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How to Study Architecture

Chapter 3: ILLUSTRATIONS
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A guide treats architecture as both art and social expression, opening with aesthetic principles and methods for studying buildings before tracing development from primitive shelters through ancient civilizations—Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, and Aegean—to Hellenic and Roman accomplishments. It then surveys post-classic phases: Early Christian and Byzantine forms, Islamic building traditions, early medieval and Romanesque work, the Gothic tradition with regional variations, and the Renaissance across Italy and northern Europe. Throughout it emphasizes the relationship of form to function, cultural context, ornament, and structural technique, and it is supplemented by illustrations, a glossary, bibliography, and index to aid readers.

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Title: How to Study Architecture

Author: Charles H. Caffin

Release date: December 2, 2019 [eBook #60830]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images available at The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE ***

Contents.
Glossary
Index
Bibliography
List of Illustrations

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HOW TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE

HOW TO
STUDY ARCHITECTURE

BY
CHARLES H. CAFFIN

Author of   “How to Study Pictures,”   “The Story
of French Painting,” “The Story of Dutch Painting,”
“The Story of Spanish Painting,” “Appreciations
of the Drama,”   “Art for Life’s Sake,”   etc.

AN   ATTEMPT     TO   TRACE   THE   EVOLUTION   OF
ARCHITECTURE AS THE PRODUCT AND EXPRESSION
OF     SUCCESSIVE     PHASES     OF     CIVILISATION

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS




NEW YORK
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY
1917


Copyright, 1917
By
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY, Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author gratefully acknowledges the critical assistance given to him on certain points by Professor William H. Goodyear, W. Harmon Beers and William Warfield; and his indebtedness to Caroline Caffin for compiling the index and to Irving Heyl for several architectural drawings. For some of the illustrations he has put himself under obligations to the following publications, through the courtesy of the Librarian of the Metropolitan Museum of Art—“Histoire de l’Art,” by Perrot et Chipiez; “Assyrian Sculptures,” by Rev. Archibald Paterson; “Monuments Modernes de la Perse,” by Pascal Coste; “Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalato” by R. Adams, and “The Annual of the British School at Athens.

CONTENTS

Book I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER PAGE
IPreliminary Considerations3
IIPrimitive Structures13
Book II
PRE-CLASSIC PERIOD
IEgyptian Civilisation25
IIEgyptian Architecture38
IIIChaldæan, Assyrian and Babylonian Civilisation56
IVChaldæan, Assyrian and Babylonian Architecture65
VPersian Civilisation74
VIPersian Architecture80
VIIMinoan or Ægean Civilisation88
VIIIMinoan or Ægean Architecture95
Book III
CLASSIC PERIOD
IHellenic Civilisation105
IIHellenic Architecture116
IIIRoman Civilisation147
IVRoman Architecture163
Book IV
POST-CLASSIC PERIOD
IEarly Christian Civilisation187
IIEarly Christian and Byzantine Architecture193
IIIMuhammedan, also Called Saracenic Civilisation212
IVMuhammedan Architecture220
VEarly Mediæval Civilisation232
VIEarly Mediæval or Romanesque Architecture241
Book V
GOTHIC PERIOD
ILater Mediæval Civilisation263
IIGothic Architecture270
IIIGothic Architecture in France281
IVGothic Architecture in England and Wales287
VGothic Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain301
VIGothic Architecture in Italy310
Book VI
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
IRenaissance Civilisation319
IIRenaissance Architecture in Italy338
IIIRenaissance Architecture in Italy—Continued357
IVRenaissance Architecture in France375
VRenaissance Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain391
VIRenaissance Architecture in England and American Colonial Architecture410
Book VII
POST-RENAISSANCE PERIOD
IClassical and Gothic Revivals435
IIThe Modern Situation454
Glossary: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z479
Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z497

ILLUSTRATIONS

 FACING PAGE
Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain, England12
Section and Plan of Treasury of Atreus12
Teocalli or “House of God,” at Guatusco12
Section of Pyramid38
Modelsof Mastabas38
Types of Egyptian Columns38
Temple-Tomb of Rameses II at Abou-Simbel38
Plan of Ramesseum38
Model of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak39
Peripteral Sanctuary, at Philæ39
Temple of Edfou. Entrance to Hypostyle Hall39
Example of Carved Decoration39
“Sargon’s Castle.” Conjectured Restoration66
Part of “Lion Frieze” and “Frieze of Arches”66
Details of Wall Decoration at Koyunjik67
Tomb of Darius I, Persepolis80
Palace of Darius I, Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration80
Type of Persian Columns81
Hall of One Hundred Columns, Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration81
The Palaces of Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration81
Wall Decoration in Palace of Cnossus94
Lion Gateway at Mycenæ94
Plan of Acropolis of Tiryns94
Part of Staircase in Palace of Cnossus95
Council Chamber, with Gypsum Throne, Palace of Cnossus95
Some Temple Plans—Hellenic116
Hellenic Orders (Columns and Entablatures)116
Roman Orders (Columns and Entablatures) 116
Model of the Acropolis 116
Model of the Parthenon (restored)116
The Parthenon117
Temples at Pæstum117
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens117
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens117
Portico of the Caryatides, Erechtheion117
Detail of Ornament—Hellenic117
Statues in the Round of Persephone and Demeter from the East Pediment of the Parthenon117
Figures in High Relief from Procession of Worshipers. Frieze of the Parthenon117
Plan of House of Pansa, Pompeii117
Plan of Theatre of Dramyssus117
Roman Forum, Conjectured Restoration162
Maison Carrée, Nîmes162
Arch of Constantine162
Pantheon, Rome162
Section of the Pantheon162
Colosseum, Rome162
Section of Colosseum162
Basilica of Constantine163
Roman Vaulting; from Baths of Diocletian163
Gothic Vaulting; from Salisbury Cathedral163
Theatre of Orange, France. Conjectured Restoration163
Plan of Theatre of Orange, France. Conjectured Restoration163
Porta Aurea—Golden Gate—Palace of Diocletian163
Pont-du-Gard, Aqueduct Near Nîmes163
Peristyle and Court of the House of the Vettii163
Wall Paintings in the House of the Vettii163
S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna192
S. Apollinare-in-Classe, Ravenna192
Church of Kalb-Lauzeh, Syria193
Church of Turmanin, Syria193
Tomb of Galla Placidia202
Interior of San Vitale, Ravenna202
Diagram Showing Pendentives202
Section of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople202
Section of S. Sophia, Constantinople202
Diagram showing how a dome rests on eight piers enclosing an octagon, by niches or squinches202
Exterior of S. Sophia, Constantinople203
Interior of S. Sophia, Constantinople203
Plan of S. Sophia, Constantinople203
Plan of S. Mark’s, Venice203
Exterior of St. Mark’s, Venice203
Mosque of El Azhar, Cairo220
Suleimaniyeh or Mosque of Suleiman220
Arcades of the Mosque, now Cathedral, of Cordova220
Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Spain220
Palace of Ispahan, Persia. Conjectured Restoration of Pavilion of Mirrors and Gardens221
College of Shah Hussein, Restoration; Ispahan, Persia221
Mosque of Akbur, Futtehpore-Sikri, India221
Taj Mahal, Agra, India221
Pisa Cathedral, Campanile and Baptistry240
Interior of Pisa Cathedral240
S. Ambrogio, Milan240
S. Michele, Pavia240
The Certosa, or Church of the Carthusian Order, Pavia240
Church of Vézelay, France240
Church of Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen240
Remains of the Church of Cluny Abbey240
Church of the Apostles, Cologne241
Doorway of Salamanca Cathedral241
Anglo-Saxon Tower, Earl’s Barton, Northamptonshire241
Iffley Church, near Oxford241
S. John’s Chapel, Tower of London241
Nave of Durham Cathedral241
Peterborough Cathedral241
English Romanesque Detail241
Sculptured Details from Amiens Cathedral Doorway270
Skeleton Structure, showing method of vaulting, by means of pointed arch, and concentration of thrusts and counter-thrusts270
Gothic Detail270
Gothic Detail270
Gothic Detail270
Gothic Detail271
Gothic Detail271
Gothic Detail271
Exterior and Interior Views of Lichfield Cathedral Showing the Nave Widening271
Notre Dame, Paris, Plan280
Amiens Cathedral, Plan280
Amiens Cathedral280
Notre Dame, Paris280
Rouen Cathedral280
Rheims Cathedral280
Interior of Notre Dame Cathedral281
Interior of Amiens Cathedral281
Interior of Rheims Cathedral281
Hôtel de Bourgtheroulde, Rouen281
House of Jacques Cœur281
Sainte Chapelle, Paris281
Nave of Norwich Cathedral286
Salisbury Cathedral, Interior286
York Minster, West Façade286
Lincoln Cathedral286
Wells Cathedral, West Façade287
Winchester Cathedral287
Henry VII’s Chapel, Westminster287
Westminster Hall, Timber Roof287
Strasburg Cathedral300
Ratisbon Cathedral300
Town Hall of Munster300
Cathedral of S. Gudule, Brussels300
Cologne Cathedral300
Cloth Hall of Ypres300
Town Hall, Louvain301
Town Hall, Brussels301
Mechlin Cathedral301
Antwerp Cathedral301
Toledo Cathedral301
Burgos Cathedral301
Siena Cathedral, Interior310
San Miniato, Florence; Marble Façade310
Cathedral of Florence and Campanile310
Doge’s Palace, Venice310
Siena Cathedral, Campanile attached311
Orvieto Cathedral, West Façade311
Milan Cathedral311
Milan Cathedral, Interior311
Pazzi Chapel, S. Croce, Florence338
Santa Maria Novella, Florence338
Strozzi Palace, Florence338
Caprarola Palace338
Gvimane Palace, Venice339
Basilica Vicenza339
Doge’s Palace, Venice; Renaissance Portal339
S. Maria della Salute, Venice339
Riccardi Palace, Florence356
Palazzo Vecchio, Florence356
Ca d’Oro, Venice356
Vendramini Palace, Venice356
Farnese Palace, Rome356
Court of the Farnese Palace356
Capitol Palaces, Rome357
Library of S. Mark, Venice357
S. Spirito, Florence357
S. Andrea, Mantua357
S. Peter’s, Rome357
Interior of S. Peter’s, Rome357
Château de Blois. Gothic part built by Louis XII374
Maison François I, Paris374
Château de Blois. Part added by Francis I374
Château de Chambord374
Luxembourg Palace375
Plan showing growth of Louvre375
Pavilion de l’Horloge, Louvre375
Castle of Heidelberg390
Another View of the Heinrichsbau390
Bremen City Hall390
Pellershaus, Nüremburg390
Antwerp City Hall390
Liège, Court of Palais de Justice390
College of Santa Cruz, Valladolid391
Court of the Casa de Zaporta391
Court of the College of Alcala de Henares391
Elevation and Plan of uncompleted Palace Charles V391
The Escoriál391
Plan of The Escoriál391
Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire410
Banqueting Hall, Whitehall410
Haddon Hall, Derbyshire410
Haddon Hall; the Long Gallery410
S. Paul’s Cathedral, London411
S. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, London411
Old Charlton, Kent411
Georgian Chimney piece and overmantel411
Christ Church, Philadelphia428
Home of the Poet Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass.428
Washington’s Home at Mount Vernon429
Another Southern Colonial example, Montgomery, Ala.429
La Madeleine, Paris436
S. George’s Hall, Liverpool436
Panthéon, Paris436
Arc de l’Etoile, Paris436
Opera House, Paris436
State House, Boston436
Capitol at Washington436
City Hall, New York437
St. Thomas, New York437
Houses of Parliament437
Plan of the Houses of Parliament437
Scotland Yard454
Woodburn Hall, New Windsor, N. Y.454
Trinity Church, Boston454
County Buildings, Pittsburg454
The Breakers, Newport, R. I.454
Detail of residence of Mr. Thomas Hastings, Westbury, Long Island454
Schiller Theatre Building, Chicago455
Woolworth Building455
Steel Cage Construction. Scene in lower New York455