These results are the fundamental laws discovered by Mendel. But the results are not always as clear as in the case of the Andalusian fowl. In that case the hybrids were not like either parent, but were a new color, blue, so that they were labeled at once and recognizable as hybrids—but this is not generally the case. Take, for instance, guinea pigs. What will be the result of mating an “albino” white with a black guinea pig? Quite exactly the same principle applies as in the case of the Andalusian fowl, but the principle is not as clear to see. All the offspring are hybrid, but they will not be blue: they will be black. They will look like the black parent, but they are different. The black color predominates; i.e., black is “dominant” over white, while the white recedes out of sight, or is “recessive.” This hybrid black guinea pig is like the hybrid blue Andalusian fowl. It is a hybrid, a combination of white and black, but in the guinea pig the black covers up the white so that nothing in the color reveals the fact that it is a hybrid. Now if the hybrid black offspring of these black and white guinea pigs mate with each other, the result will follow exactly the same Mendelian law as applied to the Andalusian fowl. But this will not be so clear, because now we have two kinds of black instead of a black and a blue. One child in four will be pure bred black like the grandparent and two out of the four will be hybrid black. So to the eye we shall simply have, out of four children, one white and three black. But those three black are not all alike. One is a thoroughbred and two are half-breeds.
But how then are we to distinguish between the one pure bred black, the thoroughbred, and the two blacks that are hybrids so that we can be sure which is which? The only way they can be distinguished is to wait to see what their offspring will be in the next succeeding generations.
The one that is a thoroughbred will behave like a thoroughbred. For instance, if mated with white they will have nothing but black children. But if one that is hybrid black mate with one that is white, only half of the children will be white; these white children reveal the fact that their black parent was a half breed. Then we can put a tag on that black parent. If proper tags are put on the blacks so as to distinguish between the pure-blooded and the half-blooded—say a blue tag on the hybrids and a black on the thoroughbreds—we shall get exactly the same results as described in the case of the Andalusian fowl, in the six cases mentioned. The same principles apply to qualities of the guinea pigs other than color. Thus, if a long-haired guinea pig mates with a short-haired guinea pig, all the offspring will be short-haired, because short hair is dominant over long hair. Again, if a smooth-coated guinea pig mates with a rough-coated one, the result will be rough coated, because a rough coat is dominant over a smooth coat.
The same principles undoubtedly apply to the human race, although as yet only a few traits have been carefully studied. Eye color is one of these. Imagine a marriage of a thoroughbred, black-eyed Italian with a thoroughbred, blue-eyed Irish. What will be the result? All the children will be black-eyed, black being dominant over blue; but these black eyes are not the genuine article that the Italian parent possessed. They are a blend, and it is only because the black element dominates over or conceals the blue element that we can not see on the surface that there is any blue there. But it may come out in the next generation; for, if these half-blooded individuals marry among themselves one-quarter of their children on the average will be blue-eyed. The other three-quarters will be black-eyed, but only one-quarter will be “really and truly” black-eyed, i.e., black-eyed like the Italian. The remaining half are hybrid black, like the parents. It is only a sort of imitation black so to speak.
The appearance of blue eyes in the second generation is the long observed but formerly mysterious “atavism,” or reversion to the grandparent.
Suppose the children of an Italian and an Irish parent intermarry with pure bred Italians. We immediately know what will be the result. All the children will be black-eyed, but among a large number only half will be thoroughbred black-eyed. The other half will be “imitation” black-eyed. The case is just like the mating of hybrid black guinea pigs with thoroughbred black guinea pigs, or of the blue fowl with the black. Similarly, if the Irish-Italian hybrids marry with pure Irish, half the offspring will be blue-eyed and half will be hybrid black-eyed.
Black eyes are “dominant” over blue eyes because the black color is due to a pigment, while the blue color is due to the absence of this pigment. In general a quality which is due to the presence of some positive element is dominant over a quality due to the absence of that element. A child inheriting from a blue-eyed person simply draws a blank from that side in the lottery.
In order to understand how these principles of Mendel apply in any given case we need first to know what traits are “dominant” and what are “recessive.”
Among traits known to be “dominant” are, besides pigmentation of the eye, certain peculiarities of the skeleton, such as short-fingeredness (two phalanges only on each digit), Huntington’s chorea, presenile cataract, congenital thickening of the skin, early absence of hair, diabetes insipidus, stationary night-blindness, liability to periodic outbreak of temper, etc.
Among traits known to be “recessive” are albinism (or lack of pigmentation), a certain degenerative disease of the eye, deafmutism, imbecility, insanity of certain types, certain nervous diseases; also mental traits, such as musical ability.
Suppose now that a normal or “strong-minded” person, if we may use that term as distinct from feeble-minded, marries a feeble-minded person. Assuming that the “strong-minded” person is a “thoroughbred” all of the children will be apparently normal. None will be feeble-minded. “Strong-mindedness” is dominant over weak-mindedness. Yet all these children that seem to be perfectly normal lack something in their bodies. This deficiency is simply covered up but can crop out in later generations. If two of these hybrids between the weak-minded and the strong-minded marry each other, one-quarter of the children will be feeble-minded, one-quarter thoroughbred strong-minded and the remaining half, though apparently strong-minded, will carry the taint in them just as their parents did. They are half-breeds. On the other hand, if two feeble-minded people marry, all of the children will be feeble-minded. Certainly we can and ought to forbid and prevent such marriages.
But feeble-mindedness is a recessive quality, so that if the feeble-minded marry only with normal individuals, the feeble-mindedness does not blight the next generation, and if these apparently normal children of such marriages take pains to marry only really normal individuals, avoiding not only the feeble-minded but even those like themselves who have feeble-mindedness on one side of their family tree, there will be no feeble-mindedness cropping out in future generations.
But not all human abnormalities are recessive. Thus Huntington’s chorea is dominant, so that every child of the unfortunate victim of this malady will contract it when it reaches the right age. Marriages of such people should, therefore, never be allowed, even with normal individuals.
But when we propose to restrict marriages or mating of those unfit to marry, people are apt to say, “That is a dream. It can’t be done.” But it can be done and it has been done. Every one has heard of the cretins in Switzerland. They are a kind of idiot who are short in stature and afflicted in all cases with goitre in the neck. Of course, many people have goitre who are not cretins, but there is no cretin who has not goitre. These cretins are peculiarly a feeble-minded people. They are common still in many towns of Switzerland; they are loathsome objects, helpless as children, with silly smiles, unable to take care of themselves in even the simplest toilet ways, and have to be looked after like domestic animals, or even more closely.
A gentleman very much interested in Eugenics visited Aosta, in Italy, just outside of Switzerland, once in 1900 and again in 1910. In 1900 he found many of these creatures among the beggars in the streets, in the asylums, in the home, in the orphan asylum—everywhere he ran across these awful apologies for human beings. But in 1910 he found only one! What had happened? Simply that a few resolute intelligent reformers had changed the entire situation. An isolation institution, or rather two institutions, one for the men and the other for the women, were established. In these the best care of the inmates was taken as long as they lived, and they do not live long. But pains were taken to see that by no possibility could marriage or mating of those people take place. They forfeited any such rights in return for the care that they received from the State.
Thus is it possible to apply the laws of heredity as laid down by Mendel in a thoroughly practical way and to get results immediately in one short generation. It seems, and it is, a colossal task to change average human nature one iota. Yet in the light of modern eugenics we could make a new human race in a hundred years if only people in positions of power and influence would wake up to the paramount importance of what eugenics means. And this could be done quietly and simply without violence to existing ideas of what is right and proper. It could be done by segregation of the sexes for defectives, feeble-minded, idiots, epileptics, insane, etc. By this kind of isolation we can save the blood-stream of our race from a tremendous amount of needless contamination.
And it is being done. The growing tendency to put defectives in institutions, though originally with no such object, will reduce the transmission of defects, especially when it is recognized that the sexes must be separated and that the inmates should be kept at the institution through the reproductive period of life.
It is inconceivable that the average individual will deliberately and consciously make his calculations regarding the character of possible offspring before he allows himself to fall in love to the point of desiring marriage. Yet unconsciously an educational influence on love and on marriage selection has been operating through centuries. The sick, the feeble-minded, the immoral, and members of their families, have at all times been socially handicapped, and have always been the first to be eliminated in marriage selection. And it is conceivable that this already developed wisdom in mate-choosing can easily be augmented by a further knowledge of heredity which is now available. It unconsciously favorably modifies the individual taste.
Certain races of men, without consciousness of their action, have varied in the character of their choices (sex selection) in such a way as to bring about varied conditions in their races, with respect to resistance to disease, of mental capacity and to moral quality. The Mongolian differs from the Hebrew, the Anglo-Saxon differs from the African.
It depends largely upon the action of those now upon the earth, who are now making their choices of marriage, as to whether the races of the future shall be physical, mental or moral weaklings, or whether they shall be physically brave and hardy, mentally broad and profound, and morally sterling.
To summarize: There are three main lines along which eugenic improvement of the race may be attained:
(1) Education of all people on the inheritability of traits; (2) segregation of defectives so that they may not mingle their family traits with those on sound lines; (3) sterilization of certain gross and hopeless defectives, to preclude the propagation of their type.
There would seem to be great need of State Eugenic Boards, to correlate and to promote these activities, in the interests of the future population, and to give expert advice as to how to legislate wisely, and individual advice as to how to mate wisely. The latter function now falls entirely upon the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, where the work is being carried on with great efficiency with the funds at command.
REFERENCES
[57] Darbishire, A. D.: Breeding and the Mendelian Discovery, Cassell & Company, Ltd., London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne, 1911.
[58] Davenport, Chas. B.: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Henry Holt & Company, New York, 1911.
[59] Dugdale, Robert L.: The Jukes, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, 1910.
[60] Galton, Francis: Hereditary Genius, D. Appleton & Company, New York, 1870.
[61] Goddard, Henry H.: The Kallikak Family, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1912.
[62] Kellicott, William E.: The Social Direction of Human Evolution, D. Appleton & Company, New York and London, 1911.
[63] Huth, Alfred Henry: Marriage of Near Kin, Longmans, Green & Company, London, 1887.
For further bibliographic lists, see bulletins entitled “Books and Journals,” and “Publications” issued by the Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
INDEX
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
| N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
- Abdominal muscles, beneficial effects of erect posture on, 57.
- Acids, excess of, from overabundance of animal proteins in diet, 39;
- fruit and vegetable, in a mixed diet, 43.
- Activity, necessary to living a hygienic life, 89;
- work and play the two great forms, of, 89.
- Adulterants in foods, harmful, 65.
- Advertising, measures of reform in, 162–163.
- Agar-agar, a preventive of constipation, 52–53;
- for use in colds, 279.
- Air, the first necessity of life, 7;
- motion, coolness, humidity, and freshness of, important features of ventilation, 7;
- the matter of drafts, 8–9, 123–124, 274, 277;
- securing fresh, through windows, 9–10;
- prevention of stagnation of, by air-fans, 10;
- action of different heating systems, 10;
- importance of coolness of, 10–11;
- securing proper degrees of dryness and humidity, 11–12;
- lighting systems and, 13;
- evils of tobacco smoke and of dust, 13;
- bacteria in, carried by dust particles, 13–14;
- benefits of sunlight, 14;
- wearing of clothing which admits, 14–15, 275;
- benefits of out-of-door, 18–20, 276;
- outdoor sleeping, 20–24, 104, 220, 276;
- deep breathing, 24–27.
- Air-baths, taking of, 15–16, 148.
- Air-fans, use of, 10.
- Alcohol, modern movement against, 3;
- poisons in, 65, 241;
- ill effects of, 67–68;
- resistance to infectious diseases weakened by, 68;
- social evil traceable to, 123;
- to be avoided in cases of overweight, 216;
- statistics of influence of, on longevity, 227–235;
- per capita consumption of, in various countries, 235–236;
- laboratory and clinical evidence relating to physiological effects of, 236 ff.;
- effect on brain and the nervous system, 237–239;
- influence on bodily resistance to disease, 239–240;
- effect on heart and circulation, 240–241;
- food value of, 241–242;
- effect on offspring, 243;
- attitude of National Council of Safety toward, 244;
- condemnation of, shown by restrictive and prohibitive measures of governments, 244;
- references on subject of, 244–249.
- Alkaline dentifrices, 86.
- Amusements. See Recreation.
- Andalusian fowl, illustration from, of action of hereditary traits, 307–313.
- Anglo-Saxon race, effects of indoor living upon, 147.
- Animal cells, apparent immortality of, 142–143.
- Apoplexy, death rates from, 284, 285.
- Appetite, misleading of, by delicacies of civilization, 151–152.
- Apples, food value of, 30, 177, 179.
- Arch supports for flat foot, 224, 225.
- Arteries, tobacco and diseases of the, 69, 263.
- Arthritis deformans, caused by focal infection, 82.
- Asparagus, food value of, 41, 175.
- Asthenic droop, cause of, 58.
- Athletes, effects of tobacco on, 68, 69, 257–259.
- Athletics, ideals in, 96;
- injuries from college, 96.
- Attention, control of, essential to securing equanimity, 115.
- Autointoxication, meaning of, 81;
- Avocation, practise of an, 98.
- Bacteria, carried on dust particles, 13–14;
- Balanced ration, classification of foods with view to a, 171, 175–183.
- Bananas, food value of, 30, 177;
- Bank employés, unsuspected impairments among, 136–137.
- Basal metabolism of the body, ascertaining the, 196–197.
- Baseball, value as all-round exercise, 98.
- Bathing, importance of, for avoiding disease, 75–76;
- Baths, different forms of, for different needs, 102;
- Beans, baked, food value of, 29, 175;
- Bedbugs, diseases spread by, 74.
- Beds, hard preferable to soft, 104.
- Beets, food value of, 41, 175.
- Belts, constriction from, 16.
- Benedict, F. G., experiments by, to ascertain basal metabolism, 196–197.
- Berries, food value of, 41, 177.
- Blindness among tobacco smokers, 264.
- Blood pressure, influence of deep breathing on, 25.
- Bowels, foods the best regulators of the, 52.
- See Constipation.
- Brain, effect of alcohol on, 237–239.
- Brain workers, eating habits of, 34–35.
- Bread, food value of, 29, 180;
- Breathing, deep, 24–25;
- Bulk, a necessary quality in food, 41–42, 150.
- Bush, A. D., tests by, as to smoking and mental efficiency, 260.
- Butter, food value of, 30, 33, 181.
- Cabbage, cellulose in, 41;
- Cakes, table of food values of, 179.
- Calories, fuel-units for measuring food, 28.
- Cancer, measures for combating increase of, 292.
- Candy, over-indulgence in, 48.
- Cantaloupe, food value of, 30, 177.
- Carbohydrate, function of, as a constituent of food, 35–36;
- Card-playing, mental recreation from, in moderation, 100.
- Catarrh, sometimes caused by smoking, 264;
- avoiding quack cures for, 280.
- Cathartics, avoidance of, 53.
- Cauliflower, food value of, 41, 175.
- Celery, cellulose in, 41;
- Cellulose, a necessity in diet, 41.
- Cereals, laxative quality of, 52;
- Chairs, effect of, on sitting posture, 60–61;
- among the evils of civilization, 152.
- Character, posture and, 63–64;
- Charts, showing comparative mortality among abstainers and non-abstainers, 230–233;
- Cheese, food value of, 29, 38, 131, 181.
- Cheeses, putrefactive, among the worst foods, 48.
- Chewing, necessitated by hard foods, 41;
- importance of thorough, 44–47.
- See Mastication.
- Children, results of faulty posture in, 62;
- Choice of foods, effect of slow eating habits on, 47.
- Cigaret smoking, special evils of, 261.
- Cigars and cigarets, nicotin in, 254–255;
- Circulation, effect of alcohol on, 240–241;
- Circulatory system, death rates from diseases of the, 284, 285.
- Civilization, hygiene and, 143–156.
- Cleanliness, importance of, for avoiding infections, 75–76.
- Clerks, unsuspected impairments among, 136–137.
- Clothing, relation of, to ventilation, 14;
- Cocktail drinking, a harmful habit, 67.
- Colds, popular exaggeration of danger of, from drafts, 8, 123;
- usual origin of, in germs, 8–9, 70–71;
- measures for avoiding, 9;
- sometimes indirectly caused by constipation, 51;
- popular delusions concerning, 123–124;
- means of infection, 272;
- sometimes due to abnormalities in nose or throat, 272–273;
- prevention of, by attention to rules of individual hygiene, 273;
- chief preventive measures, 273–277;
- emergency treatment of, 277–280;
- possibility of avoiding, altogether, 280.
- Color of clothes, 17–18.
- Concentrated foods, objection to, 41, 150.
- Condiments, hot, to be used sparingly, 48.
- Constipation, evils of, 51–52;
- effects of water-drinking habits on, 52;
- foods which prevent, 52;
- use of mineral oils for, 53;
- avoidance of drugs, 53;
- an enema a temporary expedient, 53;
- value of massage of the abdomen, 53–54;
- favored by high-seated water closets, 54;
- importance of establishing proper habits, 55;
- poisoning from decomposition of protein in the colon, and remedies, 56;
- produced by a slouching posture, 57;
- mental effects of, 106–107;
- effects of, ascribed to overwork, 124;
- predisposition to colds caused by, 276.
- Consumptive stoop, ill effects of, 57.
- Cooking, loss caused in certain foods by, 42;
- necessary for some foods, 43.
- Corn, food value of, 29, 175;
- cellulose in, 41.
- Cornaro, “The Temperate Life” by, 142.
- Corsets, constriction from, 16.
- Cost, of food, 129–131, 184–190;
- Cotton, use of, in clothing, 17.
- Cottonseed oil, a cheap source of fat, 131.
- Country life, advantages of, 18.
- Cousins, marriage of, 305–306.
- Crawling exercise for faulty posture, 222–223.
- Cream, food value of, 30, 33, 181.
- Crime, laws of heredity applied to, 299–300.
- Cucumbers, cellulose in, 41;
- food value of, 175.
- Daily rhythm, observance of a, 89–90.
- Dairy products, table of food values of, 181.
- Dampness of air, exaggeration of evils of, 19.
- Dancing, question of hygienic value of, 99–100;
- an obstacle to efficiency when overdone, 100.
- Death rate, lowering of, by public hygiene, 158–159;
- Defectives, segregation and sterilization of, 321–322, 323.
- Degenerative tendencies among nations, comparison of, 286–292.
- Delusions, certain popular, concerning diseases, 123–125.
- Denmark, mortality statistics of, 291.
- Dental clinic, beneficial results of, 88.
- Dental decay, process of, 79.
- Dental floss, use of, 85.
- Desires, controlling intensity of one’s, 117–118.
- Desk, posture in sitting at a, 61.
- Despondency, sometimes caused by a slouching posture, 57.
- Desserts, table of food values of, 179.
- Diabetes, in relation to focal infection, 82;
- aggravations of, 123.
- Discontent, physical sources of, 105–106.
- Diseases, caused by absence of vitamins from food, 42;
- carried by mosquitoes and flies, 71;
- caused by focal infection, 82;
- preventability of, 135–136;
- relation between consumption of alcohol and increase in degenerative, 235–236;
- effect of alcohol on bodily resistance to, 239–240;
- caused by smoking, 263–264;
- signs of increase of the degenerative, 281–285.
- Disinfection of foods, 43.
- Drafts, unreasonable prejudice against, 8;
- Drugs, avoidance of, for constipation, 53;
- Dryness of air, 11, 19;
- question of ill effects from extreme, 12.
- Duodenum, ulcer of, caused by focal infection, 82.
- Dust, air vitiation from, 13;
- Dusty trades, morbidity and mortality rates in, 13.
- Dyspepsia among smokers, 264.
- Eating, before retiring, 103;
- Eating habits. See Food.
- Education on inheritability of traits, need of, 323.
- Eggs, food value of, 29, 38, 183;
- for underweight, 220.
- Emetin, use of, in treating pyorrhea, 85–86.
- Emotions, exercise of the, 97.
- Endurance, experiments to determine effect of different diets on, 197–199;
- Enema, use of, for constipation, 53.
- England and Wales, trend of death rate in, 283–284;
- Enjoyment of food, desirability of, 46–47, 201–202.
- Enthusiasm in exercise, 95–96.
- Equanimity, secret of, 115.
- Ether, habit of using, as a stimulant, 242.
- Eugenics, importance of, 157;
- distinction between other branches of hygiene and, 157;
- aim of, 163–165;
- implies right care of racial germ-plasm, 165;
- and wisdom of choice in marriage, 165–166;
- ability of science of, to guide race to higher levels, 166–167;
- knowledge of, both a personal advantage and a social necessity, 167;
- main features of thoroughgoing program of, 167;
- importance for future generations, 167;
- grandest service of science to the human race, 167–168;
- a remedy for degenerative tendencies, 292;
- scope of, 293;
- correction of popular misconceptions, 293–294;
- discovery of hereditary laws, resulting in science of, 294–295;
- rules of, 296;
- instances of improvement from application of principles, 319–322;
- three main lines of eugenic improvement, 323;
- need of State Eugenic Boards, 323–324;
- references on, 324.
- Exercise, times for taking, and benefits, 16;
- Exercises, breathing, 25–26;
- Expectations of life, comparison of, in different localities, 290.
- Eye-strain, evils resulting from, 93;
- Fads, avoidance of, in matter of diet, 50.
- Fans for keeping air in motion, 10.
- Fat, function of, as a constituent of food, 35–36;
- Fatigue, cautions regarding eating in a state of, 35;
- Feet, misdirected, 59–60;
- Figs, laxative quality of, 52;
- food value of, 179.
- Fires, ventilation by wood or grate, 10.
- Fish, a high-protein food, 38;
- special objections to an abundance of, 39.
- Fisher, George J., smoking tests conducted by, 259–260.
- Flat foot, cause of, 59–60;
- Fleas, as spreaders of disease, 74.
- Flesh eaters versus flesh abstainers, tests of, 197–199.
- Fletcher, Horace, interest in mastication revived by, 46;
- Flies, diseases carried by, 71;
- Focal infection, as a cause of disease, 81;
- Food, quantity of, 28;
- measurement of, by calories, 28;
- values of common foods, 29–30;
- the daily amount needed per person, 30;
- precautions regarding, in case of overweight, 32–33, 215–216;
- rules regarding, in case of underweight, 33, 219–220;
- diet in middle life, 33–34;
- diet in hot weather, 34;
- comparative amount needed by brain-workers, 34–35;
- eating when fatigued, 35;
- protein foods, 35–40;
- advantages of hard foods, 40–41;
- bulk a necessity in, 41–42, 148–150;
- objection to concentrated, 41;
- value of raw foods, 42;
- cooking necessary for some, 43;
- thorough mastication of, important, 44–47;
- enjoyment of, desirable, 46–47;
- choice of foods influenced by slow eating, 47;
- “good” and “bad” foods, 47–48;
- digestibility of so-called indigestible, 49;
- avoidance of fads as to, 50;
- consultation of physician regarding, 50;
- regulation of bowels by, 52;
- harmful preservatives and adulterants in, 65;
- comparative cost of, 129–131;
- drawbacks of civilization illustrated by, 148;
- soft and concentrated foods artificial, 148–150;
- the hurry habit and eating of, 150–151;
- misleading of appetites for, 151–152;
- tabular classification of common foods, 171;
- ideal proportion of the three elements in, 173;
- tabular list of values of, in daily diet, 175–183;
- relative energy value and cost of ready-to-serve foods, 184–190;
- minimal cost of, 190–194;
- calories consumed daily by different classes of workers, 195;
- experiments with mastication and instinctive eating, 200–209;
- references on, 209–211;
- negative value of alcohol as, 241–242.
- Fowl, a high-protein food, 38;
- special objections to too great an amount of, 39.
- France, consumption of alcohol in, 236;
- mortality statistics of, 286.
- Franklin, Benjamin, views of, concerning colds, 124.
- Fruit, to be eaten in middle life, 33;
- Fruit acids, cleansing the mouth with, 86.
- Fruits, table of food values of, 177, 179.
- Fuel value, of common foods, 171, 175–183;
- Galton, Sir Francis, identified with eugenic movement, 295.
- Game as food, 48.
- Games, for giving exercise, 95;
- advantages possessed by, as recreation, 99.
- Garters, constriction from, 16.
- Germany, consumption of alcohol in, 236.
- See Prussia.
- Germs, origin of colds in, 8–9, 70–71, 272;
- Gladstone, W. E., noted for mastication of food, 46.
- Glucose, a cheap source of starch and sugar, 131.
- Gonorrhea, sterilizing influence of, 78.
- Grate fires as ventilators, 10.
- Greeks, high ideals of ancient, 4;
- Greens, laxative quality of, 52.
- Grippe, avoidance of exposure to infection from, 70.
- Guinea pigs, illustration from, of action of hereditary traits, 313–316.
- Gums, cleansing the, 84–85.
- Habits, as to defecation, 55;
- “Habitus enteroptoticus,” posture called, 58.
- Happiness, habit of, 115.
- Hard foods, benefits of, 40–41.
- Hats, ill effects of tight, 16.
- Headache, sometimes caused by constipation, 51;
- sometimes due to a slouching posture, 57.
- Health, present world-wide movement for conservation of, 2;
- Health foods and drinks, 3.
- Heart, diseases of, due to focal infection, 82;
- Heat, enervating effect of, 11.
- Heating systems, ventilation and, 10–11.
- Hens, influence of mind on health illustrated by, 108–109.
- Heredity, dependence of health of individual on, 164–165;
- eugenic improvement attainable through control of, 293;
- discovery of laws of, resulting in science of eugenics, 293–294;
- traits influenced by, 297–298;
- distribution of traits, 298–300;
- desirable and undesirable traits, 300–301;
- illustrations of laws of, by Andalusian fowl and by guinea pigs, 307–316;
- application of principles to human race, 316–322.
- Hill-climbing, as exercise, 94;
- for overweight, 217.
- Hodge, Clifton P., fly-trap invented by, 73–74.
- Home exercise, 94.
- Hookworm disease, preventive measures, 75.
- Hot weather, diet in, 34.
- Houses, disadvantages attached to invention of, 145–147.
- Housing, hygiene of, 7–14;
- Humidity of air, how to secure, 11–12.
- Hurry, habit of, in modern life, 114;
- Hygiene, individual, ideals implied by, 1;
- medieval views contrasted with modern ideals, 1–2;
- good, ventilation the first rule, of, 7;
- mental, 105–118;
- unity of, 121–126;
- obstacles to, 126–135;
- possibilities of, 135–143;
- and civilization, 143–156;
- public versus individual, 157–159;
- necessity for cooperation between public and individual, 159–161;
- race, 163–168;
- of immediate concern to the present generation, while eugenics is important for future generations, 167–168.
- Hypochondriacs, risk of becoming, 111.
- Ice-cream, comparative food value of, 33.
- Ideal food proportions, 173.
- Ideals, of individual hygiene, 1;
- Idleness, evils of, 91.
- Impairments, unsuspected physical, 136–139.
- Inactivity, necessity for periods of, 89;
- rest and sleep the two great forms of, 89.
- Indians, bad effects of indoor living upon, 146–147.
- Indigestible foods, digestibility of so-called, 49.
- Individual hygiene, public hygiene versus, 157–159;
- practice of, a remedy for degenerative tendencies, 292.
- Indoor living, unnatural character and evils of, 145–147.
- Industrial workers, unsuspected impairments among, 137–138;
- Infections of the body, by germs, 69–75;
- Infectious diseases, power of resistance to, weakened by alcohol, 68;
- results regarding, from teeth hygiene, 88.
- Insect-borne diseases, 71.
- Insomnia, remedial measures for, 102–103;
- often caused by excessive smoking, 264.
- Instinctive eating, experiments with, 200–209.
- Intestinal intoxication, distinguished from autointoxication, 81–82.
- Intestinal poisoning, from insufficient mastication, 45.
- Introspection, one of the curses of idleness, 91.
- Iron, in vegetable foods, 40.
- Italy, mortality statistics of, 286.
- James, William, on enjoyment of life, 5;
- on religion of healthy-mindedness, 114.
- Jews, effects of indoor living withstood by, 147.
- Kidney, among the worst foods, 48.
- Kidneys, death rates from diseases of, 284, 285.
- Kipling, Rudyard, on concentrated foods, 41–42.
- Labor, modern ideals concerning, 3–4;
- Lamb, food value of, 29, 178.
- Laxative drugs, avoidance of, 53.
- Laxative foods, 52.
- Leg-lifting exercise for faulty posture, 222.
- Lettuce, cellulose in, 41;
- Lice, diseases carried by, 74–75.
- Life, no principle which limits, 142–143;
- shortening of, by unhygienic modes of living, 155.
- Life Extension Institute, purpose of, 1.
- Lighting, electric preferable to gas, 13.
- Lime, deficiency of flesh foods in, 39.
- Linen, use of, in clothing, 17.
- Literature, avoidance of morbid, 99.
- Liver, excess of acids produced by eating, 39;
- among the worst foods, 48.
- Liver diseases, death rate from, 285.
- London, expectation of life in, 289.
- Lusk, Graham, quoted on minimal cost of food, 190–194;
- experiments by, to ascertain basal metabolism of body, 196.
- Malaria, not caused by night air, 22;
- carried by mosquitoes, 71.
- Marriage, effect of health on opportunities for, 2;
- Mastication, required by hard foods, 41;
- Meat, decrease in amount eaten in middle life and in hot weather, 33–34;
- Meats, table of food values of cooked, 178.
- Mechanical diet indicator, 202.
- Medical examination, desirable for determining one’s diet, 50.
- Medical practise, modern radical revolution in, 2–3.
- Medieval indifference to matters pertaining to human body, 1–2.
- Melancholy, physical sources of, 57, 105–106.
- Mendel, discovery of laws of heredity by, 295.
- Menstrual period in women, mental effects of, 106.
- Mental condition, relation of mode of breathing to, 26–27;
- Milk, food value of, 30, 181;
- Mind, exercise of the, 97;
- Mind-cure, proper and improper employment of, 111–112.
- Mineral oils, as intestinal lubricants, 53.
- Mineral waters, not to be used habitually, 53.
- Minor ailments, as warning signals, 138–139.
- Moistening of air, methods for, 12.
- Monotony and interruption, 92.
- Moore, R. M., quoted on mortality among abstainers and non-abstainers, 229.
- Mortality. See Death rate.
- Mosquitoes, diseases communicated by, 22, 71;
- Mouth, infection through the, 78–83;
- Moving pictures, eye-strain caused by, 93;
- hygienic value, in the way of recreation, 99.
- Nasal congestion from overeating, 276.
- Nasal douches, use of, 70, 276.
- Nasal obstruction, a cause of colds, 272.
- National Council of Safety, attitude toward alcohol, 244.
- Nature, upsetting of equilibrium of, by civilized man, 143–156.
- Neckwear, constriction from tight, 16.
- Negroes, bad effects of indoor living upon, 146–147.
- Nervous system, effect of alcohol on, 237–239.
- Nervous troubles, outdoor treatment for, 21.
- Neurasthenia, sometimes caused by a slouching posture, 57.
- New York City, expectation of life in, compared with England and Wales, and London, 289.
- New York State, death rate statistics of, 287, 288.
- Nicotin, percentage of, in tobacco, 251–254;
- Night air, mistaken ideas concerning, 22.
- Nose, cleaning the, 70, 276–277.
- Nuts, vitamins supplied by, 42;
- Oatmeal, food value of, 29, 180.
- Obstacles, to hygiene, 126–135.
- Oils, as laxative food, 52;
- as intestinal lubricants, 53.
- Oleomargarine, a cheap source of fat, 131.
- Olive oil, a concentrated food, 28–29.
- Olives, food value of, 30, 182.
- Onions, cellulose in, 41;
- food value of, 176.
- Oranges, food value of, 30, 177.
- Outdoor living, benefits, of, 18–20, 276.
- Outdoor schools, 19.
- Outdoor sleeping, 20–24, 104.
- Overeating, causes of, 154;
- nasal congestion from, 276.
- Overheating of rooms, 11.
- Overnourishment, from too free use of sugar, 48.
- Overstrain, results of, 90;
- Overweight, influence of, on longevity, 30–31;
- life insurance estimates as to, 31–32, 213;
- determination of, 31;
- importance of checking tendency to, 32;
- eating-habits that cause, 32–33;
- diet for, 215–216;
- fats to avoid, 216;
- exercise for, 217;
- main reliance to be placed on dietetic regulation rather than on exercise, 217;
- avoidance of sudden reduction in weight, 217–218;
- reduction of weight a simple matter, 218–219.
- Overwork, popular delusions concerning, 124–125.
- Pack, Fred. J., statistics by, on effects of tobacco, 256–259.
- Paraffin oil, an intestinal lubricant, 53.
- Parsnips, food value of, 41, 176.
- Pasteurization, milk left uncooked by, 42–43.
- Pastry, table of food values of, 179.
- Patent medicines, habit-forming drugs in, 65.
- Peanuts, food value of, 30, 183;
- Peas, a high-protein food, 38;
- Pecans, food value of, 30, 183.
- Pepper, to be used sparingly, 48.
- Peroxide of hydrogen, for disinfecting raw foods, 43.
- Personal equation, hygienic living and the, 139–140.
- Perspiration, benefits of, 76.
- Philosophy, help to be obtained from, in field of mental hygiene, 114;
- Physical examinations, a remedy for degenerative tendencies, 292.
- Physiological effects of alcohol, 236–244.
- Pickles, table of food values of, 182.
- Pie, food value of, 29, 179.
- Pillows, use of, in sleeping, 104.
- Plague, spread by fleas and lice, 74–75.
- Play, the halfway stage between work and rest, 100–101.
- See Work and play.
- Playgrounds, outdoor, 19.
- Plays, hygienic value of, as recreation, 99.
- Pneumonia, outdoor treatment for, 21;
- trend of death rate from, 285.
- Poisons, from constipation, 51–56;
- relation of posture to, 57–64;
- habit-forming drugs and patent medicines, 65;
- substitution of milder for the more injurious, 65–66;
- alcohol, 67–68, 227–249;
- tobacco, 68–69, 250–271;
- infections with germs, 69–78;
- teeth and gums as a source of infection, 78–81;
- focal infection and autointoxication, 81–83.
- Poor, disadvantages of the, in opportunities to live a healthy life, 128.
- Posture, physical value of an erect, 57;
- breathing exercises for correcting evils of, 58;
- in standing and walking, 58–59;
- of the feet, 59–60;
- in sitting, 60–62;
- pains due to faulty, 62;
- effects of faulty, in children, 62;
- teaching of correct, 63;
- relation to character, 63–64;
- corrective exercises for faulty, 221–223;
- in cases of flat foot, 223.
- Potatoes, food value of, 29, 176;
- Preservatives, harmful, 65.
- Preventability of disease and death, 135–136.
- Preventive dental treatment, 86–87.
- Preventive medicine, practise of, 2–3;
- application of methods by people themselves, 3.
- Program, constructing a day’s, 120;
- main features of a eugenic, 167.
- Prostitutes, disease among, 77.
- Prostitution. See Social evil.
- Protein, function of, as a constituent of food, 35–36;
- examples of, 36;
- question of right proportion of, 36–37;
- common error of diet in using too much, 38;
- injuries from overabundance of, 38–39;
- poisoning caused by decomposition of, in the colon, 56;
- in cheap foods, 131;
- list of foods high, moderate and deficient in, 171;
- experiments to determine value of, in diet, 197–199.
- Prunes, food value of, 30, 179;
- laxative quality of, 52.
- Prussia, mortality statistics of, 286, 290–291.
- Public hygiene, 157;
- Puddings, table of food values of, 179.
- Pumpkins, cellulose in, 41.
- Purins, in flesh food, leading to production of uric acid, 39;
- found in some vegetable foods, 40.
- Pyorrhea, action of, 79–80;
- Pyridin in tobacco smoke, 260–261.
- Quack remedies, to be avoided in case of colds, 280.
- Quacks and quack advertising, movement against, 162–163.
- Quarantine, included in public hygiene, 158.
- Quensel, Ulrik, on disagreement of work and alcohol, 244.
- Quick lunches, an institution of civilization, 150;
- Quinine, use of, deleterious in case of colds, 280.
- Race hygiene. See Eugenics.
- Races, effects of indoor living on different, 146–147;
- varied conditions in different, with respect to resistance to disease, 323.
- Raw foods, value of, 42.
- Reading, choice of, for recreation, 99.
- Reading on trains, eye-strain caused by, 93.
- Ready-to-serve foods, analysis and cost of, 184–190.
- Recreation, outdoor, 19;
- Régime, demand for a well-balanced, 125–126.
- Relatives, marriage of, 305–306.
- Relaxation, cultivation of power of, 101;
- bathing a help to, 102.
- Religion, as a help in field of mental hygiene, 114;
- Reproduction, rules of, under a eugenic program, 167.
- Rest and sleep, the two great forms of inactivity, 89.
- Rheumatism, traceable to focal infection, 82.
- Rice, not a laxative food, 52;
- food value of, 180.
- Richards, Mrs., on cost of food, 130.
- Roosevelt Conservation Commission on National Vitality, report of, 136.
- Rosenau, Dr., on sex instruction, 77.
- Rowing-machine, home exercise on, 94.
- Rubner, Prof., on injuries from overabundance of protein, 38–39.
- Running, a beneficial exercise, 94.
- Saccharin, harmful in foods, 65.
- Salt, to be used sparingly, 48.
- Salts, inorganic, in mixed diet, 43.
- Sandals, benefits and risks in wearing, 17.
- School, teaching correct posture in, 63.
- Schools, outdoor, 19.
- Segregation of defective classes, 321–322, 323.
- Self-respect, relation between erect posture and, 63–64.
- Serenity, to be practised as an art, 113.
- Setting-up exercises, 221–224.
- Sex hygiene, eugenics not limited to, 293–294.
- Sex instruction, 77–78.
- Shaler, N. S., “Man and the Earth,” quoted, 143–144.
- Shell-fish, a high-protein food, 38;
- special objections to too great an amount of, 39.
- Shoes, care necessary in choosing proper, 16–17.
- Shredded wheat biscuit, food value of, 29, 181.
- Signal-station exercise, for faulty posture, 222.
- Singing, as a hygienic practise, 26.
- Sitting, correct posture in, 60–62.
- Skim milk, a cheap source of protein, 131.
- Skin training, establishing resistance to colds by, 273–274;
- Sleep, one of the two great forms of inactivity, 89;
- Sleeping, out-of-door, 3, 20–24, 104;
- Sleeping porches, arrangement of, 22–23.
- Sleeping tents, 23–24.
- Social evil, remote causes of, 123;
- cooperation needed in movement against, 163.
- Soups, food values of, 183.
- Sour milk, among the best foods, 48;
- a means of reducing decomposition of protein in the colon, 56.
- Specialists, medical, “one idea” doctrines of, 122.
- Spinach, cellulose in, 41.
- Spinal curvature, sometimes caused by faulty posture, 62.
- Sponge-cake, food value of, 29, 179.
- Squash, cellulose in, 41.
- Standing, correct posture in, 58–59.
- Starch, cheap sources of, 131.
- Sterilization of defectives, 323.
- Stevenson, R. L., on duty of being happy, 115.
- Sugar, food value of, 30, 182;
- Sunlight, benefits of, to air, 14.
- Sweden, American ideals of perfect manhood and womanhood inferior to those of, 4;
- Sweetbreads, excess of acids produced by, 39;
- among the worst foods, 48.
- Sweets, table of food values of, 182;
- time for taking, 220.
- Swimming, as exercise, 94;
- Syphilis, destructive effect of, 78;
- resistance to, weakened by alcohol, 240.
- Systemic injuries from mouth infection, 80–81.
- Table, posture in sitting at a, 61.
- Tea, degree of injury from, 66.
- Teeth, benefits to, from hard foods, 41;
- evils of insufficient mastication, 44;
- infection from decayed, 78–83;
- danger from over-dentistried, 83;
- method of cleansing, 84–85;
- periodic examinations and cleanings, 86–87;
- question of saving, at expense of other parts of body, 87;
- correction of irregularities, 87–88;
- care of temporary, 88;
- results of teeth hygiene, 88;
- malformation of, a cause of nasal obstruction and colds, 272.
- Temperature of living-rooms and work-rooms, 11.
- Tents for outdoor sleeping, 23–24.
- Thinking, exercise in, 97.
- Thoughts, effect of character of, on sleep, 104–105.
- Ticks, diseases spread by, 74.
- Time, taking of, for hygienic living, 132–133.
- Tobacco, injury from poison in, 65;
- Tobacco heart, risks accompanying, 263.
- Tobacco smoke, air vitiation from, 13;
- Toeing out and toeing in, 60, 223.
- Tomatoes, cellulose in, 41;
- Tongue, cleansing, with tooth-brush, 85.
- Tooth powders and pastes, use of, 85.
- Toxæmia, autointoxication distinguished from, 81–82.
- Traits, subdivisibility of each individual into, according to Mendelian discovery, 295;
- rules resulting from inheritability of, 296;
- physical, known to act hereditarily, 297;
- mental, 297–298;
- moral, 298;
- laws governing inheritance of, 293;
- distribution of, 298–300;
- socially noble and ignoble, 300–301;
- mating of, in marriages, 304–305;
- maturing of, at certain ages, 306;
- dominant and recessive, 317–319;
- need of education on inheritability of, 323.
- Tree-swaying exercise for faulty posture, 222.
- Tuberculosis, outdoor sleeping as a remedy for, 21;
- sometimes produced by the “consumptive stoop,” 57;
- infection from germs of, 71;
- remote causes of, 123;
- primarily a house disease, 146;
- liability of different races to, 147;
- public and individual hygiene invoked in fight against, 159;
- resistance to, weakened by alcohol, 240;
- trend of death rate from, 285;
- application of science of eugenics to, 299.
- Typhoid fever, death rate from, 285.
- Typhoid germs, guarding against, 72–73.
- Typhus, carried by lice, 75.
- Ulcer of the stomach, sometimes caused by focal infection, 82.
- Underclothes, benefits of loose, porous, 14;
- suitable material for, 17.
- Underweight, relation of, to longevity, 30–32;
- United Kingdom, consumption of alcohol in, 235, 236.
- United States, consumption of alcohol in, 235, 236;
- Unity of hygiene, 121–126.
- Uric acid, caused by purins in diet, 39.
- Urinary system, death rates from diseases of, 284, 285.
- Vaccination, overcoming prejudice against, 163.
- Vacuum cleaners, advantages of, 13.
- Variety, need of, in work, 92.
- Vegetables, bulky foods, 29;
- Venereal diseases, infections from, 77–78;
- resistance to, weakened by alcohol, 240.
- Ventilation, importance of, 7;
- motion, coolness, humidity, and freshness, of air chief features of, 7;
- overemphasis of danger from drafts, 8–9;
- by means of windows, 9;
- use of window-boards, 9–10;
- air-fans as a help in, 10;
- heating systems and, 10–11;
- importance of cool air and enervating effect of hot, 10–11;
- dryness and humidity of air, 11–12;
- relation of clothing to, 14–18;
- necessitated by conditions of civilization, 147;
- as a preventive of colds, 275.
- Vermin, diseases spread by, 74–75.
- Vertigo, causes of, 123.
- Vital resistance, increased by outdoor sleeping, 21–22.
- Vital surplus, conservation of, 5.
- Vitamins in foods, 42;
- importance of well-being of body, 42.
- Walking, correct posture in, 58–59;
- Water, drinking, with meals, 48;
- Water closets, height of seats of, 54.
- Weak feet, causes of, 60;
- Weight, relation of, to longevity, 30–32;
- the correct average, 213–214;
- standards for, at various ages and heights, 214;
- avoidance of sudden reduction in, 217–218.
- See Overweight and Underweight.
- Wheat-bran, a preventive of constipation, 52.
- Whisky, not to be taken for colds, 280.
- See Alcohol.
- Wholesale costs of uncooked ingredients of standard foods, 192–193.
- Will, exercise of the, 97–98;
- Window-boards, use of, 9–10.
- Windows, best ventilation to be had through, 9.
- Wood fires as ventilators, 10.
- Woody fiber necessary in diet, 41.
- Wool, use of, in clothing, 17.
- Work, normal, one of the great blessings of life, 91;
- Work and play, the two great forms of activity, 89;
- adjusting the proportion of, 90.
- Working conditions, disadvantages of the poor regarding, 128–129.
- Worry, physical sources of, 105–106;
- Writer’s cramp, cause of, 62.
- Zhebrovski, E. A., experiments of, with cigaret-smoking rabbits, 255.