Maritime enterprise, 1485-1558

INDEX

Abaan, King of Guinea, 301.
Adams, Clement, writer, 322, 325.
Admiralty Court, the, 44, 366 and note.
Alday, James, originator of the Barbary trade, 274.
Alexander VI, Bull of, 79, 116, 287, 289, 337.
Alexandria, wealth of, 57.
Allen, Jeffrey, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, 291–2.
Andalusia, English trade with. See Spain.
Anglo-Portuguese Syndicate, 104–19;
- first letters patent to, 1501, 104–6;
- second letters patent, 1502, 109–10;
- first voyage of, 1501, 107–8;
- second voyage, 1502, 108;
- third voyage, 1503, 110;
- fourth voyage, 1504, 110;
- fifth voyage (?), 1505, 110–11;
- general considerations, 111–19.
Annebaut, Claude d’, French admiral, 389–98.
Antwerp, English trade with, 19, 20, 185, 189, 193, 195 note.
Antwerp, importance of, 149.
Artillery, import of, 184;
- development of, 351–2, 353, 354–5, 360–2.
Arundel, Earl of, member of Russia Company, 311.
Ashehurst, Thomas, merchant of Bristol, 104, 109.
Asia, trade with, 15.
Aucher, Sir Anthony, shipowner, 235.
Ayala, Pedro de, Spanish ambassador, 69, 79;
- letter from, describing Cabot’s voyage, 58–9, 67–9, 79.

Baccalaos. See Newfoundland Fishery.
Baker, Matthew, 238.
Baltic, trade with the, 15, 16, 44, 129, 179, 196–8. See also Danzig.
Barbary, English voyages to, 274–7;
- commodities obtained from, 276.
Barnes, Sir George, merchant, investor in Guinea expedition, 284;
- member of Russia Company, 311;
- consul of same, 326.
Barton, Andrew, pirate, defeated and killed by the Howards, 1511, 374–5.
Bedford, Earl of, member of Russia Company, 311.
Bellay, Martin du, 356, 391.
Benin, Wyndham at, 1553, 281–3, 290.
Blondel, Denis, French captain trading to Guinea, 297–301.
Bodenham, Roger, voyage of, to the Mediterranean, 1551, 235–8.
Bordeaux, trade with, 19, 129, 145–6, 208–15.
Borey, Thomas, merchant of Southampton, makes voyages to Brazil, c. 1540, 267.
Borough, Stephen, master of the Edward Bonaventure, 1553–4, 314;
- commands the Serchthrift in search of a North-East Passage, 1556, 329–32;
  - in 1557, 332.
Borough, William, seaman and navigator, 314, 319, 330, 364.
Bostoke, Henry, merchant, letter from, 204–5.
Boston, port of, 367, 371.
Boulogne, capture of, 1544, 389;
- siege of, by the French, 1545–6:, 399;
- renewed by the French, 1549–50, 402–3;
- surrender, 403.
Bounties to shipowners, 114, 124.
Bourbourg, Diet at, 1532, 187.
Bradley, Thomas, adventurer in 1498 voyage, 61.
Brandan, Saint, island of, 74.
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, engaged in Mediterranean trade, 232;
- commands against the French, 1523, 388.
Brasil, island of, 58, 59, 74.
Brazil, English voyages to, 265–70;
- French, 269.
Brest, battle off, 1512, 376–8;
- blockade of, 1513, 379–83.
Brighton, burnt by the French, 1514, 384–5.
Bristol, 73–4, 139, 148, 199, 203;
- visit of Henry VII to, 74;
- John Cabot sails from, 1497, 56, 74;
  - 1498, 81;
- Anglo-Portuguese voyages from, 1501–5, 104–19;
- other expeditions from, 58, 68, 74;
- promises ships for 1521 project, 245;
- Act relating to, 1543, 148, 370;
- mercantile corporations at, 370–1;
- status of as a port, 367, 369–70.
Brooke, John, agent of Russia Company at Vardo, 327.
Bruges, English trade with, 185.
Buckland, John, seaman, 314, 334.
Buil, Friar, 58, 68–9.
Butts, Thomas, participator in 1536 expedition, 263–4.

Cabot, John, 51–85, 91–2, 91 (erroneously for Sebastian Cabot);
- at Mecca, 57, 72–3;
- at Seville and Lisbon, 58, 67–8;
- obtains letters patent from Henry VII, 53, 72, 74, 78, 105, 106, 109;
- 1497 voyage, 54–8, 60, 63–4, 65–7, 70, 74–7;
- his landfall, 1497, 63–4, 75–6;
- gratuity to, 60, 77;
- pension granted to, 60, 61, 77, 82;
- 1498 voyage, 58–60, 60–3, 68–9, 69–70, 78–85, 98;
- date of his death, 82, 85, 88, 94;
- his wife, 55, 73;
- his ship, 75, 81;
- his crew, 1497, 56, 57–8, 74, 78;
- chart made by, 56, 59, 69, 77;
- his theory of geography, 57, 73, 75, 77, 77–8, 80–1, 84;
- his nationality, 72, 73.
Cabot, Ludovicus, 53.
Cabot, Sanctus, 53, 64.
Cabot, Sebastian, 52–3, 62 (erroneously for John Cabot), 63 64 65 84 85 86–103, 114 241–5, 246–9, 265 307–13, 315 323 326 329–30;
- first voyage of discovery, 1499 (?), 86–103;
- summary of accounts of, 95–7;
- question of date of, 99–100, 101, 103 note;
- alleged North-West voyage in 1516–17, 241–5;
- his career in Spain, 242–3, 307–8;
- proposal for him to command an English expedition, 1521, 246, 247–8, 248;
- his visit to England, c. 1521, 248–9;
- his voyage to the River Plate, 1526, 89, 93, 96, 251 note;
- Wyatt’s memorandum on, 308;
- arrangements for his transfer to England, 1547, 308;
- his flight to England, 1548, 308–9;
- pension granted by Edward VI, 1549, 308–9, 309 note;
- his return demanded by Charles V, 309;
- his position in England, 309–10, 312–13;
- his letter to Charles V
- betraying a project of Northumberland’s, c. 1552, 310;
- draws up ordinances for Willoughby’s voyage, 1553, 311–12, 315–16;
- made Governor of Russia Company, 312, 326;
- visits Stephen Borough on board the Serchthrift, 1556, 329;
- death, 1557 (?), 330;
- character, 52, 53, 70–1, 94, 101–3, 307–8;
- geographical knowledge of, 98–9, 101, 307–8;
- map attributed to, 63, 70;
- age of, 64, 330;
- his birthplace, 73, 309.
Cabots, the, works on, 102 note.
Calais, head-quarters of Merchant Adventurers, 1493–6, 19;
- head-quarters of Staplers, see Staple;
- fall of, 1558, 405–6.
Canary Islands, English trade with, 226, 260.
Candia, English trade with, 24–25, 229, 230, 231, 235–6, 238;
- English factor at, 230 note;
- English consul at, 231.
Cantino map, the, 116–17.
Carew, Sir George, captain of the Mary Rose, 1545, 394.
Carew, Sir John, killed at Brest, 1512, 377–8.
Carter, John, adventurer in 1498 voyage, 61.
Carter, William, captain in Guinea expeditions, 293.
Castlyn, Edward, merchant, factors of, at Grand Canary, 226;
- investor in Guinea expedition, 284;
- forbidden to trade with Guinea, 291–2.
Castlyn, William, member of Merchant Adventurers, 188;
- Governor, 1542, 190.
Câteau Cambrésis, Treaty of, 180.
Cathay, search for route to, 71–3, 77, 84–5, 86–103, 106, 118–19, 328, 337.
- See also North-East Passage, North-West Passage, and Russia Company.
Cavo de Ynglaterra, 83.
Cecil, Sir William, 180;
- member of Russia Company, 311.
Centième, the, tax in the Low Countries, 190–1.
Centurioni, Paolo, Genoese navigator, project for a voyage of discovery, 1525, 249.
Chamberlain, Sir Thomas, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 193, 195.
Chancellor, Richard, 238, 313–333;
- sails with Willoughby, 1553, 317;
- captain of the Edward Bonaventure, 314;
- separated from Willoughby, 318;
- reaches Vardo, 322;
- discovers Archangel, 323–4;
- visits Moscow, 324–5;
- returns to England, 1554, 326;
- second voyage to White Sea, 1555, 327–9;
- second visit to the Czar, 328;
- obtains grant of privileges, 328;
- remains in Russia, 1555–6, 329;
- sails for England, 1556, 332;
- wrecked and drowned, 333.
Channel Islands, naval action near, 1549, 402.
Chapuys, Eustace, Imperial ambassador, 131, 132, 143, 268;
- letters from, 130, 265, 269.
Charles V, Emperor, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 170, 185, 186, 187, 191, 195, 220, 224, 389;
- diplomatic struggle with, 130–2, 223;
- in England, 1522, 386.
Charran, Alfonso, Spanish captain, 381–2.
Chaucer’s Shipman, 211.
Chester, Thomas, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, 296.
Chilton, Leonard, English captain trading with Mexico, 226.
Chios, English trade with, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235–8;
- English factors at, 230 note;
- English consul at, 231.
Chronicle, anonymous (Cotton MSS. Vit. A. xvi), 61, 69–70.
Cipango (Japan), 57, 77–8, 80, 84.
Clermont, René de, French admiral, 376–7.
Clinton, Lord, Lord Admiral, 401, 403, 406.
Cloth export, 33–6, 40, 42, 126–7, 129–30, 135, 145, 147, 171–3, 192;
- laws relating to, 152–4, 157;
- suspension of laws, 145, 162, 170–1.
- See also Merchant Adventurers.
Cloth manufacture, English, 16, 36, 134–5, 147, 152–3;
- Netherland, 20, 32, 33, 36.
Cockeram, Martin, mariner, 266.
Coinage, debasement of, 163.
Coke, John, Secretary of Merchant Adventurers, 188.
Columbus, Bartholomew, 71.
Columbus, Christopher, 71, 73.
Commerce, general development of, 13–50, 120–51;
- Acts relating to, 124, 124–5, 134–5.
Cooper, Richard, Governor of English merchants in Spain, 218.
Cordelière, French warship, burning of, 376–8.
Corte Real, Gaspar and Miguel, Portuguese explorers, 106, 116.
Cortes, Martin, writer on navigation, 348.
Cosa, Juan de la, map of, 82–3.
Cotton, Thomas, vice-admiral, 402.
Crespi, treaty of, 224.
Crisis, international, 1538–9, 125–6.
Cromwell, Thomas, 125, 128, 262, 268;
- policy of, 127 note, 140.
Customs duties, tonnage and poundage, subsidies, wool duties, 22, 33, 36–40, 46–7, 123, 136;
- schedules of, 37, 40;
- Acts relating to, 38, 123, 150–1, 161;
- proclamation relating to, 1539, 126–7, 128, 130–2;
- frauds on, 162;
- receipts, 131, 367–71.

Danzig, English merchants at, 44, 129, 158, 178, 197–8.
Dawbeny, Oliver, participator in 1536 expedition, 263.
Denmark, trade with, 41, 129, 197.
Dorset, Marquis of, 120–1, 378–9.
Dudley, John, Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick, Duke of Northumberland, 146, 162, 164, 403;
- commands fleet against French and Scots, 1544–6, 389–99;
- sacks Leith and Edinburgh, 1544, 389;
- action at Portsmouth, 1545, 392–7;
- action off Shoreham, 1545, 397–8;
- raids French coast, 398–9;
- policy of, 162, 163, 165;
- project for a voyage to Peru, c. 1552, 310.
Durforth, Cornelius, master of the Bona Confidentia, 314.

Easterlings. See Hansa.
Eden, Richard, historian, 52, 90, 241–2, 245, 278, 279, 283, 284, 285.
Edward VI, general character of his reign, 146–7;
- naval administration under, 400–1;
- death of, 170.
Elephant-hunting, 298.
Elizabeth, Queen, letter from, to the Council of Lubeck, 180–1.
Elyot, Hugh, merchant and explorer, 109, 113, 114, 370.
Evil May Day, the, 1517, 141.
Exeter and Dartmouth, port of, 371.

Fabyan, Robert, chronicler, 62, 69–70.
Ferdinand, King of Spain, 23, 27, 121;
- letters from, 53–4, 67;
- letters to, 22–3, 58–9, 59;
- death, 1516, 243.
Feria, Count of, Spanish ambassador, 303.
Fernandes, Francisco, Portuguese explorer, 104, 109;
- pension granted to, 108.
Fernandes, João, Portuguese explorer, 104, 106, 108, 109.
Ferrers, Lord, naval captain, 1513, 382, 383.
Field, John, English merchant in Spain, 226, 227.
FitzWilliam, Sir William, vice-admiral, 1522, 358, 386.
Flanders galleys, the. See Venice.
Flanders, trade with. See Netherlands.
Foodstuffs, supply of, 147;
- export of, forbidden, 147–8;
- import of, 147.
Fox, Rowland, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, 291–2.
France, trade with, 17, 208–15.
- See also Bordeaux.
France, wars with, 1512–14, 120–1, 375–86;
- 1522–3, 386–8;
- 1544–6, 159–60, 388–99;
- 1549–1550, 402–3;
- 1557–9, 179, 404–6.
Francis I, King of France, 125, 130.
Fust MS., the, 75.

Gabriel, Russian skipper, 330–1.
Galvano, Antonio, explorer and historian, 91, 95;
- quotation from, 91.
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 132.
Gerard, Sir William, merchant, investor in Barbary voyage, 275.
Gold, amounts of, obtained by Guinea expeditions, 280, 281, 285, 287, 294–5, 302, 304, 306.
Gold Coast. See Guinea.
Gomara, Lopes de, historian, 87, 92–3;
- quotation from, 87–8.
Gonsalves, João, Portuguese explorer, 104, 109;
- pension granted to, 108.
Gonson, Richard, 234.
Gonson, William, merchant, 234.
Grain Coast. See Guinea.
Grand Cham, the, 54, 77, 256, 257.
Gravelines, battle of, 1558, 406.
Gray, Richard, in the Mediterranean, 234;
- agent of Russia Company, 327.
Graynfyld, John, privateer, exploit of, 403–4.
Greenland, in early maps, 115, 116;
- confused with Labrador, 93, 116 note.
Gresham, Sir John, 230 note;
- member of Russia Company, 311, 326.
Gresham, Sir Richard, 190.
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 146, 163, 165, 170, 194;
- financial services to Government, 194–5;
- member of Russia Company, 311.
Guinea, English voyages to, 277–306;
- commodities obtained from, 277, 279, 285–6, 287;
- voyages prohibited by the Privy Council, 287, 291–3, 295–6, 297;
- defence of the English merchants, 289–91;
- Wyndham’s voyage, 1553, 277–84, 290 note;
- Locke’s voyage, 1554–5, 284–7, 288, 290 note;
- Towerson’s first voyage, 1555–6, 293–5;
- Towerson’s second voyage, 1556–7, 296–302;
- Towerson’s third voyage, 1558, 302–6;
- other English expeditions, 295, 298–9;
- French voyages, 297–301, 303, 304;
- the Portuguese in Guinea, 280.
Guldeford, Sir Edward, 232.

Hakluyt, Richard, 62, 63, 264.
Hamburg, cloth mart at, 172, 173, 175.
Hansa, Hanseatic League, 15, 16, 35, 39–44, 129, 133, 152–82;
- policy of Henry VII towards, 41–4;
  - of Henry VIII, 132–3, 152, 155, 156–7, 158, 159, 160, 161;
  - of Somerset, 161–2;
  - of Northumberland, 162;
  - of Mary, 170–1, 176, 178;
  - of King Philip, 173–4, 176, 179;
  - of Elizabeth, 180–1;
- privileges of, 38, 39–40, 123, 152, 161, 167, 170, 172, 178;
- first revocation of privileges, 1552, 139, 163–9;
- restoration, 1553, 151, 170;
- second revocation, 1555, 174, 176;
- treaties with England, 39, 176, 181;
- grievances of, 42–4, 154–6, 157–8, 159;
- diets with, 1491, 42;
  - 1497, 43;
  - 1499, 44;
  - 1520, 155–6;
  - 1542 (proposed), 159;
  - 1555–7 (proposed), 174, 176, 177–8;
- negotiations with, 1558–1560, 180–1;
- charges against, 162, 164–5, 166, 171–3, 177, 180;
- embassies from, 165, 168–9, 174–6, 178, 179;
- proclaims cessation of intercourse with England, 1557, 178–9;
- banishes Englishmen, 178, 181;
- final expulsion from England, 1598, 182;
- suspected of heresy, 1526, 143;
- temporary restraint of, 1535, 157;
- furnishes ships for the English fleet, 160;
- trade with Antwerp, 160, 167–8, 172–7;
- threatened coalition of, with Denmark and France against England, 1557–8, 179;
- dépôt of at Hull, 162, 168;
- two Hanse ships captured by Towerson, 303, 350;
- the Steelyard, 39;
- attack on, 1493, 43.
Hawkins, Sir John, 225.
Hawkins, William, 241;
- makes voyages to Brazil, 1530, 265–7;
- commercial enterprises, 268–9;
- letter from, to Cromwell, 268;
- privateering exploits, 271;
- further career, 270–1.
Henry VII, 54, 55, 57, 59, 78;
- and Columbus, 71;
- visits Bristol, 74;
- grants letters patent to the Cabots, 53, 56, 59–60, 64–5, 74, 78;
- to the Bristol syndicates, 104, 109;
- policy of, 14, 17, 19, 20–7, 37, 41–7, 54, 65, 79, 106;
- naval administration of, 372–4.
Henry VIII, character of, 120, 121, 128;
- court of, 133;
- policy of, 120, 121, 123–4, 126–8, 130–3, 142, 144, 161, 183–4, 186, 214;
- his interest in discovery, 240, 245–8, 249;
- exhorted by Robert Thorne, 250–1;
- anecdote of, 264;
- and William Hawkins, 271;
- naval policy, 374, 399–400;
- conduct of war, 1545, 397.
Hewster, John, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 155.
Hickman, Anthony, merchant, factors of at Grand Canary, 226;
- investor in Guinea expedition, 284.
Hojeda, Alonzo de, explorer, 99–100;
- encounters English explorers (?), 1499, 100, 101.
Holstocke, William, Controller of the Navy, 234.
Holy League, the, 120–1.
Hore, Master, voyage of to Newfoundland, 1536, 262–4.
Howard, Sir Edward, Lord Admiral, engaged in Mediterranean trade, 232;
- action with Barton, 1511, 374–5;
- commands fleet against French, 1512–13, 376;
- battle off Brest, 1512, 376–8;
- blockades Brest, 379–83;
- killed, 1513, 381–3;
- character, 376, 378, 380, 383.
Howard, Thomas, Lord Admiral and Duke of Norfolk, 141;
- engaged in Mediterranean trade, 232;
- action with Andrew Barton, 1511, 374–5;
- succeeds his brother as Admiral, 383–4;
- commands in 1522–3, 386, 387–8.
Howard, Lord William, Lord Admiral, 403, 404–5, 406;
- assists Guinea adventurers, 303;
- member of Russia Company, 311.
Hull, port of, 371.
Hussey, Anthony, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 296;
- Consul of Russia Company, 326.
Hussey, Dr. Lawrence, 333–4.
Hutton, John, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 188.

Iceland, fishery at and trade with, 41, 74, 199–203;
- fighting in, 199–200;
- conduct of the English in, 200–1;
- number of ships going to, 201–2;
- decline of the fishery, 202–3.
Ipswich, port of, 371.
Isabella, Queen of Castile, 20, 23.
Italy, trade with, overland, 16, 28, 29, 32, 150, 229;
- by sea, 17, 28, 32, 48, 149, 230–1.
Ivan the Terrible, Czar, 324–6;
- letter from to Edward VI, 325–326;
- anecdote of, 327–8;
- grants privileges to the English, 328;
- letter to from Philip and Mary, 336.
Ivory Coast. See Guinea.

James IV of Scotland, 375.
Jenkinson, Anthony, in the Mediterranean, 238;
- goes to Russia, 1557, 336;
- his explorations, 337.
John, Don, native chief in Guinea, 286, 294.
Johnson, John, merchant of the Staple, 204.
Johnson, Richard, description of the Samoyedes, 331–2.
Judde, Sir Andrew, merchant, member of Russia Company, 326.

Katherine of Aragon, 22, 23, 24;
- divorce of, 186–7.
Killingworth, George, agent of Russia Company, 327–8.
Knotting, John, election of as Governor of Merchant Adventurers annulled, 189–90.
Knyvet, Sir Thomas, 232;
- killed at Brest, 1512, 377–8.

Labrador, 88, 91, 93, 115–16, 117–19, 203–4;
- origin of name, 91–2, 104 note;
- confused with Greenland, 93, 116 note.
Lambert, Francis, merchant, investor in Barbary voyage, 275.
Lambert, Nicholas, merchant, 281;
- abandoned in Benin, 282–3.
Lancerota, fight between Wyndham and Spaniards at, 276.
Lane, Henry, agent of Russia Company, 321, 327, 337.
Lee, Dr., English ambassador in Spain, 251, 260.
Letters of Marque. See Privateering.
Levant, trade with. See Mediterranean.
Lisle, Lord. See Dudley.
Livery Companies, the, invited to set forth a voyage of discovery, 1521, 245–8.
Locke, John, merchant, commands Guinea expedition, 1554, 284–7, 288.
Locke, Thomas, merchant, 284.
London, port of, 131;
- growth of, 367–8, 371.
Low Countries. See Netherlands.
Lutterell, Sir John, merchant, 274.

Magellan, Ferdinand, voyage round the world, 1519–21, 246.
‘Mantuan Gentleman,’ relation of the, 88–9, 93–4, 97.
Marco Polo, 72;
- quotation from, 77 note.
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 19, 21.
Martyr, Peter, historian, 86, 92;
- quotation from, 86–7.
Mary, Queen, policy of, 150–1, 170–1, 176, 288, 291, 292, 303;
- letter from to the Czar, 1557, 336;
- naval administration of, 404.
Medina del Campo, treaty of, 22.
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 216;
- grants privileges to English merchants, 216–17, 218.
Mediterranean, commodities obtained from, 230;
- English trade with, 15, 17, 46, 129–30, 228–39;
- Acts relating to, 228 note;
- decay of, 148–9, 238–9.
Merchant Adventurers, the, 16, 19, 31, 33–6, 127, 138, 140, 145, 146, 161, 163, 168, 183–96;
- constitution of, 34, 35, 187, 194 note;
- Act relating to, 35;
- head-quarters transferred to Calais, 1493, 19;
- treatment of, in the Netherlands, 184–6, 195;
- threatened transference of head-quarters to Calais, 1527, 187;
- threatened arrest of, in Netherlands, 1527, 187;
- relations with English Government, 187–8, 194 note;
- pay a benevolence in lieu of taxes, 191;
- arrest of at Antwerp, 1545, 191–2;
- suffer from Hanse competition, 191–2;
- loans to Government, 163, 194 note;
- attack privileges of the Hansa, 163, 164–5, 171–4;
- petition the Council, 1554, 173;
- disputes among, 35, 139, 189–190, 193–4;
- indiscipline of, 189, 193, 195;
- wealth of, 140–1;
- members fined, 188–9, 194;
- religion of, 195–6;
- relative decline of, 196.
Merchant Adventurers for the discovery of new lands, &c. See Russia Company.
Merchants, social position of. See Social Changes.
Merchants, foreign, in England;
- Flemish, 127, 141;
- French, 141, 212;
- German, see Hansa;
- Italian, 26, 44, 46–8, 141, 150;
- Spanish, 44–6.
Merchants of the Staple. See Staple.
Merchant Venturers of Bristol, 370–1.
Michiel, Giovanni, Venetian ambassador, 150, 321, 327 note, 329 note.
Milan, Duke of, 55.
Mina, or El Mina, Portuguese head-quarters in Guinea, 280, 285.
Mordeyne, Miles, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, 296;
- member of Russia Company, 326.
More, Sir Thomas, 155.
Muscovy Company. See Russia Company.

Navigation Acts, 1485 and 1489, 19, 45, 128, 209–10, 212–13;
- repeal of, 145–6, 214–15;
  - 1540, 128–30, 158, 213, 223;
- licences to infringe, 19, 212;
- Spanish Acts, 24, 27, 131, 219.
Navigation, Science of. See Ships.
Netherlands, trade with, 19, 20, 129, 130, 131–2, 147, 184–7, 190–2, 196.
Newcastle, port of, 367, 371.
Newfoundland, in Thorne’s map, 115, 116;
- Hore’s voyage to, 1536, 262–4;
- fishery at, 56, 64, 87, 106–7, 118, 203–4;
- Acts relating to, 203.
New Interlude of the Four Elements, The, 111, 114;
- quotation from, 111–13.
Norfolk, Duke of. See Howard.
North-East Passage, search for, 310–32, 337;
- causes leading to, 310–11;
- voyage of Willoughby, 1553–4, 314–22;
- of Chancellor, 1553–4, 322–4;
- of Stephen Borough, 1556, 329–32.
- See also Russia Company.
North-West Passage, search for, 88, 89–90, 91, 94, 96, 98, 101, 103, 118, 119;
- alleged voyage, 1516–17, 241–5;
- projected voyage, 1521, 245–8;
- Rut’s voyage, 1527, 252–8;
- Hore’s voyage, 1536, 262–4;
- projected voyage, 1541, 265.
Northumberland, Duke of. See Dudley.
Novaia Zemlia, discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, 318–19.

Olaus Magnus, historian, quotation from, 200.
Orkneys and Shetlands, proposed raid on, 1542, 201.
Osep Nepea, Russian ambassador, sails with Chancellor, 1556, 332–3;
- reception in London, 334;
- negotiates a treaty, 334–5;
- description of, 335–6;
- departure, 336.
Ostrich, Henry, merchant, 308.
Ostrich, William, Governor of English merchants in Spain, 220, 222.

Packer, the, duties of, 135.
Paris Map, the. See Sebastian Cabot.
Pasqualigo, Lorenzo, letter from, describing Cabot’s voyage, 54–55, 66.
Pembroke, Earl of, member of Russia Company, 311.
Pery, Thomas, imprisoned and tortured in Spain, 222–3, 224.
Pet, Arthur, 314, 332.
Petre, Sir William, 175.
Philip, Archduke and King of Castile, 20–1, 30.
Philip, King, consort of Mary, influence of in England, 174, 287–8;
- policy of towards Hansa, 173–4, 176;
- towards Guinea adventurers, 287–8, 291–3, 295–296, 302;
- towards Russia Company, 337.
Phillips, John, voyage of to Brazil and West Indies, 1540, 267–8.
Pilotage, 30.
Pinteado, Antonio Anes, Portuguese pilot and renegade, 277–84.
Piracy, 28–9, 365–7;
- Act concerning, 1536, 366.
Pisa, proposed wool-staple at, 25, 229.
Plantagenet, Arthur, son of Edward IV, 380.
Plymouth and Fowey, port of, 371.
Pole, Cardinal, 126.
Poole, port of, 371.
Popenruyter, Hans, gunfounder, 184, 361–2.
Portsmouth, fighting at, 1545, 392–7.
Portuguese, discoveries of the, 49–50, 72;
- in America, 106–7, 116–17;
- offence taken by at English voyages to Africa, 276–277, 279, 287;
- negotiations with, 287–93;
- fighting with on Gold Coast, 294, 299–300, 304.
Porzmoguer, Hervé de, French captain, 377–8.
Poynings, Sir Edward, 373.
Prato, Albert de, Canon of St. Paul’s and explorer, 252, 255, 258;
- letter from to Wolsey, 255;
- death of (?), 256.
Prégent de Bidoux, French captain, commands squadron of galleys, 1512–14, 379;
- forces blockade of Brest, 353, 380–1;
- beats off English attack, 381–3;
- burns Brighton, 384–5.
Prices, rise of, 135, 146–7;
- of sugar, 135;
- of wines, 24, 213;
- of wool, 146–7;
- of corn, 148.
Prima Vista, land named, 64.
Privateering, 29, 138, 214, 224, 225, 270–1, 272, 367, 390–1, 403–4.
Proclamation abolishing protection for seven years, 1539, 126–127, 130, 132.
Prussia, trade with, 42.
- See also Danzig.
Pudsey, —, merchant of Southampton, voyage of to Brazil, 1542, 267.
Puebla, Dr. Ruy Gonsales de, Spanish ambassador, 27;
- character, 45–6;
- letter to, 53–4;
- letter from, describing Cabot’s voyage, 59, 79.
Purchas, Samuel, historian, 253, 255, 321.
Purchas, William, Lord Mayor, 62.

Ralph, John, captain in Guinea expeditions, 293.
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, historian, 88, 93–4, 97, 114;
- quotations from, 88–9, 89–90.
Ransoms, raising of, for prisoners of the Turks, 233–4.
Reformation, effects of, on maritime expansion, 141–4.
Reneger, John, son of Robert Reneger, 272.
Reneger, Robert, merchant of Southampton, makes voyages to Brazil, c. 1540, 267;
- career of, 272–3;
- captures Spanish treasure-ship, 1545, 272;
- lends ships to the king, 1545, 391.
Ribault, Jean, French explorer, 90.
Rotz, John, his Book of Hydrography, 345.
Russia Company, 311–37;
- formation of, 1552–3, 311;
- incorporated by Edward VI, 312;
- Sebastian Cabot Governor of, 312, 326;
- capital of, 312;
- distinguished from Merchant Adventurers, 312–13;
- first expedition, 1553–4, 314–26;
- obtains fresh charter, 1555, 326–7;
- second expedition, 1555, 327–9;
- obtains privileges from the Czar, 328;
- third expedition, 1556, 329–33;
- disasters at sea, 332–3;
- fourth expedition, 1557, 336;
- factories in Russia, 337.
Rut, John, commander of North-West voyage, 1527, 252–8;
- letter from to Henry VIII, 253–4;
- in the West Indies, 255–6, 257 note.
Rutter, John, gunmaker, 361.

Salt, Isle of, Towerson at, 305.
San Lucar, English merchants at, 216–17, 218, 220, 222, 225.
Santa Cruz, Alonzo de, geographer, 91, 94;
- quotations from, 91–2.
Savages brought from America, 1502, 62, 63, 110, 117.
Scandinavia, trade with, 15.
Schleswig, Duke of, letter from to Queen Mary, 179, 198.
Scotland, wars with, 1490, 373;
- 1497, 373–4;
- 1513, 384;
- 1522–4, 387;
- 1543–5, 388–9, 390;
- 1547–8, 401–2.
Searcher, duties of the, 135–6.
Senjen, island of, Willoughby at, 318.
Seven Cities, the, 58, 74.
Seymour, Thomas, Lord Admiral, 366, 391, 403.
Ships: development of ship-building, 232, 338–41, 346;
- the mediaeval round ship, 339;
- the galley, 339, 359–60, 380–1, 386, 393, 397–8;
- English sailing ships called galleys, 355–6;
- the carrack, 345, 350;
- the caravel, 349–50;
- the hulk, 350–1;
- row-barges, 356, 393;
- English ships, late fifteenth century, 341–2;
- a merchantman of 1519, 344;
  - of 1527, 345;
- warships, development of, 340–1, 351–2, 355, 356–7;
- size of ships, 342–3, 345, 400;
- cost of ships, 343–4;
- sails and rigging, 346–8, 356–7;
- ships’ boats, 346;
- navigation, improvement of, 30, 240–1, 348–9;
- seamen, health of, 362–3, 397, 399;
- wages, 363;
- victualling, 363;
- private trading, 363;
- officers, 363–4;
- discipline, 364–5.
Ships: English (those marked * belonged to the Navy), the Anne, 336;
- Barbara, 267–8;
- Barke Aucher, 235–8;
- Bartholomew, 284;
- Bona Confidentia, 314–22, 328, 332;
- Bona Esperanza, 314–22, 328, 332–3;
- Botolph, 275;
- Christ,* 233;
- Christopher, 302–6;
- Edward Bonaventure, 314–18, 322–6, 327–9, 329–30, 332–3, 363;
- Galley Subtile,* 360;
- Grace Dieu,* 372;
- Great Elizabeth,* 386 note;
- Hart, 293–5, 297–301;
- Henry Grace à Dieu,* 243, 244, 343, 344, 347, 350, 353, 354–5, 357–9, 379, 393, 394, 404;
- Hind, 293–5;
- Holy Cross, 234;
- Jennet Purwyn,* 374–5;
- Jesus of Lubeck,* 233, 405;
- John Evangelist, 284, 286, 336;
- Katherine Pleasance,* 386 note;
- Lion, 274, 275–7, 279, 283 note;
- Lion * (captured from Barton), 374–5;
- Mary and John,* 232, 386 note;
- Mary Figge, 271;
- Mary Fortune,* 343, 373;
- Mary Gilford,* 253, 256, 257 note;
- Mary Gloria,* 386 note;
- Mary Gonson,* 233;
- Mary Imperial,* 386 note;
- Mary James,* 377;
- Mary Rose,* 243, 343, 353, 358, 361, 365, 377, 393, 394;
- Mary Spert, 245;
- Matthew, 75;
- Matthew Gonson, 234, 255, 346, 362, 364;
- Minion, 302–6;
- Moon,* 279;
- Paul, 266;
- Peter Pomegranate,* 343, 353;
- Philip and Mary, 327–9, 329–30, 332;
- Primrose,* 279, 283 note, 336, 404;
- Regent,* 233, 352, 353, 373, 377–8;
- Samson, 254, 256, 257 note;
- Saviour, 262;
- Serchthrift, 329–32;
- Sovereign,* 352, 357, 373, 377;
- Sweepstake,* 343, 373;
- Tiger, 297–302, 302–305;
- Tiger,* 355;
- Trinity, 284, 286, 336;
- Trinity Henry,* 386 note;
- Unicorn, 302.
Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland, letter from, 169.
Sluys, expedition against, 1492, 373.
Social changes, 133–4, 139–41.
Somerset, Duke of, 145;
- sacks Leith and Edinburgh, 1544, 389;
- invades Scotland, 1547, 401;
- policy of, 161–2;
- execution of, 164.
Soncino, Raimondo de, letters from, describing Cabot’s voyage, 55, 56–8, 66–7.
Sousa, Lopez de, Portuguese ambassador, 288.
Southampton, 367;
- voyages to Brazil from, c. 1540, 267–8;
- decay of, 368–9;
- Act relating to, 1530, 368;
- privileges of, 369.
Spain, trade with, 17, 22–4, 27, 129, 139, 215–28;
- Company of English merchants in, 217;
- incorporated, 1530, 218;
- complaint of, 1548, 225;
- persecution of English in, 143, 220–4;
- arrest of English merchants, 1545, 224–5;
- rise of enmity between Spain and England, 143–4.
Spert, Sir Thomas, alleged voyage of, 1516–17, 241–5;
- career of, 243–5.
St. John, island of, 64, 70, 75.
St. Thomé, Towerson at, 305.
Staple, Merchants of the, 16, 31–33, 135, 136, 138, 139, 204–7;
- wealth of, 141;
- decline of, 206–207;
- Acts concerning Calais, 205–6;
- licences to infringe Staple monopoly, 231–2.
Steelyard. See Hansa.
Stockbridge, Richard, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, 291–2.
Stow, John, historian, 62–3.

Tanais, country of, 56.
Thevet, André, historian, 90.
Thirkill, Launcelot, companion of John Cabot, 60, 61, 82.
Thomas, James, relation of Barbary voyage by, 275–7.
Thomas, John, merchant of Bristol, 104, 109.
Thorne, Nicholas, son of Robert Thorne the elder, 260, 262, 261 note.
Thorne, Robert, the elder, voyage of to America, 113–14, 117, 252;
- royal grant to, 114;
- date of death, 116 note, 259;
- career of, 258–9.
Thorne, Robert, the younger, 113, 114;
- map made by, 114–116;
- Declaration of the Indies, 250–1;
- Book made by, 251–2;
- sends agents to South America, 251 and note;
- connexion between his projects and Rut’s voyage, 257–8;
- career of, 260–261, 261 note.
Thorne, William, 114.
Tison, Thomas, first English merchant in West Indies, 260.
Tomson, Robert, voyage of to Mexico, 1555, 225–8.
Tonnage and Poundage. See Customs.
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 79, 116.
Towerson, William, merchant, first voyage of to Guinea, 1555–6, 293–5;
- second voyage, 1556–7, 296–302;
- fights a Portuguese squadron, 299–300;
- fights a French pirate, 301–2;
- third voyage, 1558, 302–6;
- captures a French ship, 304.
Trade, mediaeval, 15–16, 19, 31, 49–50.
Trade routes, 15, 16–17, 148–9, 154–5;
- effect of discoveries on, 49–50, 149.
Treaties, commercial, with Denmark, 41;
- with the Hansa, 39, 176, 181;
- with the Netherlands, 1496, 20, 21, 185;
  - 1497, 20;
  - 1499, 20;
  - 1506, 21, 131, 185–6;
  - 1520, 185–6;
  - 1542, 132;
- with Spain, 1489, 22;
  - 1515, 216.
Tregonwell, Sir James, 178.
Trenchard, Sir Thomas, 20.
Trinity, Guild of the Holy, 30.
Turkey Company, the, 231, 239.

Vardo, 318;
- Chancellor at, 322–323;
- trading post of the Russia Company, 327, 329.
Venice, commerce and policy of, 17–18, 47–8, 148–50;
- Flanders galleys of, 18, 26, 28, 48–9, 149;
- English trade with, 24–5;
- decline of, 148–9.
Vineland, 74.

Wade, or Ward, Armigil, explorer, 263.
Walker, Humphrey, gunmaker, 361.
Wallop, Sir John, naval commander, 382, 385.
Ward, Richard, merchant of Bristol, 104, 109.
Warwick, Earl of. See Dudley.
West Indies, English trade with, 217, 228, 260.
White, Giles, merchant, forbidden to trade with Guinea, 296.
Williamson, John, relation by, 234.
Willoughby, Gabriel, 314, 321.
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, Captain-General of the North-East Expedition, 1553, 313–22;
- preparations, 314–17;
- voyage, 317–322;
- discovers Novaia Zemlia, 318–19;
- death, 321–22;
- bodies discovered, 328.
Willoughby, Lord, commander against the Scots, 1497, 373–4.
Winchester, Marquis of, member of Russia Company, 311.
Wines, import of. See Bordeaux, Spain, Levant, &c.
Withipole, Paul, merchant, 261.
Woad, Toulouse, import of, 209, 215.
Wolsey, Cardinal, 142–3, 155;
- policy of, 121–2, 186;
- negotiations with Sebastian Cabot, 1521, 249;
- letter from, 377–8.
Woodhouse, Sir William, vice-admiral, 405–6.
Wool, export of. See Staple.
Wroth, Sir Thomas, merchant, investor in Barbary voyage, 275.
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, ambassador in Spain, 221, 308.
Wyndham, Thomas, 274–284;
- voyages to Barbary, 1551–2, 274, 275–7;
- to Guinea and Benin, 1553, 277–84, 290 note;
- career of, 274–5;
- death, 282.

Yorke, Sir John, merchant, investor in Barbary and Guinea expeditions, 275, 284.

Maritime enterprise, 1485-1558

About This Book

INDEX