INDEX
- Abrath v. North Eastern Ry. Co., 289.
- Accessory rights, distinguished from principal, 216;
- Accident, distinguished from mistake, 371;
- Actio furti, 86, n.
- Actio in rem and in personam, 207.
- Actio personalis moritur cum persona, 376, 377.
- Acts, their generic nature, 323;
- Acts in the law, 301–304;
- Acts of the law, 302.
- Acts of Parliament, public and private, 30;
- said formerly to be void if unreasonable, 146.
- See Legislation, Statute law.
- Actus non facit reum, &c., 322, 474.
- See Mens rea.
- Administration of justice, necessity of, 11, 65–67;
- logically prior to the law, 12;
- possible without law, 13;
- origin of, 67–70;
- civil and criminal, 70–75;
- specific and sanctional enforcement of rights, 85;
- penal and remedial proceedings, 88;
- secondary functions of courts of law, 89–91;
- an essential function of the state, 93;
- compared with war or the extrajudicial use of force, 94–98;
- element of force usually latent in, 97;
- not the substitution of arbitration for force, 97.
- Aequitas sequitur legem, 34.
- Agere non valenti non currit praescriptio, 412 n.
- Agreements, a source of law, 31, 54, 124;
- constitutive and abrogative power of, 124, 307;
- nature of, 303;
- different uses of the term, 303;
- unilateral and bilateral, 304 n.;
- importance of, as a vestitive fact, 305;
- grounds of operation of, 305;
- compared with legislation, 306;
- classes of, 307–309;
- void and voidable, 309;
- unenforceable, 310 n.;
- formal and informal, 310;
- illegal, 311;
- effect of error on, 312;
- effect of coercion on, 313;
- want of consideration for, 313–317;
- a title to property, 412–416.
- Ahrens, his Cours de Droit Naturel, 2;
- Alfred, laws of King, on private war, 69, n.;
- on accidental homicide, 373.
- Alienative facts, 300.
- Aliens, members of the state if resident in its territory, 100;
- disabilities of, 101.
- Allegiance, nature of, 105;
- permanent and temporary, 105.
- See Citizenship.
- Allen v. Flood, 192, 341, 342.
- Analogy, a source of judicial principles, 175.
- Ancona v. Rogers, 253.
- Animals, possess no legal personality, 273;
- Animus possidendi, essential to possession, 242;
- Anson, Sir W., his definition of contract, 303 n.
- Apices juris, 474.
- Appeals of felony, abolition of, 69, n.
- Aquinas, his distinction between jus naturale and jus positivum, 3 n.;
- Arbitration, international, dependent on the development of international law, 22.
- Aristotle, on being wiser than the laws, 22, 478;
- Armory v. Delamirie, 249, 270, 408.
- Arndts, on Juridical Encyklopaedia, 7;
- on customary law, 155.
- Asher v. Whitlock, 270, 408.
- Ashford v. Thornton, 69.
- Assignment. See Transfer.
- Assumpsit, 435.
- Attempts, criminal, their nature, 343;
- Att.-Gen. v. Dean of Windsor, 165.
- Att.-Gen. v. Dimond, 394.
- Attornment, 258.
- Austin, on general jurisprudence, 6;
- Autonomous law, the product of autonomous legislation, 130;
- its relation to conventional law, 131.
- Azo, on equity, 37.
- Backhouse v. Bonomi, 331.
- Bacon, Sir F., on being wiser than the laws, 23, n.;
- on the arbitrium judicis, 26.
- Barnet v. Brandao, 29.
- Battle, trial by, its origin, 69;
- Baudry-Lacantinerie, on proprietary rights, 208, n.;
- Beamish v. Beamish, 165.
- Beardman v. Wilson, 399.
- Beati possidentes, 265.
- Bechuanaland Exploration Co. v. London Trading Bank, 150.
- Beneficial ownership. See Trust.
- Bentham, his objections to case-law, 134, n.;
- Bill of Rights, 109.
- Bills of Exchange, formerly governed by law merchant, 29.
- Black v. Christchurch Finance Co., 372.
- Blackstone, his definition of law, 40;
- Bodin, his theory of sovereignty, 467;
- his treatise De Republica, 488.
- Bona vacantia, 418.
- Bracton, on equity, 37.
- Bridges v. Hawkesworth, 248, 249, 270.
- Bromage v. Prosser, 341.
- Brown v. Burdett, 419.
- Brown, W. Jethro, on customary law, 156, n.;
- on sovereignty, 473, n.
- Bruns, his theory of possession, 263, n., 264, n.
- Bryant v. Foot, 150.
- Bryce, on the sources of law, 49, n.;
- on sovereignty, 473.
- Burlamaqui, on natural law, 8.
- By-laws, a form of special law, 30;
- void if unreasonable, 146.
- Cain v. Moon, 257.
- Calvin’s case, 278, 295.
- Canon law, a form of positive law, 3, n.;
- Cartwright v. Green, 248.
- Castro v. R., 163.
- Cessante ratione legis, &c., 475.
- Chancery, precedents in, 162.
- See Equity.
- Charge, a form of lien, contrasted with mortgage, 406.
- Chattel, meanings of the term, 395.
- Chisholm v. Doulton, 367, 374.
- Chose in action, a kind of incorporeal thing, 226;
- Christian Thomasius, on law of nature, 46, 494.
- Cicero, on subjection to the law as the means of freedom, 22;
- Citizens’ Life Assurance v. Brown, 289.
- Citizenship, one form of state-membership, 99;
- Civil law, the subject-matter of civil jurisprudence, 1;
- Civil wrongs. See Wrongs, Liability.
- Clark, In re, 394.
- Cochrane v. Moore, 413.
- Code of Justinian, 488.
- Codification, 136.
- Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur, 345, 475.
- Coke, on customary law, 152, n.;
- Colonial Bank v. Whinney, 286, 424.
- Commissioners of Stamps v. Hope, 394.
- Common law, opposed to special law, 33;
- Communis error facit jus, 166, 168, 475.
- Compensation, one of the objects of civil justice, 85, 86.
- See Penal redress.
- Compossessio, 256.
- Conditions precedent and subsequent, 234.
- See Contingent ownership.
- Conservatism of the law, 24.
- Consideration, required in simple contracts, 313;
- Consolidated Co. v. Curtis, 370.
- Constitution of the state, 105–110;
- Constitutional law, nature of, 106;
- its relation to constitutional fact, 107–110.
- Constitutum possessorium, 257.
- Constructive delivery, 257.
- Constructive intention, 361.
- Constructive possession, 237.
- Contingent ownership, 232;
- Contracts. See Agreements.
- Conventional law, created by agreement, 31, 54, 120, 124;
- Co-ownership, 226.
- Coppin v. Coppin, 278.
- Copyright, its subject-matter, 189;
- nature and kinds of, 396.
- Cornford v. Carlton Bank, 288, 289.
- Corporation of Bradford v. Pickles, 342.
- Corporations, nature of, 281, ff.;
- aggregate and sole, 287;
- fictitious nature of, 282;
- may survive their members, 283, 293;
- realistic theory of, 284;
- act through agents, 285;
- exist on behalf of beneficiaries, 285;
- membership of, 286;
- may be members of other corporations, 287;
- authority of agents of, 287;
- liability of, 287–289;
- purposes of incorporation, 289–293;
- creation and extinction of, 293;
- foreign, recognised by English law, 294, n.;
- the state not a corporation aggregate, 294–298;
- the king a corporation sole, 295.
- Corporeal possession, 239.
- Corporeal property, 221, 225, 386, 396, n.
- Corporeal things, 225, 396, n.
- Corpus possessionis, essential to possession, 241;
- its nature, 244–251.
- Correality, See Solidary obligations.
- Coughlin v. Gillison, 355.
- Court of Appeal, absolutely bound by its own decisions, 165.
- Cowan v. O’Connor, 331.
- Crimes. See Wrongs. Liability.
- Crouch v. Crédit Foncier, 150.
- Crown of England, claims against, heard in courts of law, 90;
- Cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum, 390, 475.
- Culpa, lata, and levis, 358.
- Cundy v. Lindsay, 312.
- Custody distinguished from possession, 237.
- Custom, local, a source of special law, 29;
- mercantile, a source of special law, 29;
- grounds of the operation of, 120–122, 144–146;
- its relation to prescription, 124, 157;
- all unenacted law deemed customary in earlier English theory, 129, 144;
- importance of, gradually diminishing, 143;
- its continued recognition, 144;
- historical relation between law and custom, 144–145;
- general and particular customs, 148;
- invalid if unreasonable, 146;
- invalid if contrary to statute law, 147;
- unless general must be immemorial, 148
- (see Time immemorial);
- mercantile need not be immemorial, 148, 150 n.;
- unless immemorial, must conform to the common law, 152;
- reasons for gradual disappearance of, as a source of law, 153;
- conventional customs, 153;
- theories of the operation of custom, 154–157;
- has no legal validity apart from the will of the state, 155;
- a material not a formal source of law, 156;
- Austin’s theory of, 156;
- the relation of custom to prescription, 157;
- local and personal customs, 157.
- Customary law, 55.
- See Custom.
- Damages, measure of 383.
- Damnum sine injuria, 329.
- Danubian Sugar Factories v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue 394.
- Darley Main Colliery Co. v. Mitchell. 331.
- De Falbe, In re, 392.
- De minimis non curat lex, 25, 475.
- De mortuis nil nisi bonum, 276.
- Dead bodies, not subjects of ownership, 275;
- indignities offered to, a criminal offence, 276.
- Dean, In re, 274, 276.
- Decisions, judicial. See Precedents.
- Delivery of possession, actual and constructive, 257;
- Deodans, 373.
- Dependent states, 111–113.
- Dernburg, on proprietary rights, 208, n.;
- Derry v. Peek, 354.
- Detention, distinguished from possession, 237.
- Determinable ownership, distinguished from contingent, 234.
- Dicta, judicial, their nature and authority, 163, 174.
- Digest of Justinian, 489.
- Dike, dikaion, meanings and derivation of the terms, 461.
- Diligence, archaic use of the term to mean care, 349, n.
- Diogenes Laertius, anecdote of Solon, 81, n.
- Disability, defined, and distinguished from liability and duty, 194.
- Divestitive facts, their nature and kinds, 300, 301.
- Dolus, meaning of the term, 341;
- its relation to culpa lata, 359.
- Dominant rights. See Encumbrances.
- Dominium, its significance in Roman law, 207.
- Doom, early legal uses of the term, 464.
- Doorman v. Jenkins, 359.
- Droit, distinguished from loi, 10;
- Droit de suite, 416, n.
- Duress, 313.
- Dutch West India Co. v. Van Moses, 294.
- Duties, defined, 180;
- Easements. See Servitudes.
- Edelstein v. Schuler, 29, 150.
- Edie v. East India Co., 29, 153.
- Edmundson v. Render, 331.
- Electricity, deemed a chattel in law, 395, n.
- Ellis v. Loftus Iron Co., 273, 372, 391.
- Elmore v. Stone, 254, 255, 258.
- Elwes v. Brigg Gas Co., 249, 250.
- Emphyteusis, 400, n.
- Employer’s liability, 374–376.
- Enacted law, distinguished from unenacted, 128.
- See Statute law.
- Encumbrances, 212–216;
- distinguished from ownership, 221;
- termed jura in re aliena by the civilians, 212;
- distinguished from the natural limits of rights, 213;
- are concurrent with the property encumbered, 214;
- not necessarily rights in rem, 215;
- classes of, 216;
- often accessory to other rights, 217;
- always incorporeal property, 223.
- Encyclopædia, juridicial, a branch of German legal literature, 7.
- Equitable rights, distinguished from legal, 217;
- Equitable ownership, 231;
- Equity, different meanings of the term, 34–38, 460;
- Equity of a statute, 39, n.
- Equity of redemption, 403.
- Error, effect of, on agreements, 312;
- essential and unessential, 312.
- Estate, distinguished from status or personal condition, 208, 209.
- See Proprietary rights.
- Evidence, nature of, 440;
- judicial and extrajudicial, 441;
- personal and real, 442;
- primary and secondary, 442;
- direct and circumstantial, 443;
- valuation of, 444–449;
- conclusive, 439, 445;
- presumptive, 446;
- insufficient, 447;
- exclusive, 439, 447;
- inadmissible, 448;
- of accused persons, 449;
- policy of law of evidence considered, 27, 452.
- Ex facto oritur jus, 172, 409.
- Ex nudo pacto non oritur actio, 314, 476.
- Ex turpi causa non oritur actio, 476.
- Exall v. Partridge, 433.
- Executors, 417.
- See Inheritance.
- Expedit reipublicae ut sit finis litium, 170.
- Expiation, as the end of punishment, 83.
- Extinctive facts, 300.
- Fact, distinguished from law, 15–18.
- Fas, distinguished from jus, 461.
- Fay v. Prentice, 391.
- Federal states, their nature, 115;
- Fiducia, 405.
- Filburn v. Aquarium Co., 372.
- Finding, as a title of right, 248–250.
- Fixtures, 391.
- Flexibility of the law, advantages of, 27.
- Flitcroft’s case, 282.
- Fookes v. Beer, 167.
- Forbearance, distinguished from omission, 324.
- Foreign law, recognition of, in English courts, 30;
- Formalism of the law, 25.
- Foster v. Dodd, 276.
- Fraud, in law and in fact, 18;
- Freeman v. Pope, 366.
- French law, on time of memory, 152;
- Gaius, on natural law, 46;
- his Institutiones, 489.
- Gautret v. Egerton, 355.
- George and Richard, The, 277.
- German law, as to immemorial prescription, 152;
- Gierke, on the nature of corporations, 285, n.
- Glanville, on equity, 37, n.
- Good-will, a form of immaterial property, 397.
- Goodwin v. Robarts, 150, 152.
- Gorgier v. Mieville, 150.
- Grant, distinguished from assignment, 308.
- Grant v. Easton, 432, 433.
- Great Eastern Ry. Co. v. Turner, 282.
- Green v. London General Omnibus Co., 289.
- Greenwell v. Low Beechburn Colliery, 332.
- Grill v. General Iron Screw Collier Co., 349, 359.
- Grotius, De Jure Belli, 490.
- Haig v. West, 254.
- Hale, on customary law, 143;
- Hall v. Duke of Norfolk, 331.
- Hallett, In re, 162, 173.
- Hammack v. White, 357.
- Heineccius, on natural law, 8.
- Hereditas jacens, 186, 275.
- Hill, Ex parte, 340.
- Hinton v. Dibbin, 359.
- Hoare v. Osborne, 276.
- Hobbes, his definition of law, 48;
- men and arms make the force of the laws, 49;
- on the law of nature and nations, 59;
- bellum omnium contra omnes, 65;
- on the swords of war and justice, 94;
- on the jus necessitatis, 347;
- his use of the term property, 386;
- his definition of an oath, 451;
- his theory of sovereignty, 467;
- as to limitations of sovereignty. 469.
- Holmes, on the sources of judicial principles, 176;
- Hooker, on laws as the voices of right reason, 19;
- House of Lords, absolutely bound by its own decisions, 164;
- formerly a supreme judicature, 469.
- Hypotheca, 405.
- Ignorantia juris neminem excusat, 368, 476.
- Ihering, on the imperative theory of law, 54;
- Illegality, a ground of invalidity of agreements, 311.
- Immaterial property, 189, 395–397.
- Immovables, their nature, 390–392;
- Immunities, distinguished from rights, liberties, and powers, 194, n.
- Imperative theory of law, 47–54;
- Imperfect rights, 184, 197–199;
- Imperial states, 115.
- Imperitia culpae adnumeratur, 353.
- Impossibilium nulla obligatio est, 476.
- Inadvertence, not identical with negligence, 349, 361–363.
- Incorporeal ownership and property, 221–224, 387.
- Incorporeal possession, 239, 261–264.
- See Possession.
- Incorporeal things, 225;
- Informality, a ground of invalidity in agreements, 310.
- Inheritance, 416–419;
- Injury. See Wrongs, Liability.
- Inland Revenue Commissioners v. Muller & Co.’s Margarine, 331, 393, 394.
- Innominate obligations, 435.
- Intention, nature of, 324, 335–338;
- Inter arma leges silent, 96, 477.
- International law, 56–64;
- its influence in maintaining peace, 22;
- has its source in international agreement, 57;
- definition of, 57;
- conventional and customary law of nations, 57;
- common and particular law of nations, 58;
- different views as to nature of, 58;
- viewed as a form of national law, 59, 60;
- viewed as a form of customary law, 60, 61;
- viewed as a form of imperative law, 61–64;
- distinguished from international morality, 63;
- private international law, 31, 482.
- Interpretation of contracts, 141, n.
- Interpretation of enacted law, 137–142;
- Intestacy, ownership of property of intestate, 186, 275.
- See Inheritance.
- Investitive facts, 300.
- Invito beneficium non datur, 305, 477.
- Italian Civil Code definition of possession, 264, n.
- Jefferys v. Boosey, 100.
- Jewish law, lex talionis, 83;
- Joint obligations. See Solidary obligations.
- Judicial notice, nature of, 28;
- Judicium Dei, 69, 445, 451.
- Juris praecepta, 477.
- Jurisprudence, 1–8;
- Juristic law, produced by professional opinion, 120.
- Jury, questions of fact to be answered by, 17, 176.
- Jus, distinguished from lex, 10, 132, 457;
- Jus ad rem, 206.
- Jus accrescendi, 227, 416.
- Jus civile, 3, n., 39.
- Jus commune, history of the term, 33;
- Jus edicendi, the legislative power of the Roman praetor, 134.
- Jus gentium, 44, 46.
- Jus in re aliena, 212–216.
- See Encumbrances.
- Jus in re propria, 212–216.
- See Ownership.
- Jus in rem and in personam, significance of the terms, 202–207;
- origin of the terms, 207.
- See Real rights.
- Jus naturale. See Natural law.
- Jus necessitatis. See Necessity.
- Jus positivum. See Positive law.
- Jus possessionis, 241, n.
- Jus possidendi, 241, n.
- Jus praetorium, 38, 134.
- Jus publicum, 311, 482.
- Jus scriptum and jus non scriptum, 44, 129.
- Jus singulare. 33, n.
- Jus strictum, opposed to aequitas, 35.
- Jus tertii, defence of, 269, 408.
- Justice, natural and positive, 43, 44;
- an essential element in the idea of law, 51.
- See Administration of justice and Natural law.
- Justinian, on law of nature, 46.
- Kant, on retributive punishment, 82;
- his Rechtslehre, 491.
- Kettlewell v. Watson, 349, 360.
- King, the source of justice, 37, 294;
- a corporation sole, 295.
- King’s peace, 70, n.
- King v. Smith, 312.
- Land, nature of, in law, 390–392;
- ownership of, 389.
- Lavy v. L.C.C., 165.
- Law, definition of, 9;
- abstract and concrete senses of the term, 9;
- relation of, to the administration of justice, 12–14;
- law and fact, 15–18;
- advantages of fixed rules of law, 19–22;
- defects of the law, 23–27;
- contrasted with equity, 34–39;
- imperative theory of, 48–54;
- includes rules governing the secondary functions of courts of justice, 91;
- sources of (see Sources of the law);
- origin of the term, 464.
- Law, merchant. See Mercantile Custom.
- Law of nations. See International law.
- Law of nature. See Natural law.
- Lawrence v. Hitch, 150.
- Law reports, mode of citation of, 491.
- Leases, nature of, 216, 397–400;
- Leask v. Scott, 163.
- Legal ownership, distinguished from equitable, 231.
- Legal rights, distinguished from equitable, 217.
- Legislation, its efficiency as an instrument of legal reform, 25;
- private legislation a source of special law, 30;
- nature of, 127;
- various senses of the term, 127, 128;
- direct and indirect, 128;
- supreme and subordinate, 129;
- colonial, 129;
- executive, 130;
- judicial, 130;
- municipal, 130;
- autonomous, 130;
- not necessarily the act of the state, 130;
- late development of the conception of, 132;
- merits and defects of statute law, 133–136;
- codification, 136;
- interpretation of statute law, 137–142;
- subordinate legislation sometimes invalid if unreasonable, 146;
- legal limitations of the power of the legislature, 471–473.
- Le Lievre v. Gould, 354, 360.
- Lex, distinguished from jus, 10, 132, 457;
- Lex aeterna, 42.
- Lex posterior derogat priori, 148.
- Lex talionis, 82.
- Liability, civil and criminal, 70, 319;
- penal and remedial, 88, 321;
- distinction between penal and criminal liability, 89;
- distinguished from duty and disability, 194;
- remedial, theory of, 320;
- penal, theory of, 321;
- absolute, 332, 366–368;
- vicarious, 374–377;
- employer’s, 375;
- survival of, 376;
- measure of criminal, 377
- (see Punishment);
- measure of civil, 382.
- Libel, on dead person, 276.
- Liberties, classed as rights in a wide sense, 190;
- Licence, revocation, of, 193, n.
- Lien, distinguished from mortgage, 402;
- classes of, 406.
- Lightly v. Clouston, 434.
- Lilley, on expiation as the purpose of punishment, 83.
- Limitation of actions, at common law, 149, n.;
- by the Statute of Westminster, 49, n.
- See Prescription.
- Limited liability, of shareholders, 292.
- Littleton on customary law, 152, n.
- Locke, on the necessity of fixed principles of law, 21;
- London and Midland Bank v. Mitchell, 199.
- London Street Tramways Co. v. L.C.C., 165.
- Lorimer, his Institutes of Law, 2.
- Low v. Routledge, 100.
- Macarthy v. Young, 355.
- Magna Carta, the prohibition of extrajudicial force, 96, n.
- Maine, Sir H. S., his influence on English jurisprudence, 492.
- Maitland, on corporations sole, 282, n.;
- on the nature of corporations, 285, n.
- Malice, meanings of the term, 340;
- Marais, Ex parte, 96.
- Marvin v. Wallace, 254, 258.
- Maxims, legal, their nature and uses, 474;
- list of, 474–480.
- Mediate possession, 252–256.
- Mens rea, a condition of penal liability, 322, 332;
- Mercantile custom, a source of special law, 29;
- Mercer, Ex parte, 360.
- Merger, nature of, 279.
- Merkel, on negligence, 250, n., 252, n.
- Merry v. Green, 244, 248.
- Metropolitan Ry. Co. v. Jackson, 357.
- Middleton v. Pollock, 304.
- Midland Ry. Co. v. Wright, 392.
- Mills v. Jennings, 165.
- Mistake, effect of, on agreements, 312.
- Mistake of fact, a defence in criminal law, 370;
- Mistake of law, no defence, 368;
- reasons for the rule, 368.
- Modus et conventio vincunt legem, 31, 124, 307, 311, 477.
- Mogul, SS. v. McGregor, 341.
- Monti v. Barnes, 391, 392.
- Moral law, 43, 48, n.
- See Natural law.
- Morris v. Robinson, 427.
- Mortgage, distinguished from liens, 402;
- Moses v. Macferlan, 433.
- Motives, nature of, 338;
- Moult v. Halliday, 29.
- Muller and Co’s Margarine v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, 331, 393, 394.
- Musgrove v. Toy, 192.
- Nasciturus pro jam nato habetur, 277.
- Nation, its relation to the state, 103.
- Nationality, its relation to citizenship, 103.
- Natural law, the subject-matter of natural jurisprudence, 1, 7;
- Natural rights, 182;
- denial of, by Bentham and others, 182.
- Nature, state of, transition from, to civil state, 68.
- Necessitas non habet legem, 347, 478.
- Necessity, a ground of justification, 347;
- limited recognition of, by English law, 348.
- Negligence, subjective and objective uses of the term, 349;
- opposed to intention, 349, 351;
- not necessarily inadvertent, 349, 362;
- consists essentially in indifference, 350;
- defined, 350;
- Merkel’s definition of, 350, n.;
- a sufficient ground of liability, 351;
- simple and wilful, 351;
- want of skill is negligence, 353;
- culpable only when carefulness is a legal duty, 354;
- the standard of care, 355–358;
- in law and in fact, 357;
- no degrees of negligence in English law, 358;
- equivalence of gross negligence and intention, 359;
- negligence and constructive intent, 360;
- negligence distinguished from inadvertence, 362;
- objective theory of negligence, 363.
- Negotiable instruments, 29, 415.
- Nemo plus juris, &c., 414, 478.
- Nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare, 449, 478.
- Newby v. Van Oppen, 294.
- Nomos, different uses of the term, 464.
- Non dat qui non habet, 415, 478.
- Northey Stone Co. v. Gidney, 331.
- Noxal actions, 373.
- Oath, form of judicial, 13;
- nature of 451;
- utility of, 451.
- Object of a right, its nature, 185;
- Obligatio, significance of the term in Roman law, 207, 422.
- Obligations, law of, 422, 484;
- Occupatio, 407.
- Omission, meaning of the term, 323.
- Opinio necessitatis, one of the requisites of a valid custom, 147.
- Ordeal, theory of, 450.
- Osborne v. Rowlett, 173.
- Ownership, no rights without owners, 186;
- rights owned by incertae personae, 186;
- defined, 220;
- contrasted with possession, 220, 264–267;
- contrasted with encumbrances, 221;
- kinds of, 221;
- corporeal and incorporeal, 221;
- corporeal ownership a figure of speech, 222;
- the right of ownership and the ownership of rights, 224;
- defined by Sir F. Pollock, 224. n.;
- co-ownership, 226;
- trust and beneficial ownership, 227;
- direct ownership, 228, n.;
- legal and equitable, 231;
- vested and contingent, 232.
- Ownership of material things, 221, 387–390.
- Ownership of immaterial things, 395–397.
- Pandektenrecht, nature of, 7.
- Parker v. Alder, 374.
- Parliament, Imperial, its supreme authority, 129, 472.
- Parsons, In re, 163.
- Patent rights, 189, 396.
- Penal actions, nature of, 86;
- pertain to civil justice, 86.
- Penal proceedings, distinguished from remedial, 88.
- Penal redress, 87, 88;
- Penalty. See Punishment.
- Perry v. Clissold, 408.
- Personal property, distinguished from real, 394;
- origin of the distinction, 394.
- Personal rights, ambiguity of the term, 208, n.;
- as opposed to real rights—See Real rights;
- as opposed to proprietary rights—See Proprietary rights.
- Persons, the subjects of rights and duties, 185;
- rights of unborn, 186, 277;
- the objects of rights, 189;
- not capable of being owned, 190;
- nature of, 272;
- natural and legal, 273;
- animals are not persons, 273;
- dead men are not persons, 275;
- double personality, 278, 417;
- legal persons the product of personification, 279;
- kinds of legal persons, 280.
- See Corporations.
- Persons, law of, 211.
- Petitions of right, their nature, 90;
- a secondary function of courts of law, 90.
- Petitorium opposed to possessorium, 267.
- Phillips v. Homfray, 434.
- Philo Judaeus, on law of nature, 46.
- Physical law, 41.
- Pickard v. Smith, 372.
- Plato, on the offences of animals, 373;
- on vicarious liability, 374.
- Pledge v. Carr, 165.
- Pluckwell v. Wilson, 358.
- Plures eandem rem possidere non possunt, 256.
- Pollock, Sir F., on the sources of law, 49, n.;
- Pollock and Wright, on possession, 245, 246.
- Positive law, origin of the term, 3, n.;
- improperly used to signify civil law exclusively, 3, n.
- Possession, distinguished from ownership, 224, 264–267;
- difficulty of the conception, 236;
- consequences of, 236;
- possession in fact and law, 237;
- constructive, 237;
- possession and detention, 237;
- possession and seisin, 238;
- corporeal and incorporeal, 239;
- a matter of fact, not of right, 240;
- corporeal possession defined, 241;
- its two elements, animus and corpus, 241;
- animus possidendi (q.v.), 242;
- corpus possessionis, 244–251;
- possession of land not necessarily that of chattels thereon, 247;
- mediate and immediate possession, 252–256;
- concurrent possession, 256;
- acquisition of possession, 256–258;
- Savigny’s theory of, 258–261;
- incorporeal, 261–264;
- generic nature of possession, 264;
- possession and ownership, 264–267;
- possessory remedies, 267–270;
- possessory titles, 407;
- possession a title of ownership, 407;
- delivery of, required for transfer of property, 413;
- modes of delivery, 257, 258;
- constructive delivery, 257.
- Possessorium, opposed to petitorium, 267.
- Possessory ownership, 407.
- Possessory remedies, nature of, 267;
- Pothier, his definition of a contract, 303, n.;
- his works, 492.
- Power, political, 110;
- Powers, classed as rights in wide sense, 192;
- Practical law, 56.
- Precedents, reasons for their operation as a source of law, 121, 170;
- possess no abrogative power, 123, 168;
- their relation to codified law, 136;
- not originally regarded as a source of law, 143;
- their importance in English law, 159;
- declaratory and original, 160;
- declaratory theory of, 161;
- their operation in Chancery, 162;
- authoritative and persuasive, 163;
- classes of persuasive precedents, 163;
- absolute and conditional authority of precedents, 164;
- disregard of, when justified, 165;
- effect of lapse of time on, 167;
- distinction between overruling and refusing to follow, 168;
- retrospective operation of the overruling of, 166, 169;
- transform questions of fact into questions of law, 171;
- rationes decidendi, 173;
- the sources of judicial principles, 174;
- respective functions of judges and juries with reference to, 176.
- Prescription, its relation to immemorial custom, 124, 157;
- periods of, in Roman law, 151;
- in Canon law, 151;
- in English law, 152;
- in Continental law, 152;
- operation of, in case of mediate possession, 254, 255;
- origin of term, 408, n.;
- nature of, 408;
- positive and negative, 408;
- rational basis of, 410;
- what rights subject to, 411;
- perfect and imperfect, 412.
- Presumptio juris, 445, n.
- Presumptions, conclusive, 445;
- rebuttable, 446.
- Primary rights, opposed to sanctioning, 84.
- Principal rights, distinguished from accessory, 216.
- Principle, contrasted with authority, 173.
- Private war, its gradual exclusion by public justice, 69, 70.
- Privy Council decisions of, not authoritative in England, 163.
- Probative force, 440.
- See Evidence.
- Procedure, distinguished from substantive law, 437;
- occasional equivalence of procedural and substantive rules, 439.
- Proceedings, civil and criminal, 70–75;
- specific and sanctional enforcement of rights, 84;
- forms of sanctional enforcement, 85–87;
- a table of legal proceedings, 88;
- penal and remedial, 88;
- secondary functions of courts of law, 89–91;
- petitions of right, 90;
- declarations of right, 90;
- judicial administration of property, 91;
- secondary functions included in civil justice, 91.
- Professional opinion, as a source of law, 120, 121.
- Proof, nature of, 441;
- Property, material, 387–390;
- Proprietary rights, distinguished from personal, 207–212;
- Protectorates, 113.
- Puchta, his theory of customary law, 154;
- his Institutionen, 492.
- Pufendorf, his treatise on Natural Law, 2, 492;
- Pugh v. Golden Valley Ry. Co., 167.
- Punishment, purposes of, 75–84;
- Quasi-contracts, 432–435;
- Quasi possessio, 239.
- Questions of fact, distinguished from questions of law, 15–18;
- Questions of law, distinguished from questions of fact, 15–18;
- Qui prior est tempore potior est jure, 218, 269, 479.
- Quod fieri non debet factum valet, 169, 479.
- R. v. Armstrong, 330.
- R. v. Birmingham and Gloucester Ry. Co., 288.
- R. v. Brown, 345.
- R. v. Collins, 345.
- R. v. Coombes, 330.
- R. v. Dudley, 348.
- R. v. Edwards, 167.
- R. v. Ellis, 331.
- R. v. Great North of England Ry. Co., 288.
- R. v. Harvey, 360.
- R. v. Joliffe, 150.
- R. v. Keyn, 57, 330.
- R. v. Labouchere, 276.
- R. v. Moore, 248.
- R. v. Mucklow, 243, 249.
- R. v. Price, 276.
- R. v. Prince, 367, 370.
- R. v. Raynes, 276.
- R. v. Ring, 345.
- R. v. Roberts, 345.
- R. v. Senior, 277.
- R. v. Stewart, 276.
- R. v. Tolson, 367.
- R. v. West, 277.
- Raffles v. Wichelhaus, 312.
- Rationes decidendi, their nature, 173;
- their sources, 174.
- Real property, distinguished from personal, 394;
- Real rights, 202–207;
- Recht, different meanings of the term, 459;
- Redress. See Penal Redress.
- Reformation, one of the ends of punishment, 76–80.
- Release, 308, 309.
- Remedial proceedings distinguished from penal, 88.
- Remedies, legal. See Proceedings.
- Remoteness of damage, 476.
- Reputation, the object of a right 188;
- of the dead, 276.
- Res, meaning of the term in Roman law, 211;
- Res judicata pro veritate accipitur, 121, 171, 446, 479.
- Respondeat superior, 375, 479.
- Responsibility. See Liability.
- Retribution, one of the purposes of punishment, 80;
- Kant’s opinion as to, 82.
- Revenge, its transformation into criminal justice, 81, 83.
- Reynolds v. Ashby, 392.
- Richer v. Voyer, 257.
- Ridsdale v. Clifton, 167.
- Rights, enforcement of, the object of civil justice, 70, 84;
- primary and sanctioning, 84;
- specific and sanctional enforcement of, 85–87;
- defined, 181–185;
- of animals, 181, n.;
- natural and legal, 182;
- denial of natural rights by Bentham, 182;
- correlation of rights and duties, 184;
- alleged distinction between relative and absolute duties, 184;
- elements of legal rights, 185;
- the subjects of, 186;
- the contents of, 185;
- the objects of, 187;
- the titles of, 185, 299;
- rights over one’s own person, 187;
- right of reputation, 188;
- rights in respect of domestic relations, 188;
- rights in respect of other rights, 188;
- rights over immaterial property, 189;
- wide and narrow use of the term right, 190;
- rights in wide sense defined, 190;
- rights distinguished from liberties, powers, and immunities, 190–194;
- perfect and imperfect rights, 184, 197–199;
- rights against the state, 199;
- positive and negative rights, 201;
- real and personal, 202–207;
- in rem and in personam, 202–207;
- ad rem, 206;
- proprietary and personal, 207–212;
- rights of ownership and encumbrances, 212–216;
- dominant and servient, 212;
- principal and accessory, 216;
- legal and equitable, 217;
- local situation of, 393;
- in re propria and in re aliena, 212.
- Rigidity of the law, 23.
- Rigor juris, opposed to aequitas, 35.
- Roman law, jus civile, 3, n.;
- jus commune, 33, n.;
- jus singulare, 33, n.;
- aequitas and strictum jus, 36;
- jus praetorium, 38;
- actio furti, 86, n.;
- professional opinion as a source of, 121;
- jus scriptum and non scriptum, 129;
- relation between custom and enacted law, 147;
- dominium, 207;
- obligatio, 207, 422;
- actio in rem, 207;
- res corporales and incorporates, 226, n.;
- traditio brevi manu, 257;
- constitutum possessorium, 257;
- malicious exercise of rights, 342, n.;
- noxal actions, 373;
- emphyteusis, 400, n.;
- traditio as a title to property, 413;
- culpa and dolus, 359.
- Rylands v. Fletcher, 372.
- Sadler v. Great Western Ry. Co., 427.
- Saga of Burnt Njal, 70.
- Salomon v. Salomon & Co., 282.
- Sanctional enforcement of rights, 84–87.
- Sanctioning rights, 84, 85.
- Sanctions, nature and kinds of, 11.
- Savigny, his system of modern Roman law, 8;
- Scaramanga v. Stamp, 163.
- Scientific law, 41.
- Scottish law, on the relation between enacted and customary law, 148, n.
- Securities, 402–406;
- Seisin, its nature and importance in early law, 238.
- Semi-sovereign states, 113.
- Sententia legis, contrasted with litera legis, 138.
- See Interpretation.
- Servient rights, 212.
- See Encumbrances.
- Servitudes, nature of, 216, 400;
- Shares in companies, nature of, 286, n.
- Sharp v. Jackson, 304.
- Sheddon v. Goodrich, 167.
- Sheil, Ex parte, 199.
- Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, 214, 479.
- Simpson v. Wells, 150.
- Sloman v. Government of New Zealand, 296.
- Smelting Co. of Australia v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, 394.
- Smith v. Baker, 434.
- Smith v. Hughes, 313.
- Smith v. Keal, 167.
- Solidary obligations, 424–427;
- Solon, on making men just, 81, n.
- Sources of the law, formal and material, 117;
- South Staffordshire Water Co. v. Sharman, 249.
- Sovereignty, nature of, 111, 467–473;
- Space, ownership of, 390, 395, n.
- Special law, contrasted with common law, 28;
- Specific enforcement of rights, 85;
- Spencer, H., on the essential functions of the state, 94, n.;
- Spinoza, on the rule of reason and of force, 11.
- Starey v. Graham, 192.
- State, its will the sole source of law, 49, 117, 155;
- its nature, 93–98;
- defined, 99;
- its essential functions, war and the administration of justice, 93–98;
- generic identity of these two functions, 94;
- their specific difference, 95;
- secondary differences, 96–98;
- secondary functions of the state, 98;
- its territory, 99;
- non-territorial states, 99;
- membership of the state, 99;
- citizens and aliens, 100;
- personal and territorial idea of the state, 102;
- its constitution, 105–110;
- its government, 110;
- independent and dependent states, 111–114;
- different meanings of the term state, 113, n.;
- fully sovereign and semi-sovereign states, 113;
- unitary and composite states, 114;
- imperial and federal states, 115;
- rights against the state, 199;
- legal personality of the state, 294–298.
- Status distinguished from estate, 208–212;
- Statute law, the typical form of law in modern times, 132;
- Statutes referred to: Interpretation Act, 30;
- Stephen, Sir J. F., his definition of criminal attempts, 344.
- Suarez, his distinction between lex positiva and lex naturalis, 3, n.;
- Subject of a right, different uses of the term, 185;
- no rights without subjects, 186.
- Subjects. See Citizenship.
- Substantive law, distinguished from procedure, 437.
- Subtilty of law and lawyers, 26.
- Succession, 416.
- See Inheritance.
- Summum jus opposed to aequitas, 35.
- Summum jus summa injuria, 24, 36, 479.
- Suretyship, 402, n.
- Suzerainty, 113.
- Sydney v. The Commonwealth, 298.
- Taylor, Jeremy, on the uncertainty of natural justice, 21;
- on men and wolves, 65.
- Taylor, Ex parte, 340.
- Territory, of a state, 99.
- Terry, analysis of rights, 194, n.
- Text-books, authority of, 164, n.
- Tharsis Sulphur Co. v. Loftus, 355.
- Themis, meanings and derivation of the term, 462.
- Things, different senses of the term, 225;
- Things, law of, 211.
- Thomasius, on the law of nature, 46;
- his distinction between jurisprudence and ethics, 494.
- Thompson v. London County Council, 427.
- Tillett v. Ward, 357.
- Time immemorial, a requisite of particular customs, 148–152;
- Titles, their nature, 185, 299;
- Torts, their nature, 428–432;
- waiver of, 434.
- Trade-marks, a form of immaterial property, 397.
- Traditio brevi manu, 257.
- Transfer of rights, 299, 300, 301, 414.
- Trial by battle. See Battle.
- Trusts, a kind of encumbrance, 216;
- their nature, 227–231;
- their purposes, 228, 291;
- distinguished from contracts, 229;
- distinguished from agency, 230;
- how created and destroyed, 230;
- distinguished from the relation between legal and equitable ownership, 232;
- not recognised at common law, 232;
- for animals, 274;
- for maintenance of tombs, 276.
- Turquand, Ex parte, 29.
- Ubi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus, 479.
- Ubi jus ibi remedium, 198, 480.
- Ultimate rules of law, without legal sources, 125.
- Unitary states, 114.
- United States v. Davis, 330.
- Universitas, use of the term in Roman law, 283, n.
- Unus homo plures personas sustinet, 278.
- Vaughan, In re, 276.
- Vera, Cruz, The, 165.
- Vested ownership, 232–235.
- Vestitive facts, 299–301.
- Vigilantibus non dormientibus, jura subveniunt, 411, 480.
- Volenti non fit injuria, 480.
- Waiver of torts, 434.
- Walker v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 277.
- Wallis, In re, 167.
- Wandsworth Board of Works v. United Telegraph Co., 391.
- War, an essential function of the state, 93–98;
- Ward v. National Bank, 426.
- West Rand Co. v. Rex, 57.
- Williams v. Howarth, 296.
- Williams v. Williams, 275, 276.
- Wilson v. Brett, 359.
- Windscheid, on the relation between enacted and customary law, 148;
- Winter v. Winter, 257.
- Witnesses, exclusion of, in early law, 27, 448
- Wood v. Leadbitter, 193.
- Woolsey, on retribution as the essential end of punishment, 82, n.
- Written and unwritten law, 128.
- Wrongs, civil and criminal, 71;
- Year books, 494.