TABLE IX.—continued
| Series 2. | Series 3. | ||||||||
| STANDARD MANURES | Standard manures, | Standard manures, | |||||||
| and cross-dressed with— | and cross-dressed with— | ||||||||
| 550 lb. nitrate of soda. | 400 lb. amonium salts. | ||||||||
| Plots. | |||||||||
| Roots. | Leaves. | Roots. | Leaves. | ||||||
| Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | ||
| 1 | Farmyard manure, 14 tons | 22 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 22 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
| 2 | Farmyard manure, 14 tons, and 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 23 | 12 | 4 | 14 | 21 | 8 | 5 | 6 |
| 3 | Without manure, 1846, and since | 13 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 18 |
| 4 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 500 lb. sulphate of potash, and 400 lb. mixed mineral manure | 12 | 17 | 3 | 15 | 16 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 5 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 15 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and 500 lb. sulphate of potash | 15 | 15 | 2 | 18 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 16 |
| 7 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 500 lb. sulphate of potash, and 36-1/2 lb. ammonium salts | 16 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
TABLE IX.—continued
| Series 4. | Series 5. | ||||||||
| STANDARD MANURES | Standard manures, | Standard manures, | |||||||
| and cross-dressed with | and cross-dressed with | ||||||||
| 2000 lb. rape-cake, and | 2000 lb. rape-cake. | ||||||||
| Plots. | 400 lb. ammonium salts. | ||||||||
| Roots. | Leaves. | Roots. | Leaves. | ||||||
| Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | ||
| 1 | Farmyard manure, 14 tons | 24 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 6 |
| 2 | Farmyard manure, 14 tons, and 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 23 | 12 | 6 | 1 | 23 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| 3 | Without manure, 1846, and since | 10 | 11 | 3 | 17 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 500 lb. sulphate of potash, and 400 lb. mixed mineral manure | 24 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 3 | 9 |
| 5 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 11 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| 6 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and 500 lb. sulphate of potash | 21 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 16 | 14 | 2 | 15 |
| 7 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 500 lb. sulphate of potash, and 36-1/2 lb. ammonium salts | 21 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 3 |
TABLE X.—Experiments with different Manures on Permanent Meadow-land.
Thirty-six Years, 1856-91.
| Produce per Acre, weighed as Hay. | ||||||
| Average per annum, | Average per annum, | |||||
| Manures per Acre per Annum. | 20 years, 1856-75 | 16 years, 1876-91 | ||||
| (1st crops only). | (1st and 2d crops). | |||||
| 10 years, | 10 years, | 20 years, | 1st | 2nd | ||
| 1856-65. | 1866-75. | 1856-75. | crops. | crops. | Total. | |
| cwt. | cwt. | cwt. | cwt. | cwt. | cwt. | |
| Unmanured continuously | 22-1/2 | 20 | 21-1/4 | 18 | 8-1/2 | 26-1/2 |
| 3-12 cwt. superphosphate of lime | 23-14 | 21-1/4 | 22-1/4 | 18 | 9 | 27-1/2 |
| 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate of lime, and 400 lb. ammonium salts | 33-7/8 | 30-1/2 | 32-1/4 | 30-3/4 | 10-1/2 | 41-1/4 |
| 400 lb. ammonium salts | 30-1/2 | 22 | 26-1/4 | 18-1/4 | 10-1/8 | 27-3/8 |
| 275 lb. nitrate of soda, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and mixed mineral manure | 45-1/4 | 47-5/8 | 46-1/2 | 41-1/8 | 12-1/8 | 53-1/4 |
| 275 lb. nitrate of soda | 34-1/4 | 33-1/2 | 33-7/8 | 30-1/8 | 10 | 40-1/8 |
TABLE XI.—Experiments on the Growth of Potatoes.
Average of Five Seasons, 1876-80.1
| Produce per Acre—Tubers. | |||||||||
| Plot. | Manures per Acre per Annum | Good. | Small. | Diseased. | Total. | ||||
| Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | ||
| 1 | Unmanured | 1 | 18 | 0 | 6-1/4 | 0 | 2-1/4 | 2 | 7-1/2 |
| 2 | Farmyard manure (14 tons) | 3 | 19-3/8 | 0 | 7-5/8 | 0 | 6-5/8 | 4 | 13-5/8 |
| 3 | Farmyard manure (14 tons), and 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 4 | 9-1/2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8-3/4 | 5 | 6-1/4 |
| 4 | Farmyard manure (14 tons), 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and 550 lb. nitrate of soda | 5 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 19-1/2 | 6 | 14-1/2 |
| 5 | 400 lb. ammonium salts | 1 | 19-1/2 | 0 | 7-1/8 | 0 | 3-1/2 | 2 | 10-1/8 |
| 6 | 550 lb. nitrate of soda | 2 | 11-7/8 | 0 | 6-7/8 | 0 | 5-1/4 | 3 | 4 |
| 7 | 400 lb. ammonium salts, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate potash, 100 lb. sulphate soda, 100 lb. sulphate magnesia | 5 | 14-1/4 | 0 | 8-1/4 | 0 | 14-3/4 | 6 | 17-1/4 |
| 8 | 550 lb. nitrate of soda, 33-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate potash, 100 lb. sulphate soda, 100 lb. sulphate magnesia | 5 | 19-7/8 | 0 | 7-7/8 | 0 | 19-1/8 | 7 | 6-7/8 |
| 9 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 3 | 0-3/4 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4-5/8 | 3 | 13-3/8 |
| 10 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate potash, 100 lb. sulphate soda, and 100 lb. sulphate magnesia | 3 | 4-1/2 | 0 | 6-1/2 | 0 | 4-7/8 | 3 | 15-7/8 |
| 1. In each year the tops were spread on the respective plots. | |||||||||
TABLE XII.—Experiments on the Growth of Potatoes—Continued.
Average of Twelve Seasons, 1881-92.
| Produce per Acre—Tubers. | |||||||||
| Plot. | Manures per Acre per Annum | Good. | Small. | Diseased. | Total. | ||||
| Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | Tons. | cwt. | ||
| 1 | Unmanured in 1876, and each year since | 1 | 3-3/4 | 0 | 3-3/4 | 0 | 0-1/4 | 1 | 7-3/4 |
| 2 | Unmanured in 1882, and since; previously farmyard manure (14 tons) | 2 | 14-1/4 | 0 | 4-3/4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| 3 | Farmyard manure (14 tons) alone, 1883, and since; previously 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate also | 4 | 3-1/4 | 0 | 4-1/4 | 0 | 4-1/2 | 4 | 12 |
| 4 | Farmyard manure (14 tons) alone, 1883, and since. In 1882 and previously 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and in 1881 and previously 550 lb. nitrate of soda also | 4 | 6-1/4 | 0 | 4-1/2 | 0 | 4-3/4 | 4 | 15-1/2 |
| 5 | 400 lb. ammonium salts | 1 | 2-3/4 | 0 | 4-3/4 | 0 | 0-1/2 | 1 | 8 |
| 6 | 550 lb. nitrate of soda | 1 | 17-3/4 | 0 | 3-3/4 | 0 | 0-3/4 | 2 | 2-1/4 |
| 7 | 400 lb. ammonium salts, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate of potash, and 200 lb. mixed mineral manure | 5 | 6-3/4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4-1/2 | 5 | 16-1/4 |
| 8 | 550 lb. nitrate of soda, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate of potash, and 200 lb. mixed mineral manure | 5 | 7-1/2 | 0 | 4-1/4 | 0 | 3-3/4 | 5 | 15-1/2 |
| 9 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate | 2 | 17-3/4 | 0 | 3-1/4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 10 | 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate of potash, and 200 lb. mixed mineral manure | 3 | 2-1/4 | 0 | 3-1/4 | 0 | 1-1/4 | 3 | 6-3/4 |
FOOTNOTES:
[256] See Sir John Bennet Lawes, Bart., and the Rothamsted Experiments. By C. M. Aikman. ('Scottish Farmer' Office, Glasgow.)
INDEX.
- Abraum salts, 421.
- Absorptive power of soils for water, 67, 98;
- how to increase, 74.
- Acidity in soils neutralised by lime, 458.
- Acids fixed by soil, 58.
- Adametz on organisms in soil, 92.
- Adulteration of guano, 318-320.
- Africa, guano from, 298, 328.
- Agricultural chemistry, historical introduction to, 3-61;
- Agronomy, 56.
- Air, ammonia in, 48, 118;
- Aitken, Dr, experiments with basic slag, 413
- Albert, Heinrich, on solubility of basic slag, 409.
- Albite, composition of, 103.
- Albuminates, 460.
- Albuminoids, in plants, 491;
- Algerian phosphate, 379.
- Algoa Bay, guano deposits at, 328.
- Alkalies, in cow-dung, 226, 227
- Alkalinity necessary for nitrification, 172.
- Alumina, in ash of plants, 55;
- America, virgin soils of, 133.
- American farming, 86.
- Amides, 501.
- Ammonia, absorbed by soil, 81;
- amount dissolved in rain, 49;
- amount in air, 48;
- amount in soil, 127;
- amount supplied to soil by rain, 155;
- converted into nitrates in soil, 50;
- converted into nitrous acid, 167;
- fixed by soil, 58;
- from decomposition of farmyard manure, 258;
- from gas-works, 353;
- lost in mixing manures, 533;
- relation of, to plants, 48-50;
- salts, most easily nitrifiable, 191;
- salts of, in farmyard manure, 257;
- sulphate of, 352-358;
- value of, as a manure, 352.
- Ammonium chloride in Chincha guano, 305.
- Ammonium-magnesium phosphate in Chincha guano, 305.
- Ammonium oxalate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Ammonium phosphate, in Chincha guano, 305;
- in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Ammonium sulphate, 352-358;
- Ammonium sulphocyanate, 355.
- Ammonium urate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Amphibole, potash in, 220.
- Analysis, of manures, 539-554;
- of soils, value of, 90.
- Anderson, Dr, analyses of minerals by, 103, 105-107;
- Angamos, guano from, 301, 329.
- Animals, phosphoric acid in, 205;
- Apatite, Canadian, 201, 374;
- Application of manures, 474-492.
- Arabian coast, guano deposits on, 328.
- Arable soil, absorptive power of, 98.
- Arbrohlos Island guano, 309.
- Arendt, experiments on oats by, 503.
- Aristotelian doctrine of chemical elements, 4.
- Artificial soil, 54.
- Aruba phosphate, 308, 328, 379.
- Ash, constituents of plants, 53-55;
- Ashes, an adulterant of guano, 319;
- mixed with manures, 532.
- Asia, guano from, 298.
- Asparagin, nitrification in, 182.
- Atacama, nitrate of soda deposits at, 342.
- Atmosphere, ammonia in, 48, 81;
- relation of, to plants, 39.
- Atwater on nitrogen in plants, 44.
- Augite, 105.
- Australia, guano from, 298;
- virgin soils of, 133.
- Avenine in oats, 503.
- Aves guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Bacilli, 94.
- Bacon, Lord, on salt as a manure, 469.
- Bacteria, in soil, 92;
- different classes of, 93-96.
- Baker Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Ballestas, guano from, 302, 327;
- Barilla, potash in, 420.
- Barley, farmyard manure not suited for, 497;
- fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- manurial constituents in, 282;
- manuring of, 495, 498;
- nitrogen removed in crop of, 145;
- Norfolk experiments on, 497;
- period of growth of, 495;
- period of ripening of, 495;
- Rothamsted experiments on growth of, 566;
- soils suited for, 496;
- uniform manuring of, 497.
- Barley soils, amount of nitrates and nitrogen in, 158.
- Barley-straw, composition of, 238;
- manurial constituents in, 282.
- Basalt, phosphoric acid in, 202, 210.
- Bases fixed by soil, 58.
- Basic ammonium phosphate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Basic process of steel-smelting, 400.
- Basic silicates, 103.
- Basic slag, 401-417;
- after-effects of, 412;
- application of, method of, 416
- —rate of, 414;
- compared with other manures, 410-414;
- composition of, 404, 417;
- Darmstadt experiments with, 410;
- discovery of value of, 403;
- manufacture of, 401;
- preparation of, processes for, 406;
- relative activity of, 411;
- soils best suited for, 414;
- solubility of, 408;
- Wagner's experiments with, 408-413.
- Bat guano, 320, 325;
- Beans, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- Bean-straw, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Beatson, General, experiments of, with Peruvian guano, 301.
- Beddington meadows, irrigation at, 432.
- Bedfordshire, coprolites from, 374.
- Belgian phosphate, 377.
- Berthelot on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Biological properties of soil, 92-96.
- Blood corpuscles, potash in, 217.
- Blood, dried, 424;
- Bohemia, phosphoric acid removed from, 206.
- Bolivia, guano deposits at, 327.
- Bollaert on nitrate deposits, 333.
- Bone-ash, 369;
- composition of, 372.
- Bone-black, 369;
- composition of, 372.
- Bone-char, 369;
- composition of, 372.
- Bone-dust, 360.
- Bone-meal, 361, 364;
- Bone-phosphate, 385.
- Bones, 359-372;
- action of, 365;
- boiled, 361;
- bruised, 361;
- capable of nitrification, 182;
- collected in Britain, 353, 362;
- composition of, 362, 371;
- compound, 372;
- crops suited for, 368;
- dissolved, 368, 371;
- early use of, 359;
- fermentation of, 361;
- floated, 365;
- forms of, 360;
- grinding of, 365;
- imports of, 151;
- inorganic matter in, 363;
- nitrogen in, 151;
- organic matter in, 363;
- putrefaction of, 365, 366;
- raw, 361;
- source of nitrogen, 151;
- treatment of, 364.
- Bonnet, Charles, discovery of source of plant's carbon by, 11.
- Boracic acid in salinas, 335.
- Bordeaux phosphate, 379.
- Boussingault, on dry matter in horse-manure, 243;
- Bracken-fern, analyses of, 283;
- as litter, 241.
- Bran, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Bretschneider on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Brewers' grain, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Bromine in ash of plants, 55.
- Browse Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Brüstlein and Peters on fixation of bases and acids by soil, 59.
- Buckland, Dr, discovery of coprolites by, 373.
- Buckwheat absorbs ammonia, 352.
- Bull River, phosphates from, 376.
- Cabbages, benefited by saline manures, 529;
- Caird, Sir James, experiments by, with Peruvian guano, 301.
- Calcareous earth, absorptive power of, 98;
- stones, phosphoric acid in, 211.
- Calcium phosphate in Chincha guano, 305.
- Calcium sulphate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Caliche, composition of, 342;
- occurrence of, 341.
- California, guano deposits at, 328.
- Cambridgeshire, coprolites from, 373.
- Cameron, Sir Charles, on assimilation of urea by plants, 46.
- Canadian apatite, 201, 374.
- Cape Vert guano, phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Carbolic acid, action of, on nitrifying organisms, 177.
- Carbon, fixation of, by plants, 37;
- in plants, discovery of source of, 11.
- Carbon bisulphide, effect of, on nitrification, 166, 176.
- Carbonate of ammonia formed in fermentation of dung, 247, 258.
- Carbonic acid, absorbed by plants, 12
- Carbonising-works, ammonia from, 353, 358.
- Carburetted hydrogen, produced in decomposition of farmyard manure, 258.
- Caribbean phosphates, 379.
- Carnallite, 420.
- Carolina phosphate, 376.
- Carrots, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Catacombs, bones from, 360.
- Catch-cropping, 138, 489.
- Cattle foods, average composition of, 557.
- Caustic lime, 453.
- Cereals, manuring of, 493-504;
- Chalk, an adulterant of guano, 319;
- lias, phosphoric acid in, 211.
- Charcoal, a filter for sewage, 437.
- Charleston phosphate, 376.
- Chemical analysis of manures, interpretation of, 539;
- value of, 539.
- Chemical composition of soil, 87-92.
- Cheshire, bones used in, 360.
- Chesterfield Island guano, 309.
- Chili and Peru, chief source of nitrate of soda, 162.
- Chincha Island guano, 302, 303, 327;
- Chipana, guano deposits at, 327.
- Chlorapatite, composition of, 210.
- Chlorine in ash of plants, 55.
- Chloroform prevents nitrification, 166, 176.
- Chlorophyll, organisms destitute of, 169;
- Chuca, 341.
- Citrate of ammonia, solubility of phosphates in, 408.
- Clay, absorptive power of, 68;
- Clover-hay, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 486;
- Clover-sickness, 522.
- Coal, nitrogen in, 353.
- Coke-works, ammonia from, 353, 358.
- Colloids, 491.
- Colour of soil, 80;
- difference in temperature due to, 80.
- Columbia, guano deposits at, 327.
- Composts, 113, 445-448;
- Compound bones, 372.
- Concretionary nodules, composition of, 328.
- Conglomerate, 341.
- Connecticut, experimental station at, 33.
- Cooke, F. J., on, farmyard manure, 272, 277;
- Copper, oxide of, in plants, 55.
- Copperas, as a fixer, 246, 247.
- Coprolites, 373;
- Corcovado guano, nitrogen in, 329;
- phosphoric acid in, 329.
- Cordilleras, 340, 341.
- Costra, 341.
- Cotton-cake, decorticated, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Cotton-cake, undecorticated, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Cotton-seeds, imports of, 153.
- Cova, 341.
- Covered manure, potatoes grown with, 289;
- wheat grown with, 289.
- Cow-dung, alkalies in, 226;
- Cow-manure, 247;
- Cow-urine, alkalies in, 230;
- Cows, percentage of food voided in excrements of, 281;
- Cress, experiments with, 41.
- Crimea, bones from, 360.
- Cropped soils, nitrates in, 157
- —lost by drainage in, 141.
- Crops, capacity of, for assimilating manures, 486;
- Crusius on phosphoric acid removed from the farm, 207.
- Crust guanos, 308, 379.
- Crystalloids, 491.
- Curaçao phosphates, 308, 330, 379.
- Darmstadt experiments with basic slag, 410-413.
- Darwin on origin of nitrate-fields, 335.
- Daubeny on mineral sources of phosphoric acid, 200.
- Davy, Sir Humphry, lectures of, on agricultural chemistry, 17-19;
- Dehérain, on nitrification, 52;
- Denitrification, 177;
- Derby, Lord, introduction of Peruvian guano by, 301.
- Detmer on humus in soil, 47.
- Dew, action of, on guano, 300;
- Dicalcic phosphate, 387;
- Digby, Sir Kenelm, on value of nitrates to plants, 45;
- theory of, on plant-food, 6-8.
- Diorite, phosphoric acid in, 202, 211.
- Direct manures, 113.
- Dissolved-bone compound, 372.
- Dissolved bones, 368; composition of, 371.
- Dissolved guano, 310.
- Dolerite, phosphoric acid in, 202, 211.
- Dolomite, phosphoric acid in, 202, 211.
- Downton experiments on sewage-sludge, 439.
- Drainage, average of thirteen years, 160;
- Drainings of manure-heaps, analysis of, 290.
- Dried blood, 424;
- Dried flesh, 425;
- nitrogen in, 425.
- Dried leaves, as litter, 242;
- Ducks' dung, analysis of, 331.
- Duhamel and Hales, theory of, on plant-growth, 8.
- Dundonald, Earl, treatise by, on agricultural chemistry, 13.
- Dung and urine, composition of, 234.
- Dutrochet on absorption of plant-food, 55.
- Dyer, Dr Bernard, analyses of stable manure by, 283;
- Earth, an adulterant of guano, 319;
- composition of solid crust of, 102.
- Ecuador, guano deposits at, 327.
- Egyptian guano, nitrogen in, 329;
- phosphoric acid in, 329.
- Elbe, waters of, phosphoric acid in, 206;
- potash in, 217.
- Elm-tree, water transpired by, 71.
- Enderbury Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 328.
- Endosmosis, 55.
- English farming, 86.
- Equalised guano, 311.
- Essex, coprolites from, 374.
- Estremadura phosphate, 375.
- Ethylamine, nitrification in, 182.
- Evaporation from soil, 71, 72, 98.
- Excreta, amount of nitrogen in, 149, 292;
- composition of, 226, 292;
- difference in amount of, for food consumed, 279;
- liquid, in farmyard manure, 224;
- solid, in farmyard manure, 224;
- solid, undigested food in, 224;
- solid, voided by cows, 280, 292;
- solid, voided by horse, 292;
- solid, voided by oxen, 280;
- solid, voided by sheep, 280, 292.
- Factors for calculating manurial ingredients
- into their different compounds, 553.
- Falkland guano, 308;
- Fallow-fields, nitrates formed in, 188.
- Fanning Island guano, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Farmyard manure, 223-292;
- action of, on soils, 273;
- ammonia in, 258;
- amount produced on farm per year, 252;
- analyses of, 259, 286;
- application of, 264;
- ash of, 287, 288;
- carbonic acid gas in, 258;
- classes of constituents of, 224;
- compared with artificials, 476;
- composition of, 259;
- denitrification in, 179;
- depth to plough to, 267;
- effect of, on potatoes, 520;
- fertilising matter in, 270;
- fire-fang in, 264;
- fresh, composition of, 286, 288;
- functions of, 268;
- heat in fermentation of, 78, 253;
- humates in, 259;
- humic acid in, 258;
- inadequate source of nitrogen to soil, 271;
- indirect influence of, 273;
- influence of, on soil, 475;
- Lawes, Sir John, on composition of, 291;
- Lord Kinnaird's experiments with, 289;
- marsh-gas in, 258;
- mineral matter in, 260;
- moisture in, 260;
- nitric acid in, 259;
- nitrogen in, 260;
- ratio of, to ash ingredients, 271;
- organic matter in, 260;
- phosphoretted hydrogen in, 258;
- phosphoric acid in, 260;
- potash in, 260;
- products of decomposition of, 257;
- rate of application of, 275;
- retrogression of nitrogen in, 142;
- rotten, composition of, 287, 288
- —value of, 261;
- rotting, effects of, on, 262;
- solid excreta in, 224;
- sulphuretted hydrogen in, 258;
- supplemented with nitrogen, 271;
- supplemented with phosphoric acid, 272;
- temperature, effect of, on soil, 79, 274;
- typical compost, 446;
- ulmates in, 259;
- ulmic acid in, 258;
- unfavourable to certain crops, 477;
- urine in, 228;
- value of, 268;
- variation in composition of, 223;
- water in, 258.
- Fatty acids in guano, 305.
- Felspars, 103;
- Ferment, aerobic, 173, 255;
- anaerobic, 255.
- Fermentation, ammonium carbonate formed during, 245;
- Fern, bracken, as litter, 241.
- Ferric chloride, test for sulphocyanates, 355.
- Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 543.
- Fertilising ingredients, amount of soluble, in soil, 90;
- Fertility, of the soil, 65-97;
- Field experiments, 545, 548;
- Finger-and-toe prevented by lime, 461.
- Fire-fang in farmyard manure, 264.
- Fischer on absorption of plant-food, 55.
- Fish-guano, 320-323;
- Fixers, 246;
- chemical reactions with, 284.
- Fleece, potash in, 217.
- Fleischer, Professor, on solubility of phosphates, 408.
- Flesh-guano, 320.
- Flint Island guano, 309.
- Flitcham experiments on growth of wheat, 500.
- Floated bones, 362, 365.
- Florida phosphate, 378.
- Fluorapatite, composition of, 210.
- Food, consumed by pigs, 281;
- Food-constituents, plant, necessary for nitrification, 170.
- Forbes, David, on nitrate-fields of Chili, 334.
- Forest-soils, absence of nitrification in, 193.
- Fowl-dung, 320, 326;
- analysis of, 331.
- Fownes on phosphoric acid in rocks, 202.
- Frankland, P. F., experiments on nitrification, 52, 167, 198.
- Franklin, Benjamin, experiment of, with gypsum, 462.
- Frey Bentos, meat-meal guano from, 324.
- Galapagos Islands, guano deposits at, 327.
- Garden earth, absorptive power of, 98;
- ammonia in, 128.
- Gas-liquor, ammonia in, 353.
- Gas-works, ammonia from, 353, 358.
- Gases, absorbed by soils, 81;
- present in soil, 100.
- Gazzeri on retention by soil of plant-food, 57.
- Geese-dung, analysis of, 331.
- Geic acid in humus, 47.
- Gelatin, nitrification in, 182;
- from bones, 364.
- Germany, agricultural research in, 32;
- Germination, influence of temperature on, 76;
- oxygen necessary for, 81.
- Gilbert, Sir J. Henry, on barley-manuring, 496;
- Glauber on artificial production of nitre, 164.
- Glue, 364.
- Glycin, assimilated by plants, 47.
- Glycocoll, experiments with, 46.
- Gneiss, 106;
- phosphoric acid in, 207.
- Grandeau, Professor, on forms of plant-food in soil, 107;
- on loss of phosphoric acid, 207.
- Granite, 105;
- Grass, Bangor experiments on, 508;
- Gray, Asa, on transpiration by plants, 71.
- Great Cayman guano, 379.
- Green manures, 113.
- Grouven on guano, 313.
- Guanape Island guano, 302, 327;
- Guanine, 304;
- experiments with, 46.
- Guano, 293-331;
- action of, as a manure, 312;
- adulteration of, 318;
- application of, 315;
- bat, 325;
- composition of, 305, 329;
- crust, 308;
- deposits of the world, 327;
- dissolved, 310;
- equalised, 309;
- fermentation of, 299;
- fertilising constituents in, 314;
- fish, 320-323;
- importance of, in agriculture, 293;
- inequality in composition of, 309;
- influence of, on farming, 294;
- meat-meal, 324;
- mode of application of, 315;
- nitrification in, rate of, 192;
- nitrogenous, 300-308;
- origin of, 297;
- Peruvian, 300-306;
- phosphatic, 308;
- quantity to apply, 317;
- rectified, 311;
- so-called, 320;
- source of phosphoric acid, 202;
- source of potash, 219;
- value of, as a manure, 296;
- variation in composition of, 299.
- Gulf of Mexico, guano deposits at, 328.
- Gulls, guano from, 297.
- Gunning on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Gunpowder, exports of, 149;
- Gypsum, 462-464;
- absorptive power of, 98;
- action of, mode of, 462—on nitrification, 173;
- an adulterant of guano, 319;
- as a fixer, 246, 247, 285;
- decomposes double silicates, 463;
- favourable to clover, 464;
- as an oxidising agent, 464.
- Hales, Stephen, theory of, on plant-growth, 8.
- Hampe, Dr, on nitrogen in plants, 46.
- Harting on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Heat, of soils, 76-78;
- of fermentation, 78.
- Heiden, Dr, on application of farmyard manure, 265;
- Hellriegel, on amount of water in soils, 75;
- Helmont, Van, theory of, on source of plant-food, 4.
- Henslow, Professor, on coprolites, 374.
- Heraüs on organisms in soil, 95.
- Herbage, effect of manure on, 505.
- Herrings as manure, 321.
- Hervé-Mangon, experiments on action of light on plants by, 38.
- Hilgenstock on tetracalcic phosphate, 405.
- Hippuric acid, experiments with, 46;
- in farmyard manure, 257.
- Hire, De la, on evolution of gases by plants, 11.
- Hofmeister on horse excrements, 243.
- Hoof-guano, source of nitrogen, 152.
- Hoofs and horns, manure from, 425.
- Hops, manuring of, 528;
- Horn, capable of nitrification, 182;
- Hornblende, 105.
- Horse-dung, alkalies in, 226;
- Horse-manure, 242;
- Horse-urine, alkalies in, 230;
- Hosäus on assimilation of ammonia, 50.
- Howland Island guano. 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Huanillos, guano from, 302, 327;
- Huano, 297.
- Hueppe on organisms in soil, 95.
- Hughes, John, on bracken-fern as litter, 241;
- on composition of bracken, 283.
- Humates in farmyard manure, 259.
- Humboldt, A., discovery of Peruvian guano by, 300.
- Humic acid in farmyard manure, 258;
- in humus, 47.
- Humin in humus, 47.
- Humus, absorptive power of, 68, 98;
- Huon Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Huxtable and Thompson on retention of plant-food by soil, 57.
- Hydrated silicates, 107, 459.
- Hydrochloric acid as a fixer, 245.
- Hydrogen, amount of, in plants, 40;
- source of, in plants, 40.
- Hygroscopic power of soils, 75.
- Ichaboe guano, 307;
- Independence Bay guano, 302, 327;
- India, nitre soils of, 162.
- Indirect manures, 113, 114, 449-473.
- Ingenhousz, John, experiments by, on nitrogen in plants, 41;
- on oxygen evolved by plants, 12.
- Insoluble phosphate, 386;
- value of, 396.
- Iodine, in ash of plants, 55;
- Iquique, nitrate of soda from, 333.
- Iron in ash of plants, 54;
- Iron-works, ammonia from, 353, 355, 358.
- Irrigation, 431-433;
- Jamieson, Professor, experiments with coprolites, 380.
- Jarvis Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Jersey, manuring of potatoes in, 521.
- Johnson, Professor S. W., on application of superphosphate, 395;
- Jürgensen on nitrogen in excreta, 234.
- Kainit, as a fixer, 247;
- Kaolin clay, analysis of, 104.
- Karmrodt, analysis of Chincha Island guano, 305;
- of concretionary nodules, 328.
- Karnallite, potash in, 220.
- Kellner, experiments on nitrification by, 52.
- Kelp, potash in, 420.
- Kieserite, 420.
- Kinnaird, Lord, experiments by, with farmyard manure, 289.
- Kitchen-garden soil, nitrogenous matter in, 122.
- Knop on condition of nitrates in soil, 138.
- Koosaw River, phosphates from, 376.
- Kreatin assimilated by plants, 47.
- Kuria Muria guano, 309, 328.
- Labrador, guano deposits at, 328.
- Labradorite, 214;
- potash in, 220.
- Lacepede Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Lahn phosphate, 379.
- Lava, phosphoric acid in, 202, 211.
- Lawes, Sir J. B., and Gilbert, early researches of, at Rothamsted, 34;
- experiments with farmyard manure, 271;
- experiments with Peruvian guano, 301;
- inauguration of Rothamsted experiments by, 33;
- on composition of farmyard manure, 291;
- on manuring of wheat, 483;
- on motion of plant's sap, 56;
- on percentage of food in excreta, 233;
- on rate of nitrification, 186;
- on sources of plant-nitrogen, 43;
- on sulphate of ammonia, 356;
- on unexhausted manures, 550, 557-559.
- Lawes, Sir J. B., experiments with guano by, 301;
- Leather, as manure, 428;
- nitrogen in, 428.
- Leaves, dried, as litter, 242;
- Legrange, Charles, on extent of nitrate-fields, 343.
- Leguminous plants, benefited by basic slag, 414
- Lehmann on ammonia as plant-food, 50, 352.
- Leipzig, bones from, 361.
- Leones, guano deposits at, 327.
- Leucite, potash in, 220.
- Lias chalk, phosphoric acid in, 211.
- Liebig, criticism of humus theory by, 25;
- dissolved bones discovered by, 361;
- first report to British Association, 24;
- manufacture of superphosphate from bones by, 359;
- mineral theory of, 26-29;
- on ammonia as a manure, 352;
- on importation of bones by Britain, 360;
- researches of, in agricultural chemistry, 23-32;
- services of, to agricultural chemistry, 31;
- theory of manures by, 29;
- theory of, on rotation of crops, 29.
- Light, action of, on plant-growth, 38.
- Lime, 449-461;
- abundant occurrence of, 452;
- action of, 461
- —contradictory, 450
- —not thoroughly understood, 449
- —on nitrogenous organic matter, 460
- —on soil's texture, 455;
- antiquity of, as a manure, 449;
- binding effect of, 457;
- biological action of, 459;
- caustic, 453;
- chemical action of, 457;
- decomposes minerals, 458;
- different forms of, 453;
- effect of, on soils, 112;
- fixed by soils, 58;
- in ash of plants, 54;
- mechanical functions of, 455;
- mild, 453;
- necessary for nitrification, 171, 459
- —for plant-growth, 55, 450;
- neutralises acidity in soils, 458;
- phosphates of, 385-388;
- pig excrements contain, 281;
- prevents clay puddling, 456;
- returned to soil, 452;
- soils contain, 450-452.
- Limestone, analyses of, 106;
- Linseed, imports of, 153;
- manurial constituents of, 282.
- Linseed-cake, manurial constituents of, 282.
- Liquid manure, 442-444.
- Lithia in ash of plants, 55.
- Litter, loam as, 239;
- Lloyd on fattening animals, 253.
- Loam, as litter, 239;
- Lobos, guano deposits at, 327.
- Lobos de Afuera guano, 302, 327.
- Macabi Island guano, 302, 327;
- Maercker, Professor, on destruction of nitrifying organisms, 177.
- Magnesia, fixed by soils, 58;
- Maize, absorbs ammonia, 352;
- Malden Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Malpighi on importance of atmospheric air for germination, 39.
- Malt-dust, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Manganese, oxide of, in ash of plants, 54.
- Mangels, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- Manitoba soils, nitrogen in, at various depths, 156;
- rate of nitrification in, 186.
- Manure, cow, 247;
- Manures, action of, 61;
- analysis of, interpretation of, 539-544;
- application of, 474-492;
- method of, 531-538; cash prices of, 555;
- equal distribution of, 531;
- functions of, 109, increase soil-fertility, 474;
- intrinsic value of, 545;
- lasting effects of, 483;
- methods of valuing, 544;
- minor artificial, 424-429;
- mixing of, 531-538;
- nitrogenous, 293-359;
- phosphatic, 359-417;
- potassic, 418-423;
- quantities of, applied to oats, 504;
- unexhausted, 549-552, 558;
- units for determining commercial value of, 554;
- valuation of, 539-559;
- value of, deduced from experiments, 548;
- various classes of, 111-114.
- Manurial constituents of various foods, 282.
- Manurial ingredients, unit value of, 544.
- Manuring of, barley, 495-498;
- Maracaïbo guano, nitrogen in, 330;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Marl, phosphoric acid in, 211.
- Marsh-gas from farmyard manure, 258.
- Meadow-hay, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- Meadow-land, benefited by basic slag, 414, 508;
- Meat-meal guano, 320, 324;
- Mechi on liquid manure, 442.
- Mejillones guano, 309, 327;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Mène, on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Menhaddo, guano manufactured from, 322.
- Mexico phosphate, 308, 328.
- Mica, analysis of, 105;
- Micro-organisms, convert ammonia into nitrous acid, 167;
- Mild lime, 453.
- Milk, nitrification in albuminoids of, 182;
- Mineral phosphates, 373-381;
- value of, as a manure, 380.
- Mineral salts necessary for nitrification, 52.
- Minor artificial manures, 424-429.
- Mixing manures, 532-538;
- Moisture, atmospheric, action on guano, 300;
- Molds, 94.
- Mona guano, 309.
- Mond, Ludwig, on nitrogen in coal, 354.
- Monks guano, 327;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Monocalcic phosphate, 386;
- Mulder on humus in soil, 47, 126.
- Müller, A., on nitrogen in soil, 121, 124.
- Munro, Dr J. M. H., on nitrification, 52;
- Müntz, on ammonia in air, 118;
- Muriate of potash, application of, 423;
- Mustard, 139.
- Navassa phosphate, 308, 328, 379.
- Nesbit on composition of guano, 301.
- New Granada, guano deposits at, 327.
- New Zealand, meat-meal guano from, 324.
- Nile, nitrates in waters of, 159.
- "Nitraries," 163.
- Nitrate-fields, appearance of, 340;
- origin of, 334.
- Nitrate of soda, 332-351;
- amount exported from Chili, 151, 332, 351;
- amount imported into Britain, 151, 351;
- appearance of fields of, 340;
- application of, 347;
- Chili and Peru chief source of, 161;
- composition of, 343;
- crops suited by, 346;
- discovery of deposits of, 333;
- extent of deposits of, 342;
- encourages deep roots, 344;
- formation of fields of, 334-340;
- method of applying, 347;
- method of mining, 341;
- nitric acid in, source of, 337;
- nitrogen in, percentage of, 343;
- not an exhausting manure, 345;
- origin of fields of, 334;
- properties of, 343;
- quantity to apply, 348;
- shipments of, 351;
- soils benefited by, 348;
- source of nitrogen, 150;
- top-dressing with, 344.
- Nitrates, amount lost by drainage, 140;
- amount produced at different times, 189;
- amount in soil, 129;
- conditions diminishing loss of, 139;
- constantly formed in soil, 138;
- in barley-soils, 158;
- in cropped soils, 130, 157;
- in drainage-waters, 160, 188;
- in fallow-soils, 129;
- in manured wheat-soils, 131, 157;
- in soil, 129, 162;
- lost by drainage, 137;
- most formed in summer, 139;
- nitrogen as, in Rothamsted soils, 198;
- position of, in soil, 188;
- quantity formed in fallow-fields, 188.
- Nitre, beds, 163;
- Nitric acid, amount of, supplied to soil by rain, 155;
- Nitrification, 51, 52, 161-198;
- action of gypsum on, 173;
- alkalinity necessary for, 172;
- in asparagin, 182;
- bearing of, on agriculture, 193;
- in bones, 182;
- cause of, 165;
- conditions favourable for, 170;
- denitrification, 177-179;
- effected by micro-organisms, 51, 167;
- in ethylamine, 182;
- in fallow-fields, 184;
- food-constituents necessary for, 170;
- field experiments on rate of, 187;
- in gelatin, 182;
- in horn, 182;
- laboratory experiments on rate of, 185;
- in manures, 190, 192;
- in milk albuminoids, 182;
- mineral salts necessary for, 52;
- moisture necessary for, 52, 176;
- old theories on, 196;
- organic matter not necessary for, 169, 196;
- oxygen necessary for, 52, 173;
- plant-roots promote, 181;
- in rape-cake, 182;
- rate of, 183;
- rotation of crops, bearing of, on, 195;
- soil best suited for, 192;
- in subsoils, conditions favourable for, 181;
- substances capable of, 181;
- in summer, 183;
- sunlight, effect of, on, 176;
- temperature necessary for, 52, 175;
- in thiocyanates, 182;
- in urea, 182;
- in wool, 182.
- Nitrifying organisms, depth found at in soil, 180;
- Nitrobaeter, 167.
- Nitrogen, 115-160;
- absorbed by soil, 81, 131;
- accumulates in pastures, 134;
- in air, 116;
- as ammonia in soils, 127;
- amount of, in plants, 40;
- amount of, in soil, 123;
- artificial supply of, 150;
- in bat guano, 325;
- in bones, 363, 364;
- combined, in air, 118;
- combined, in rain, 119, 155;
- condition of, in manures, 540;
- converted into nitrates in soil, 51;
- in cow-dung, 226-228;
- in cow excrements, 278;
- in cow-urine, 230;
- difference between surface and subsoil, 126;
- different forms of, 45, 116;
- dissolved in rain, 131;
- in dried blood, 424;
- in farmyard manure, 260;
- in fish-guano, 321;
- fixation of free, 136;
- forms of, in plants, 491;
- free, relation of, to plant, 117;
- gain of, with leguminous crops, 135;
- in guanos, 329;
- in hoofs and horns, 426;
- in horse-dung, 226-228;
- in horse-manure, 243;
- in horse-urine, 230;
- importance of, in soil, 88;
- in lean flesh, 424;
- in leather, 428;
- least abundant of manurial ingredients in soil, 271;
- loss of, artificial sources of, 144;
- loss of, by crops, 144;
- loss of, on farm, 146;
- loss of, sources of, 137-150;
- loss of, total amount of, 142;
- lost in the arts, 148;
- lost in free condition, 141;
- lost in treating farmyard manure, 146;
- lost in milk, 147;
- lost by retrogression, 142;
- in Manitoba soils, 156;
- in meat-guano, 324;
- nature of, in soil, 124;
- as nitrates in soil, 128;
- as nitrates in cropped soils, 130, 157;
- as nitrates in Rothamsted soils, 198;
- as nitrates in wheat-soils, 157;
- in nitrate of soda, 343;
- nitric, in soil, 128;
- organic, absorbed by plants, 47;
- organic, in soil, 125;
- original source of, in soil, 133;
- in oxen excrements, 280;
- in pasture-lands, 158;
- peat-soils richest in, 123;
- in Peruvian guano, 302, 306, 307, 329;
- in pig-dung, 226-227;
- position of, in agriculture, 115-160;
- relative manurial value of, 556;
- Rothamsted experiments on, 115;
- in scutch, 427;
- in sewage, 431;
- in sewage-sludge, 439;
- in sheep-dung, 226-228;
- in sheep excrements, 280;
- in sheep-urine, 230;
- in soil, 120;
- in soil, portion of, easily nitrifiable, 187;
- in soils at various depths, 156;
- in soot, 428;
- source of, in plants, 15, 16, 40-52;
- sources of soil, 131-137;
- in straw, 237, 243;
- in subsoil, 121;
- in surface-soil, 121;
- in swine-urine, 230;
- in woollen rags, 427.
- Nitrogenous guano, 300-308, 329.
- Nitrogenous manures, application of, 478;
- Nitrogenous organic substances, in Chincha guano, 305;
- in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Nitrosomonas, 167.
- Nitrous acid, converted into nitric acid, 168;
- formed from ammonia, 167.
- Nobbe, on fixation of free nitrogen, 136;
- on potash in soil, 108.
- Nöllner on origin of nitrate-fields, 339.
- Norfolk, coprolites from, 374;
- North America, guano from, 298, 328.
- Norwegian apatite, 375.
- Oak-tree, water transpired by, 71.
- Oat-straw, composition of, 238;
- manurial constituents in, 282.
- Oats, Arendt's experiments with, 503;
- Oficinas, 342.
- Ohlendorff, introduction of dissolved guano by, 311.
- Oilcakes, imports of, 153;
- source of nitrogen, 153.
- Oil-seeds, source of nitrogen, 153.
- Oligoclase felspars, 103, 214;
- Organic matter, in bones, 363;
- Orthoclase felspars, 103, 214;
- Ox-dung, fertilising ingredients in, for food consumed, 228.
- Ox-urine, fertilising ingredients in, 232.
- Oxalic acid in guano, action of, 330.
- Oxen, excrements of, 280;
- Oxidation, 79;
- Oxygen, absorbed by plant-roots, 81;
- absorbed by soil, 81;
- evolved by plants, 11;
- necessary for fertility, 81;
- necessary for nitrification, 52, 173;
- percentage of, in plants, 39;
- source of, in plants, 39.
- Pabellon de Pica, guano from, 298, 302, 327;
- Pacific Islands, guano from, 298.
- Pacific Ocean, sea-weed in, 339.
- Palagonite as potash manure, 213.
- Palm-kernel meal, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Pasteur, on fermentation in urine, 255;
- on nitrification, 166.
- Pastures, accumulation of nitrogen in, 134;
- Patagonian guano, 308, 327;
- Patent phosphate meal, 405.
- Patillos, guano deposits at, 327.
- Patos Island, guano deposits at, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Patterson on superphosphate, 399.
- Payen and Boussingault on composition of dried flesh, 425.
- Peas, manurial constituents in, 282;
- Peat, absorbing properties of, 239;
- Pelicans, guano from, 297.
- Penguin Island guano, 330;
- Penguins, guano from, 297.
- Percival on carbonic acid in plants, 12.
- Peru, guano deposits in, 327;
- guano first used in, 297;
- nitrate of soda from, 161, 162.
- Peruvian guano, 300-306;
- appearance of, 303;
- composition of, 304-306;
- deposits of, 301;
- imports of, 151, 297;
- source of nitrogen, 151.
- Peters and Eichhorn on solvent power of salt, 471.
- Petzholdt on sources of plant's nitrogen, 42.
- Pfeffer on action of light on plant-growth, 38.
- Phœnix Island guano, 309.
- Phosphate of iron in Chincha guano, 305.
- Phosphate of lime, in Algerian phosphate, 379;
- in apatite, 374;
- in Belgian phosphate, 377;
- in bones, 364;
- in Cambridge coprolites, 374;
- in Carolina phosphates, 376;
- in crust guanos, 379;
- in Estremadura phosphate, 375;
- in Florida phosphate, 378;
- in French phosphates, 379;
- in Lahn phosphates, 379;
- in Somme phosphate, 378;
- reverted in mixing manures, 537.
- Phosphates of lime, 385-388, 398;
- importance of mechanical condition of, 542.
- Phosphates, mineral, 373-381;
- Phosphatic guano, 308, 330.
- Phosphatic manures, application of, 480.
- Phosphoretted hydrogen in farmyard manure, 258.
- Phosphoric acid, 199-211;
- in ash of plants, 54;
- in basic slag, 404;
- in bat guano, 325;
- in bones, 363;
- condition of, in soil, 203;
- in cow-dung, 226-228;
- in cow excrements, 280;
- in cow-urine, 230;
- in farmyard manure, 260;
- in fish-guano, 321;
- fixed by soils, 58;
- gain of, 208;
- in guano, percentage of, 329, 330;
- guano a source of, 202;
- in hoofs and horns, 426;
- in horse-dung, 226-228;
- in horse-urine, 230;
- importance of, 88;
- loss of, artificial sources of, 206
- —by drainage, 206
- —in farmyard manure, 208
- —in milk, 207
- —in sewage, 208
- —sources of, in agriculture, 205;
- in meat-guano, 324;
- mineral sources of, 200;
- necessary for plant-growth, 55;
- occurrence of, in animals, 205
- —in nature, 199
- —in plants, 204
- —in soil, 203;
- in oxen excrements, 280;
- in pig-dung, 226, 227;
- in pig excrements, 281;
- in pig-urine, 230;
- position of, in agriculture, 199-211;
- relative trade values of, in manures, 400;
- in rocks, 202, 211;
- in sewage-sludge, 441;
- in sheep-dung, 226-228;
- in sheep excrements, 280;
- in sheep-urine, 230;
- statement of, in analyses of manures, 541.
- Phosphorite, 201, 374.
- Phosphorus, in albuminoids, 205;
- Physical properties of soils, 66-87.
- Pichard on action of gypsum on nitrification, 173.
- Pig-dung, composition of, 226;
- in dry state, 227.
- Pig excrements, 281;
- composition of, 281.
- Pig-manure, 250;
- Pig-urine, composition of, 230
- —in dry state, 231.
- Pigeon-dung, 320, 325;
- analysis of, 331.
- Pigs, excrements of, 281;
- food consumed by, 281.
- Pisagua, nitrate-fields at, 340.
- Plant, action of light on, 38;
- amount of hydrogen in, 40
- —nitrogen in, 40
- —oxygen in, 40;
- ash constituents of, 53-55;
- carbon fixed by, 37, 38;
- food, absorption of, by, 55;
- phosphoric acid in, 204;
- potash in, 216;
- proximate composition of, 36;
- relation of ammonia to, 48-50;
- source of hydrogen in, 40
- —nitrogen in, 40-52
- —oxygen in, 39, 40.
- Plant-food, absorption of, 490;
- Plant-roots, grow downwards, 84;
- Pliny, on lime as a manure, 449;
- on salt as a manure, 465.
- Pockets a source of phosphoric acid, 202.
- Poisons, effect of, on nitrifying organisms, 176.
- Polstorff on ash constituents of plants, 53.
- Polyhallite, potash in, 220, 420.
- Porphyry, in guano, 303;
- Potash, 212-220, 418-423;
- in ash of plants, 54;
- in barilla, 420;
- chloride of, 218;
- condition of, in soil, 216;
- in cows' excrements, 280;
- in drainage-waters, 217;
- in farmyard manure, 260;
- in felspars, 220;
- in fleece, 217;
- fixed by soils, 58;
- importance of, in soil, 88;
- in kelp, 420;
- less important than phosphoric acid, 212;
- manures, 218, 418-423;
- muriate of, 218, 421;
- necessary for nitrification, 171;
- necessary for plant-growth, 55;
- occurrence of, 213;
- in ocean, 213;
- in oxen excrements, 280;
- in pig excrements, 280;
- in plants, 216;
- position of, in agriculture, 212-220;
- relative manurial value of, 556;
- Scottish soils supplied with, 419;
- in sheep excrements, 280;
- soda replaces, 466;
- sources of loss of, 217;
- in Stassfurt salts, 214;
- statement of, in analyses of manures, 542;
- in sugar-beet refuse, 219;
- sulphate of, 218, 421;
- in wood-ashes, 218, 220, 419.
- Potash manures, 218, 418-423;
- Potassium phosphate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Potassium sulphate, in Chincha guano, 305;
- in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Potatoes, effect of farmyard manure on, 520;
- Precipitated ammonium phosphate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Precipitated phosphate, 330, 387.
- Precipitation, treatment of sewage by, 436.
- Priestley, discovery of evolution of oxygen by plants, 11;
- on nitrogen in plants, 40.
- Prussiate of potash, manufacture of, 353.
- Pugh on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Punta de Lobos guano, 302;
- Punta de Patillos, guano deposits at, 327.
- Pyroxene, potash in, 220.
- Quartz, evaporation of water from, 99.
- Queensland, meat-meal guano from, 324.
- Quercitan, experiments of, with roses, 8.
- Rape-cake, capable of nitrification, 182;
- manurial constituents in, 282.
- Rape-seeds, imports of, 153.
- Raza Island guano, 328;
- phosphoric acid, 330.
- Rectified guano, 311.
- Relative trade values of phosphoric acid, 400.
- Resin in guano, 305.
- Retentive power of soils for water, 70-73.
- Retrogression, nitrogen lost by, 142.
- Reverted phosphates, 389-391;
- Rhine, nitrates in waters of, 158.
- Rice-meal, an adulterant of guano, 319;
- manurial constituents of, 282.
- Rocks, phosphoric acid in, 202.
- Roots, influence of manures on composition of, 512;
- Rotation of crops, bearing of, on nitrification, 195.
- Rotations, phosphoric acid in, 290;
- potash removed in, 290.
- Rothamsted, alternate wheat and bean rotation at, 524;
- ammonia in rain at, 49;
- barley experiments at, 566;
- Broadbalk Field, alteration in composition of, 159
- —manuring of, 159
- —produce of wheat on, 159;
- early experiments at, 33-36;
- experiments, 560-572;
- experiments with nitrate of soda at, 347;
- experiments on nitrogen question at, 115
- —mangel-wurzel, 568
- —oats, 567
- —potatoes at, 519
- —value of nitrogen in farmyard manure, 271;
- increase of nitrogen with manures at, 137, 513;
- nitrates in barley-soils of, 158;
- nitrates in cropped soils of, 130, 157;
- nitrates in drainage of, 189;
- nitrates in wheat-soils of, 131, 157;
- nitrogen as nitrates in soils of, 129, 198;
- nitrogen, decrease of, in soils, 159;
- nitrogen in pasture at, 126;
- pasture, increase of nitrogen in, 158;
- retrogression of nitrogen at, 142;
- soil, nature of, 561
- —nitrogen in, at various depths, 156;
- total amount of nitrogen lost at, 142;
- turnip experiments at, 568;
- unmanured fallow-land loses nitrogen by drainage at, 141;
- wheat experiments at, 500, 562-565.
- Roy on sources of plant-nitrogen, 42.
- Rubidia in ash of plants, 55.
- Ruffle, John, on superphosphate, 388.
- Rye, manurial constituents in, 282.
- Rye-grass suited for sewage, 435.
- Rye-straw, summer, composition of, 238;
- winter, composition-of, 238.
- St Helena, experiments at, with Peruvian guano, 301.
- Saldanha Bay guano, 328;
- Salinas, 335.
- Salm-Horstmar, Prince, on water-culture, 54.
- Salt, 465-473;
- action of, on crops, 472;
- adulterant of guano, 319;
- amount applied, 473;
- antiquity of use of, 465;
- an antiseptic, 468;
- application of, 472;
- clarifies water, 470;
- coagulates clay, 470;
- decomposes minerals, 470;
- a germicide, 468;
- indirect action of, 468;
- mechanical action of, 470;
- nature of action of, 465;
- not a necessary plant-food, 466;
- occurrence of, 467;
- prevents rapid fermentation, 471;
- quantity to apply, 473;
- solvent action of, 470;
- sources of, 468.
- Saltpetre, formation of, 164;
- Sand, absorptive power of, 68;
- Sandy soils deficient in lime, 451.
- Sandwich Islands, guano deposits at, 328.
- Saragossa Sea, sea-weed in, 339.
- Saussure, De, on absorption of gases by soil, 81;
- Sawdust an adulterant of guano, 319.
- Scheibler, Professor, on basic slag, 404.
- Schloesing and Müntz, on nitrification, 51, 166;
- Schoenite, potash in, 220.
- Schübler, on absorptive power of soils, 98;
- on retentive power of soils, 98.
- Schulze on fixers, 246.
- Scutch, 427;
- Sea-weed, nitric acid in, 339.
- Seals, guano from, 297.
- Seed, fertilising ingredients lodge in, 491.
- Seine, nitrates in waters of, 158.
- Sénébier, Jean, on carbon in plants, 12;
- on nitrogen in plants, 41.
- Sewage, 430-441;
- charcoal a filter for, 437;
- crops suited for, 434;
- denitrification in, 179;
- dry matter in, 431;
- effects of continued applications of, 433;
- filters for, 437;
- irrigation with, 431-433;
- nitrification in, 166;
- nitrogen lost in, 149;
- phosphoric acid lost in, 149;
- purified by soils, 435;
- treatment of, by precipitation, 436;
- value of, as a manure, 430.
- Sewage-sick land, 433.
- Sewage-sludge, 438-441;
- Shale-works, sulphate of ammonia, from, 358.
- Shark's Bay guano, 309, 328.
- Sheep, excrements of, 280, 281;
- Sheep-dung, alkalies in, 226;
- Sheep-manure, 251;
- Sheep-urine, alkalies in, 230;
- Shoddy, 427;
- Sicily, bones from, 360.
- Sidney Island guano, phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Siemens, Dr, experiments by, with light on plants, 38.
- Silica, in ash of plants, 55;
- Silicates, 102;
- absorbed by cereals, 494.
- Silicic acid fixed by soils, 58.
- Simon on humus in soil, 47.
- Slaked lime, 454.
- Slugs killed by lime, 461.
- Smut prevented by lime, 461.
- Soda, in ash of plants, 54;
- Sodium chloride in Chincha Island guano, 305.
- Sodium phosphate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Sodium sulphate in concretionary nodules, 328.
- Soil, 65-108;
- absorptive power of, for water, 67, 98;
- acids fixed by, 58-60;
- action of lime on, 453;
- ammonia absorbed by, 81;
- amount of soluble plant-food in, 100;
- artificial, 54;
- barley, nitrates in, 158;
- bases fixed by, 58-60;
- best suited for nitrification, 192;
- biological properties of, 92-96;
- capacity for heat, 76-78;
- carbonic acid absorbed by, 81;
- chemical composition of, 87-92, 101-107;
- colour of, 80;
- cropped, nitrates in, 157;
- denitrification in, 177;
- evaporation from, 71, 72;
- farmyard manure, action of, on, 272;
- fertilising ingredients in, 87;
- fertility of, 65-108;
- fineness of, 69-70;
- gases in, 100;
- hygroscopic power of, 75-76, 99;
- improved by humus, 272;
- influence of farmyard manure on, 475;
- on nitrification, 180;
- manures increase fertility of, 474;
- nitrates in, amount of, 128-131;
- nitrifying organisms in, 179;
- distribution of, 179;
- nitrogen absorbed by, 81, 82, 131;
- nitrogen accumulates, 133;
- nitrogen in, amount of, 120-128;
- nitrogen least abundant of manurial ingredients in, 270;
- nitrogen at various depths in, 156;
- oxygen absorbed by, 81;
- phosphoric acid in, 203
- —condition of, in, 203
- —occurrence of, in, 203;
- peat, 123;
- possesses power of fixing ammonia, 57;
- potash in, 215
- —condition of, in, 216;
- potential fertility of, 549;
- power of, for absorbing gases, 81;
- relation of, to plant-roots, 84;
- retention of plant-food by, 57;
- retentive power of, for water, 70-73;
- sewage purified by, 435;
- shrinkage of, 74;
- variation in absorbing powers of, 82;
- varieties of, 67;
- virgin, 133;
- water in, most favourable amount of, 75;
- water-logged, 179;
- wheat, nitrates in, 157.
- Soluble phosphate, 386.
- Sombrero phosphate, 308, 328, 330, 379;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Somme phosphate, 378.
- Soot, 428;
- South America, guano deposits in, 327;
- meat-meal guano from, 324.
- Starbuck Island guano, 309, 328;
- phosphoric acid in, 330.
- Stassfurt salts, 214;
- Stead and Ribsdale on formation of basic slag, 407.
- Stoeckhardt, on composition of solid excreta, 226;
- on composition of urine, 229.
- Storer, Professor, on composition of birds' dung, 331;
- Straw, composition of, 238;
- Subsoil, conditions favourable for nitrification in, 181.
- Suffolk coprolites, 374.
- Sugar-beet refuse, potash in, 219.
- Sulphate of alumina, a precipitant of sewage, 437.
- Sulphate of ammonia, 352-358;
- ammonia in, 355;
- application of, 356;
- composition of, 355;
- a concentrated nitrogenous manure, 356;
- converted into nitrates, 356;
- from gas-works, 353;
- from iron-works, 355;
- from shale-works, 354;
- manure for cereals, 356;
- most easily nitrifiable manure, 191;
- production of, 151, 358;
- properties of, 355;
- source of nitrogen, 149;
- sources of, 353, 354, 358;
- sulphocyanate of ammonia in, 355.
- Sulphate of lime a fixer, 246.
- Sulphate of magnesia, an adulterant of guano, 319;
- as a fixer, 246.
- Sulphate of potash, application of, 422
- Sulphuretted hydrogen from farmyard manure, 258.
- Sulphuric acid, action of, on bones, 382
- Superphosphate, 382-400;
- action of, 392-395
- —sometimes unfavourable, 395;
- application of, 395
- —rate of, 397;
- composition of, 391;
- discovery of, 382;
- hastens early growth, 394;
- high-class, 392;
- low-class, 392;
- manufacture of, 383-385
- —phosphates suitable for, 384;
- medium-class, 391;
- production of, 382;
- reversion in, 389, 399, 400
- —causes of, 389, 390;
- reverted in soil, 392.
- Surprise Island guano, 328.
- Swan Island guano, 328.
- Swedes, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- Swine-dung, alkalies in, 226;
- Swine-urine, alkalies in, 230;
- Sydney Island guano, 309.
- Syenite, 106;
- Sylvin, potash in, 220.
- Symbiosis, 44.
- Tamarugal, Pampa de, nitrate deposit in, 340.
- Tarapaca, nitrate deposits in, 340.
- Temperature necessary for nitrification, 52, 175.
- Tetracalcic phosphate, 387;
- Thaer on application of farmyard manure, 275.
- Thiocyanates, nitrification in, 182.
- Thomas-Gilchrist process of steel-smelting, 402.
- Thomas-slag. See Basic slag.
- Tillage increases number of plants, 86.
- Timor Island guano, 309.
- Tobacco, potash in, 217.
- Torrefied horn, 426.
- Torrefied leather, 428.
- Tortola guano, 309.
- Trachyte, phosphoric acid in, 202, 211.
- Transpiration, by elm-tree, 71;
- by oak-tree, 71.
- Trees, as pumping-engines, 76;
- water transpired by, 71.
- Tricalcic phosphate, 386, 398.
- Tubercles on roots of plants, 44.
- Tull, Jethro, theory of, on plant-growth, 9-11, 69, 109.
- Turkey, dung produced by, 331.
- Turnips, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- Twigs, potash in, 217.
- Tyrosin, assimilated by plants, 47.
- Ulmates in farmyard manure, 259.
- Ulmic acid, in farmyard manure, 258;
- in humus, 47.
- Ulmin in humus, 47.
- Uncovered farmyard manure, 263, 289.
- Unexhausted manures, valuation of, 549-552, 558.
- Unit value of manurial ingredients, 544.
- Units for determining commercial value of manures, 554.
- Urate of ammonium in Chincha Island guano, 305.
- Urea, assimilated by plants, 46;
- Uric acid, experiments with, 46;
- in Chincha Island guano, 305.
- Urine, 228;
- amount voided, 291;
- composition of, varies, 228;
- contains digested manurial ingredients, 228, 232;
- devoid of phosphoric acid, 205;
- and dung, composition of, 234;
- influence of food on, 229;
- nitrification in, 197;
- nitrogen in, 292;
- potash in, 292;
- voided by cows, 280;
- voided by oxen, 280;
- voided by pigs, 281;
- voided by sheep, 280.
- Uruguay, meat-meal guano from, 324.
- Valuation of manures, 539-559.
- Vegetation, desirable to have soil covered with, 194.
- Venezuela, guano deposits at, 327.
- Ville, Georges, on assimilation of ammonia, 50;
- theory of, on source of plant-nitrogen, 41.
- Vine, potash removed by, 216.
- Virgin soils, 133.
- Voelcker, Dr, analysis of apatite, 210
- Voss, Hermann, on manures used, 152.
- Wagner, Professor, on, application of basic slag, 416;
- Wallace, Dr, on sewage purification, 436.
- Walruses, guano from, 297.
- Warington, R,., on ammonia in rain, 49;
- on appearance of nitrous organisms, 168;
- on conditions favourable for nitrification, 181;
- experiments on rate of nitrification, 186;
- on composition of farmyard manure, 260;
- on manufacture of superphosphate, 383;
- on manurial constituents of foods, 282;
- on nitrification in alkaline solutions, 197;
- on nitrogen in excrements, 233;
- on nitrogen in soil, 122;
- on potash in wool, 227;
- researches of, on nitrification, 35, 52, 166-168, 180, 186.
- Water, absorbed by plants, 73;
- amount of, transpired by plant-leaves, 56;
- an adulterant of guano, 319;
- a carrier of plant-food, 55;
- in cow-dung, 226
- —cow-urine, 230;
- from decomposition of farmyard manure, 257;
- in horse-dung, 226
- —horse-urine, 230;
- necessary for plant, 67;
- in pig-dung, 226
- —pig-urine, 230
- —sheep-dung, 226
- —sheep-urine, 230;
- transpired by elm-tree, 71
- —oak-tree, 71.
- Water-culture, 54.
- Water-logged soils, 179.
- Waterloo, bones from, 360.
- Way, Thomas, on retention of plant-food by soil, 57, 59;
- on sewage, 437.
- West Indies, guano from, 298.
- Whales, guano from, 322.
- Wheat, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, 485;
- Wheat soils, nitrates in, 157.
- Wheat-straw, analysis of stable manure made from, 283;
- White clover, growth of, promoted by lime, 451.
- Wiegmann on ash constituents of plants, 53.
- Wilfarth on nitrogen in plants, 44.
- Wilting, 73.
- Winogradsky, on nitrification, 52, 167, 169, 197;
- on organisms in soil, 94.
- Wolff on, analysis of manure-heap drainings, 290;
- Wood-ashes as potash manure, 218, 419.
- Woodhouse, researches of, on nitrogen in plants, 41.
- Wool, capable of nitrification, 182;
- potash in, 217.
- Wool-waste, 427;
- nitrogen in, 427.
- Woolney, on organisms in soils, 93, 95;
- on water in soils, 75.
- Wrightson, Professor, on application of basic slag, 414.
- Yeast, 94.
- Yorkshire, bones first used in, 359.
- Zeolites, potash in, 220