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Job and Solomon: Or, The Wisdom of the Old Testament

Chapter 59: INDEX.
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About This Book

The volume provides exegetical and critical study of Israelite wisdom literature, focusing on Job and Ecclesiastes while also examining Proverbs and Ecclesiasticus. It offers chapter-by-chapter commentary on Job’s dialogue cycles, Elihu’s speeches, the divine speeches and the epilogue, and assesses traditional bases, date, and mythological and angelological material. It analyzes the form, origin, collections, and religious value of Proverbs, and presents Sirach’s moral teaching alongside Kohelet’s skeptical reflections, practical counsels, and textual questions. Philological appendices, discussion of the Septuagint, and student aids complete the work.

INDEX.

  • Aaron, celebrated by Sirach, 193
  • Achamoth, Gnostic myth of, 161 n.
  • Adam, occurrence of the word in ‘Proverbs,’ 119
  • Addison, 145
  • Age, ascribed to Job, 71;
    • description of, 229 sq.
  • Agur, 154, 170 sq.
  • Ahriman, 80
  • Akabia ben Mahalallel, 300
  • Akiba, Rabbi, 283
  • Alexandria, importance of, to Jews, 181
  • Allegorical view of ‘Job,’ 65;
    • of Koheleth’s portrait of old age, 229 sq.
  • Alphabet of Ben Sira, 195 sq.
  • Amenemhat I., 156
  • Amos, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 87
  • Amos iv. 13, v. 8, perhaps interpolations, 52, n.
  • Angels, doctrine of, 44 sq. See also Spirits
  • Apap, the serpent, 76
  • Apocrypha, value of the, 179
  • Aquila, versions of, 277
  • Arabian theory of angels, 44 n.
  • Arabic Literature, euphuism in, 206
  • Arabic Poets, subjectivity, 64;
    • parallels to ‘Job’ in, 100
  • Arabic Proverbs compared with Hebrew, 134;
    • one quoted, 64
  • Arabisms, in ‘Job,’ 99, 291 sq.;
    • in Proverbs, 172
  • Aramaisms, in ‘Job,’ 15 n., 92, 97, 99, 291 sq., 294;
  • Aristeas, the fragment of, 96
  • Aristotle, definition of Virtue, 28
  • Arnold, Matthew, 122
  • Artaxerxes II. and III., 258
  • Ashmedai, 80
  • Assyrian, Discoveries, 5 sq.;
    • Policy of uprooting nations, 73;
    • Theory of Angels, 44 n.
  • Atomism, doctrine of, 263
  • Atonement, doctrine of the, 3, 287, 45
  • Augustine, Saint, quoted, 147, 284
  • Aurelius, Marcus, mentioned, 289;
    • quoted, 234;
    • compared with Koheleth, 245, 266 sq.
  • Babylonian, animal fables, 126;
    • physical theology, 52
  • Bacon, Lord, the New Atlantis, 132;
    • Adv. of Learning, 210
  • Bagoses, 258
  • Bede, the Ven., on ‘Job,’ 90
  • Bedouin prayer, 52
  • Behemoth, 56
  • Ben Abuyah, 150
  • Bereshith Rabba, quoted, 188
  • Bernstein, on ‘Job,’ 293
  • Bertholdt, on ‘Job,’ 293
  • Bible, Milton’s view of the, 253
  • Biblical criticism, 1 sq.
  • Bickell, as a critic, 241;
    • on Job (xix. 25-27), 35, 288;
    • on Prov. (xxii. 19-21), 138;
    • on Sirach, 195;
    • on Koheleth (iv. 13-16), 213, (iii. 11) 276, (viii. 10) 220, 276;
    • list of poetical passages in Koheleth, 206;
    • on the text of Koheleth, 273;
    • and passim
  • Bildad, his home, 15;
    • the advocate of tradition, 17, 23
  • Binney, Mr., 296
  • Birthday, Job’s curse of his, 16
  • Blake, William, quoted, 54;
  • Book of the Dead, parallels with ‘Job,’ 39, 76
  • Böttcher, on ‘Job,’ 68
  • Bradley, Dean, 215, 229 n., 248
  • Breton legend of St. Ives, 140
  • Briggs, Prof., on Elihu’s speeches, 93, 296
  • Budde, on Aramaisms in ‘Job,’ 291 sqq.
  • Buddha, 218
  • Buddhist sayings, 128
  • Budge, Mr., on Tiamat, 78
  • Bullinger, on Sirach, 197
  • Bunsen, quoted, 108 n.
  • Bunyan, 109
  • Camerarius, edition of Sirach, 197
  • Canon, the, final settlement, 233, 281
  • Carlyle, quoted, 112, 144 n., 246
  • Ceremonial system, value of, 119 sq.;
    • approved by Sirach, 190
  • Chabas, M., quoted, 57
  • Chaldæans, 73;
    • their philosophy known to Job, 51
  • Chateaubriand, quoted, 65
  • Chinese proverbs, 129
  • Christ, never used directly anti-sacrificial language, 3 sq.;
    • Kenotic view of His person, 7;
    • whether Job a type of, 102 sq.;
    • foregleams of, in Prov. viii., 176
  • Christian doctrine in Koheleth, 248 sq.
  • Church of England, attitude to Biblical criticism, 1 sq.
  • Cicero, dialogues, 207
  • Clement, of Rome, 176
  • Coleridge, quoted, 108
  • Constantinople, Councils at, 107, 282
  • Cosmos, conception of the world as, 52, 161
  • Cox, Dr., quoted, 46
  • Daniel, plural authorship of the Book of, 8
  • Dante, allusions to, 28, 51, 66, 76, 159, 194, 230;
    • quotations from, 45, 54, 130;
    • comparison of the Divina Commedia to ‘Job,’ 111
  • Davenant, quoted, 252
  • David, idealisation of, 131 sqq.
  • Davidson, on Job (xix. 25-27), 34
  • Dawn, personified, 77
  • De Jong, on Koheleth, 240
  • Delitzsch, on the Praise of Wisdom, 163;
    • on the date of Proverbs, 170;
    • on the period of Koheleth, 258;
    • his Hebrew New Testament, 288;
    • and passim
  • Derenbourg, quoted, 100
  • De Sanctis, quoted, viii.
  • Determinism, in Koheleth, 265 sqq.
  • Deuteronomy, in the reign of Josiah, 6;
    • points of contact with Job, 86;
    • influence on the Praise of Wisdom, 168 sq.;
    • (xxxii. 8) explained, 81 n., 291
  • De Vere, Aubrey, quoted, 105
  • Dillmann, on style of Job, 294
  • Dīn Ibrahim, morality of the, 98
  • Dragon Myth, 16, 24, 76
  • Dramatic character of ‘Job,’ 107
  • Drunkenness, 140, 156
  • Ebers, Prof., 40, 269
  • Ecclesiastes, the Book of
  • Ecclesiasticus, see Sirach
  • Edwards, Sutherland, on Mephistopheles, 110
  • Egypt, theory that ‘Job’ was composed in, 75
  • Egyptian, animal fables, 126 n.;
    • discoveries, 5;
    • incantations, 16;
    • proverbs, 129;
    • influence on Koheleth, 269 sq.
  • Egyptian-Jewish literature, 181
  • Elephantiasis, Job’s disease, 22
  • Elephants, 57
  • Elihu, genealogy, 42 n.;
  • Eliphaz, his home, 15;
    • the ‘depositary of a revelation,’ 17
  • Elohim, the sons of the, 14, 79, 81, 82, 151
  • Emerson, quoted, 160
  • Enoch, 297;
  • Epictetus, 234 n.
  • Epicureanism, in Koheleth, 240 sq., 252, 262 sq.
  • Epicurus, 222
  • Ethics, practical, relation to Hebrew Wisdom, 118 sq.;
    • of the Proverbs, 135 sq.
  • Euergetes II. Physkon, 180
  • Ewald, his division of the Book of Proverbs, 134;
    • of the Praise of Wisdom, 162;
    • on the date of Proverbs, 190;
    • on Koheleth, 236 sqq.;
    • and passim
  • Ezekiel (xiv. 14), 60
  • Ezra, why not mentioned in Sirach, 193 sq.
  • Family life, in Proverbs, 136
  • Farmers, Israelitish goodwill to, 136, 214
  • Faust, the Hebrew, 150
  • Fees, whether paid to the ‘Wise Men,’ 124 n.
  • Fénelon, 67
  • Friends, Job’s, Emeers, 15;
    • representatives of orthodoxy, 17;
    • their narrowness, 30
  • Froude, J. A., quoted on Job xxvii., 95 n.
  • Gamaliel, 280
  • Geiger, on Koheleth, 238 sq.
  • Genesis, no protest against Idolatry in, 71;
    • opening chapters of, 6;
    • (xiv. 19-22), 160
  • Gilchrist, Life of Blake, 107
  • Ginsburg, Dr., on ‘proportionate retribution’ in Job, 69;
    • on Koheleth, 236;
    • on Eccles. (iii. 12), 210 n.;
    • and passim
  • Gnostic myth of Achamoth, 161
  • God, name of, in Koheleth, 201, 217
  • Godet, 288
  • Grätz, on Koheleth, 244, 301
  • Grave, Job’s, 60
  • Greek influence on Koheleth, 202, 241, 260 sqq.
  • Green, Prof., of Princeton, on Job, (xix. 25-27), 33, 34 n.;
    • (xxvii.-xxviii.), 94
  • Gregory the Great, on ‘Job,’ 90
  • Hai Gaon, Rabbi, on ‘Job,’ 61
  • Harischandra compared to Job, 63
  • Harnack, quoted, 263
  • Harūn ar-Rashid, 131, 296
  • Hegesias Peisithanatos, 268
  • Heine, on ‘Job,’ 104
  • Hellenic movement in Palestine, 181
  • Hengstenberg, on ‘Job,’ 61;
    • on Koheleth, 249 n.
  • Herder, on ‘Job,’ 295;
    • on Koheleth, 301
  • Hezekiah, the Song of, 88;
    • his supposed authorship of Proverbs xxv.-xxix., 142 sq.;
    • his views on medical science, 191
  • Hillel, Rabbi, a copious fabulist, 128;
    • the School of, on Koheleth, 280
  • Hitopadesa, quoted, 153
  • Hitzig, as a critic, 241 n.;
    • on the arrangement of the Praise of Wisdom, 163;
    • and passim
  • Hooker, 161, 162, 216 sq.
  • Hosea, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 87
  • Humboldt, A. von, 46
  • Humour, touches of, in ‘Job,’ 13, 14, 49, 109, 290;
  • Husbandmen, Israelite goodwill to, 136, 214
  • Ibn Ezra, opinion that ‘Job’ was a translation, 96
  • Ibycus, the cranes of, 222
  • Idealism, of the Prophets, 119
  • Immortality, the hope of, in Proverbs, 122 sq.;
  • Inconsistencies in the Canonical Scriptures, 204
  • Indian, animal fables, 126 n.;
    • proverbs, 129
  • Inspiration, view of, broadened by literary criticism, 7
  • Irving, Edward, 162
  • Isaiah, mythological allusions in, 78;
    • parallels to ‘Job’ in, 84, 87;
    • xxviii., 14, 120 n.
  • Israel, Job a type of, 58;
    • the word not in Proverbs, 119;
    • Koheleth indifferent to its religious primacy, 199
  • Israelites, low religious position before the Exile, 6;
    • their sympathy with husbandmen, 136, 214
  • Italian moralists, their use of ‘Job,’ viii.
  • Ives, Saint, Breton legend of, 140
  • Jamnia, Synod of, 233, 280
  • Jehovah, the name, 71, 72 n.;
    • consistency of the speeches of, in ‘Job,’ 48, 94
  • Jeremiah, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 86
  • Jerome, Saint, on metrical character of ‘Job,’ 12 n.;
    • on Epicureanism in Koheleth, 262, 281
  • Jewish nation, like Job, a byword, 32
  • Job, the Book of
    • (a) Proposed title for, 12;
      • divisions of, 12 sq.;
      • perhaps a translation, 96 sq.;
      • probable stages of the growth of, 66 sqq.;
      • date of, 67 sqq., 88, 157;
      • place of composition, 75;
      • effect of removing the interpolations in, 70;
      • Aramaic colouring of, 15 n., 92;
      • whether historical, 60 sq., 183, 290;
      • whether autobiographical, 63;
      • whether a drama, 107;
      • polemical aim of, 65;
      • religious teaching of, 102 sqq.;
      • feeling for nature in, 51;
      • humour in, 13 sq., 49, 109, 290;
      • influence of, on other writers, viii. 83 sq.
    • (b) Author, the greatest master of Hebrew Wisdom, 11;
      • circumstances of his age reflected in xvii. 6-9, 32;
      • a traveller, 75, 97;
      • looks beyond Israel, 65;
      • place of writing, 75
    • (c) Hero, his name, 62;
      • title given him by the Syrians, 65;
      • his nationality, 13, 59, 117, 170;
      • whether historical, 60 sqq., 103;
      • great age ascribed to him, 71;
      • his grave, 60;
      • dual aspect of, 32;
      • a type, 17, 21, 22, 28, 31, 32, 58, 65
    • (d) Text. (i.) Passages explained or emended:
      • (vi. 25), 288;
      • (xi. 6), 26;
      • (xiii. 15), 28;
      • (xv. 7), 167;
      • (xvi. 2), 31;
      • (xix. 25-27), 33 sqq., 288 sq.;
      • (xxxiii. 13), 44;
      • (xxxviii. 41), 52 n.;
      • (xxxix. 10), 53 n.
      • (ii.), Passages misplaced, list of, 114;
      • also 38, 39 n., 40 n., 41, 50, 68, 94, 115
      • (iii.) Passages interpolated, 55 sq., 68 sq., 94, &c.
  • Joel ii. 17 explained, 32
  • Joseph, the tax farmer, 182, 191, 213
  • Josephus, quoted, 190
  • Joshua ben Hananyah, Rabbi, 230
  • Kalisch, Dr., on Eccles. iii. 12, 210 n.;
    • his Path and Goal, 265
  • Kant, on Job’s friends, 37
  • Kenotic view of Christ’s person, 7, 287
  • Khîda, a riddle, 125
  • Kings, First Book of, (iv. 32) 132, (xix. 12) 19
  • Kleinert, on Job (vi. 25), 288;
    • on the style of Elihu, 293
  • Klostermann, translation of Eccles. vii., 21, 219
  • Koheleth, the name, 207, 231;
  • Koheleth, the Book of, see Ecclesiastes
  • Koran, quoted, &c., 31, 62 n., 63, 79 n.
  • Krochmal, N., on Epilogue to Koheleth, 232 sq.
  • K’sil, = Orion, 77
  • Kuenen, on the Levitical Law, 3
  • Lagarde, on the use of ‘Eloah,’ 72 n.
  • Lamentations, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 86
  • Landed property, accumulation of, 146
  • Law, the Levitical, authorship of, 3 sqq.;
    • not enforced in pre-Exile period, 6;
    • identification of, with personified wisdom, 162, 192;
    • Koheleth’s attitude to, 218
  • Lee, Prof. S., on ‘Job,’ 97, 294
  • Lemuel, 154, 170 sq.
  • Letteris, Max, 150
  • Leviathan, 56
  • Love for one’s enemies, 147
  • Lowth, Bp., 16, 61, 107, 186, 237
  • Lucretius, quoted, 201, 205;
    • compared with Koheleth, 263
  • Luther, on Job, 61;
    • on Sirach, 197;
    • on Koheleth, 205
  • Luzzatto, on the ‘God of Job,’ 104;
    • on Koheleth, 238 sq.
  • Mal’ak Yahvè, 80
  • Mal’akim, 79, 80, 82
  • Marduk, the god, 77
  • Mariolatry, 162 n.
  • Marvell, Andrew, quoted, 144
  • Māshāl, 125 sq., 132, 163
  • Maspero, quoted, 76
  • Massa, in the Hauran, Israelite colony at, 171
  • Medical Science, attitudes of Sirach and Hezekiah to, 190 sq.
  • Meir, Rabbi, the writer of animal fables, 128
  • Mendelssohn, on Koheleth, 236
  • Mephistopheles, 110 n.
  • Merodach, the god, 77
  • Merx, view of Job, 62, 113
  • Messianic hope, 119, 188
  • Midrash, proverbs in, 128
  • Milton, allusions to, 53, 62, 107, 108, 112, 162, 253;
  • Mishnic peculiarities in Koheleth, 256
  • M’lîça, a dark saying, 125
  • Mohammed, delight of, in Job, 63;
    • religion of, 98
  • Mommsen, quoted, 181
  • Monarchy, view of, in Proverbs, 145;
    • in Koheleth, 222
  • Monogamy, in Proverbs, 136
  • Monotheism, of Job, 74;
    • in Proverbs, 130
  • Morality, of the Proverbs, 135 sq., 177
  • Moses, authorship of the Law, 3;
    • nature of his work, 6
  • Mo’tazilites, 98, 162 n., 296
  • Mozley, quoted, 103
  • Mussaph prayer, 193
  • Mythology, in ‘Job,’ 76
  • Narrative poetry, alien to Hebrew genius, 13
  • Nature, feeling for, in ‘Job,’ 51;
    • in Sirach, 193
  • Nebuchadnezzar, 73
  • Neferhotep, stanzas in honour of, 269
  • Neubauer, Dr. A., 289
  • New Testament, attitude to Proverbs, 177
  • Nowack, on Eccles. (iii. 12), 210 n.
  • Numerical Proverbs, 153
  • Old Testament, general remarks on the criticism of, 1 sqq.;
    • need to distinguish between the parts of, 7;
    • critical problems of, not prominent in Christ’s time, 7
  • Omar Khayyam, 200, 245, 246, 253, 263
  • Onias, the High Priest, 213
  • Onkelus, Targum of, 264
  • Oort, Dr., on proverbs, 127
  • Orion, 77
  • Palmer, Major, 52
  • Parables, in the Old Testament, 126
  • Paradise, tradition of, 123
  • Patriarchal Age, whether delineated in Job, 13, 71 sqq.
  • Paul, Saint, doctrine of the Atonement, 3, 287
  • Pentateuch, the literary analysis of it, 5 sq.
  • Peshitto translation of Proverbs, 174
  • Philo, 151, 161 n., 264
  • Pisa, Job frescoes at, 106
  • Pleiades, 52, 290
  • Plumptre, Dean, 122, 158, 207 n., 212, 245, 263, 265;
    • and passim
  • Prior, the poet, on Koheleth, 237
  • Prophetical books, plural authorship in, 8
  • Prophets, their antisacrificial language, 4;
    • their horizon that of their own times, 8;
    • their relations to the ‘Wise Men,’ 119 sqq., 182 sq.
  • Proverbs, different names for, 125;
    • no collection of popular, 125;
    • some originally current as riddles, 127
  • Proverbs, the Book of
  • Psalms, relations of, to ‘Job,’ 84, 88;
    • Psalm viii. 5 parodied in ‘Job’ (vii. 17, 18), 22
  • Ptahhotep, Proverbs of, 121
  • Ptolemy Arsacides, Golden Table, 289
  • Puscy, Dr. quoted, 1
  • Q’dōshīm, 80, 149 n.
  • Quinet quoted, 105
  • Ra, the sun god, 76
  • Rahab, the helpers of, 24, 76
  • Raven (in Job xxxviii. 41), 52 n.
  • Realism of the ‘Wise Men,’ 119
  • Renan, on the style of Elihu, 47;
  • Resh Lakish, Rabbi, quoted, 60
  • Resurrection, hope of, 34, 75, 188 sq., 251, 301
  • Retribution, proportionate, 23, 35, 58, 73, 98, 121, 140, 167, 189, 190 n., 200, 219, 251
  • Riddles, proverbs originally current as, 127
  • Rig Veda, quoted, 78, 152
  • Romans, vii. 20 adopted from Proverbs (xxiv. 17, 18), 147
  • Romaunt of the Rose, quoted, 300
  • Rossetti, Miss C., 242
  • Sacrificial system, importance of, in post-Exile period, 4;
    • relations of Job to, 71.
    • See also Law
  • Salmon, Prof., on Eccles. (ix. 7-9), 262
  • Samaritans, 194
  • Sammael, 80
  • Sandys’, George, translation of ‘Job,’ 106
  • Satan, the, 14, 79, 80, 109, 188 sq., 297
  • Schiller, 12
  • Schultens, Albert, quoted, 61, 97, 99
  • Sea Life, familiar, 140;
  • Seneca, quoted, 57, 265
  • Septuagint version, of ‘Job,’ 113, 114, 296;
    • of Proverbs, 173;
    • of Koheleth, 277
  • Seven Wise Men, of Greece, 119, 124
  • Shammaites, on Koheleth, 280 sq.
  • Shedim, 80
  • Shelley, delight in Job, 112, 253;
    • dislike of Koheleth, 253
  • Sibyl, the oldest Jewish, 264
  • Simeon ben Shetach, 282 sq.
  • Simon II., 180, 181 sq.
  • Sirach, parentage, 180;
    • early life, 182;
    • a true ‘scribe,’ 185;
    • unacquainted with Greek philosophy, 190;
    • interested in nature and history, 193
  • Sirach, the Book of
    • (a) Canonicity, 279 sq., 282 sq.;
      • the name Ecclesiasticus, 197;
      • written in Hebrew, 194, 196;
      • ancient versions of, 297;
      • its date, 180 sqq.;
      • subject arrangement, 183;
      • style, 185;
      • whether autobiographical, 186;
      • parallelisms in, to Proverbs, 184;
      • no philosophical thought in, 182;
      • imperfect moral teaching in, 187;
      • conception of the divine nature, 188
    • (b) Passages emended or explained;
      • (xi. 16), 188;
      • (xxi. 27), 189 n.;
      • (xxiv. 27), 196;
      • (xxv. 15), 196;
      • (xlvi. 18), 196;
      • (xlviii. 11), 189, 193;
      • (l. 1), 193;
      • (l. 26), 193
  • Soferim, 238. See also ‘Wise Men’
  • Solar Myths, 16, 22, 24, 76, 77
  • Solomon, secular turn of, 72;
    • reputed authorship of Proverbs, 130 sqq., 165, 170;
    • Koheleth’s representative of humanity, 202, 207;
    • reputed authorship of Koheleth, 255, 275
  • Sophia, Gnostic myth of, 161 n.
  • Sophocles, 107, 220
  • Spanheim, quoted, 97
  • Spenser, the poet, 12
  • Spinoza, on Job, 61
  • Spirits, classes of, 44 sq.
  • Stanley, Dean, on Koheleth, 245, 255
  • Star worship, 71, 82
  • Steersmanship, the term, 133
  • Stickel, quoted, 102
  • Stoicism, in Koheleth, 240 sq., 264
  • Swift, 15
  • Swinburne, quoted, 212
  • Syrian title for Job, 65
  • Talmud, on Job, 64;
    • proverbs in the, 128;
    • Sirach cited in, 196;
    • comparison of Koheleth with, 205;
    • on Koheleth, 281
  • Tasso, 109 n.
  • Taylor, C., on Job (xix. 26), 289
  • Taylor, Jeremy, 253
  • Temple, Bishop, 225
  • Tennyson, quoted, 212
  • Theism, argument for, early based on tradition, 23;
    • of the Praise of Wisdom, 167
  • Theodore of Mopsuestia, 107
  • Thirlwall, Bishop, quoted, 2
  • Thomas à Kempis, 231, 249
  • Thomson, the poet, quoted, 21
  • Thoreau, quoted, 106, 252
  • Tiamat, 77
  • Trades, disparaged in Sirach, 186
  • Turgenieff, 243
  • Turner, Studies Biblical and Oriental, quoted, 46
  • Tyler, on Koheleth, 240, 263 sq.
  • Unicorn, in Job (xxxix. 10), 53 n.
  • Utilitarianism of the Wise Men, 121, 137
  • Uz, locality of, 13 n.
  • Vaihinger, on Koheleth, 236 sq.
  • Varuna, Vedic hymn to, 154
  • Vatke, on date of Proverbs, 1
  • Vedic hymns, 77, 154. See also Rig Veda
  • Virtue, Koheleth’s ‘theory of,’ 218
  • Webbe, George, quoted, 113
  • Wellhausen, on Levitical Law, 3 sqq.;
  • Wisdom, the Hebrew, nature of, 117 sq.;
    • personification of, 162, 192
  • Wise Men, the, 118, 123, 148, 182 sqq.
  • Women, in Proverbs, 135, 154;
  • Woolner, quoted, 229
  • Wordsworth, 162
  • Wright, Bateson, on Job, 113
  • Zeno, 265 sq.
  • Zirkel, on Græcisms in Job, 260 sq.
  • Zophar, home of, 15;
    • the ‘man of common sense,’ 17
  • Zwischenschriften, 180