamation (434-436).
7. Movement for the conservation of resources (523-526).
II. Industry.
1. The rise of local and domestic industries (28-32).
2. British restrictions on American enterprise (67-69, 70-72).
3. Protective tariffs (see above, 648-649).
4. Development of industry previous to the Civil War (295-307).
5. Great progress of industry after the war (401-406).
6. Rise and growth of trusts and combinations (406-412, 472-474).
III. Commerce and transportation.
1. Extent of colonial trade and commerce (32-35).
2. British regulation (69-70).
3. Effects of the Revolution and the Constitution (139-140, 154).
4. Growth of American shipping (195-196).
5. Waterways and canals (230-236).
6. Rise and extension of the railway system (298-300).
7. Growth of American foreign trade (445-449).
IV. Rise of organized labor.
1. Early phases before the Civil War: local unions, city federations, and national unions in specific trades (304-307).
2. The National Trade Union, 1866-1872 (574-575).
3. The Knights of Labor (575-576).
4. The American Federation of Labor (573-574).
a. Policies of the Federation (576-577).
b. Relations to politics (579-581).
c. Contests with socialists and radicals (577-579).
d. Problems of immigration (582-585).
5. The relations of capital and labor.
a. The corporation and labor (410, 570-571).
b. Company unions and profit-sharing (571-572).
c. Welfare work (573).
d. Strikes (465, 526, 580-581).
e. Arbitration (581-582).



American Foreign Relations

I. Colonial period.
1. Indian relations (57-59).
2. French relations (59-61).
II. Period of conflict and independence.
1. Relations with Great Britain (77-108, 116-125, 132-135).
2. Establishment of connections with European powers (128).
3. The French alliance of 1778 (128-130).
4. Assistance of Holland and Spain (130).
III. Relations with Great Britain since 1783.
1. Commercial settlement in Jay treaty of 1794 (177-178).
2. Questions arising out of European wars [1793-1801] (176-177, 180).
3. Blockade and embargo problems (193-199).
4. War of 1812 (199-201).
5. Monroe Doctrine and Holy Alliance (205-207).
6. Maine boundary—Webster-Ashburton treaty (265).
7. Oregon boundary (284-286).
8. Attitude of Great Britain during Civil War (354-355).
9. Arbitration of Alabama claims (480-481).
10. The Samoan question (481-482)
11. The Venezuelan question (482-484).
12. British policy during Spanish-American War (496-497).
13. Controversy over blockade, 1914-1917 (598-600).
14. The World War (603-620).
IV. Relations with France.
1. The colonial wars (59-61).
2. The French alliance of 1778 (128-130).
3. Controversies over the French Revolution (128-130).
4. Commercial questions arising out of the European wars (176-177, 180, 193-199).
5. Attitude of Napoleon III toward the Civil War (354-355).
6. The Mexican entanglement (478-479).
7. The World War (596-620).
V. Relations with Germany.
1. Negotiations with Frederick, king of Prussia (128).
2. The Samoan controversy (481-482).
3. Spanish-American War (491).
4. The Venezuelan controversy (512).
5. The World War (596-620).
VI. Relations with the Orient.
1. Early trading connections (486-487).
2. The opening of China (447).
3. The opening of Japan (448).
4. The Boxer rebellion and the "open door" policy (499-502).
5. Roosevelt and the close of the Russo-Japanese War (511).
6. The Oriental immigration question (583-584).
VII. The United States and Latin America.
1. Mexican relations.
a. Mexican independence and the Monroe Doctrine (205-207).
b. Mexico and French intervention—policy of the United States (478-479).
c. The overthrow of Diaz (1911) and recent questions (594-596).
2. Cuban relations.
a. Slavery and the "Ostend Manifesto" (485-486).
b. The revolutionary period, 1867-1877 (487).
c. The revival of revolution (487-491).
d. American intervention and the Spanish War (491-496).
e. The Platt amendment and American protection (518-519).
3. Caribbean and other relations.
a. Acquisition of Porto Rico (493).
b. The acquisition of the Panama Canal strip (508-510).
c. Purchase of Danish West Indies (593).
d. Venezuelan controversies (482-484, 512).
e. Extension of protectorate over Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua (513-514, 592-594).

INDEX