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Title: Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, Volume 3 (of 3)
Author: James Dennistoun
Editor: Edward Hutton
Release date: November 30, 2015 [eBook #50577]
Most recently updated: October 22, 2024
Language: English
Credits: E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger, Linda Cantoni, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries (https://archive.org/details/toronto)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUKES OF URBINO, VOLUME 3 (OF 3) ***
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, Volume III (of 3), by James Dennistoun
| Note: |
Images of the original pages are available through
Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See
https://archive.org/details/memoirsofdukesof03dennuoft Project Gutenberg also has the other two volumes of this work. Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42560/42560-h/42560-h.htm Volume II: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44235/44235-h/44235-h.htm |
Transcriber's Note
This work was originally published in 1851. As noted in the original, footnotes marked by an asterisk were added by the editor of the 1909 edition, from which this e-book was prepared.
Obvious printer errors have been corrected without note.
Certain spelling inconsistencies have been made consistent; for example, variants of Michelangelo's last name have been changed to Buonarroti. Archaic spellings in English and Italian have been retained as they appear in the original.
Full-page illustrations have been moved so as not to break up the flow of the text.
MEMOIRS OF THE
DUKES OF URBINO
ILLUSTRATING THE ARMS, ARTS
& LITERATURE OF ITALY, 1440-1630
BY JAMES DENNISTOUN OF DENNISTOUN
A NEW EDITION WITH NOTES
BY EDWARD HUTTON
& OVER A HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS
IN THREE VOLUMES. VOLUME THREE
LONDON JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD
NEW YORK JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMIX
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD., PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH
Anderson
FRANCESCO MARIA II. DELLA ROVERE,
DUKE OF URBINO
After the picture by Baroccio in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence
CONTENTS
BOOK SIXTH
(Continued)
OF FRANCESCO MARIA DELLA ROVERE,
FOURTH DUKE OF URBINO
| PAGE | |
| CHAPTER XXXIX | |
| Causes which led to the sack of Rome—The assault—Death of Bourbon—Atrocities of his soldiery—The Duke of Urbino's fatal delays—The Pontiff's capitulation and escape—Policy of the Emperor | 3 |
| CHAPTER XL | |
| The Duke's mischievous Policy—New league against Charles V.—A French army reaches Naples—The Duke's campaign in Lombardy—Peace restored—Siege of Florence—Coronation of the Emperor at Bologna—The independence of Italy finally lost—Leonora Duchess of Urbino—The Duke's Military Discourses | 34 |
| CHAPTER XLI | |
| Italian Militia—The Camerino disputes—Death of Clement VII.—Marriage of Prince Guidobaldo—Proposed Turkish crusade under the Duke—His death and character | 60 |
BOOK SEVENTH
OF GUIDOBALDO DELLA ROVERE,
FIFTH DUKE OF URBINO
| CHAPTER XLII | |
| Succession of Duke Guidobaldo II.—He loses Camerino and the Prefecture of Rome—The altered state of Italy—Death of Duchess Giulia—The Duke's remarriage—Affairs of the Farnesi | 85 |
| CHAPTER XLIII | |
| The Duke's domestic affairs—Policy of Paul IV.—The Duke enters the Spanish service—Rebellion at Urbino severely repressed—His death and character—His children | 106 |
BOOK EIGHTH
OF FRANCESCO MARIA II. DELLA ROVERE,
SIXTH AND LAST DUKE OF URBINO
| CHAPTER XLIV | |
| Autobiography of Duke Francesco Maria II.—His visit to the Spanish Court—His studious habits—His marriage—Is engaged in the naval action of Lepanto—Succeeds to the dukedom | 129 |
| CHAPTER XLV | |
| The unsatisfactory results of his marriage—He separates from the Duchess—His court and habits—Death of the Duchess—He remarries | 152 |
| CHAPTER XLVI | |
| Birth of Prince Federigo—The Duke's retired habits and aversion to business—His constitution-making experiments—His instructions to his son—The Prince's unfortunate education and character | 173 |
| CHAPTER XLVII | |
| The Prince's marriage—The Duke entrusts to him the government, and retires to Castel Durante—His dissolute career and early death—Birth of his daughter Vittoria—The Duke rouses himself—He arranges the devolution of his state to the Holy See—Papal intrigues | 196 |
| CHAPTER XLVIII | |
| The Duke's monkish seclusion—His death and character—His portraits and letters—Notices of Princess Vittoria, and her inheritance—Fate of the ducal libraries—The duchy incorporated with the Papal States—Results of the Devolution | 224 |
BOOK NINTH
OF LITERATURE AND ART UNDER THE
DUKES DELLA ROVERE AT URBINO
| CHAPTER XLIX | |
| Italian literature subject to new influences—The Academies—Federigo Comandino—Guidobaldo del Monte—The Paciotti—Leonardi—Muzio Oddi—Bernardino Baldi—Girolamo Muzio—Federigo Bonaventura | 253 |
| CHAPTER L | |
| Italian versification—Ariosto—Pietro Aretino—Vittoria Colonna—Laura Battiferri—Dionigi Atanagi—Antonio Galli—Marco Montano—Bernardo Tasso | 278 |
| CHAPTER LI | |
| Torquato Tasso—His insanity—Theories of Dr. Verga and Mr. Wilde—His connection with Urbino—His intercourse with the Princess of Este—His portraits—His letter to the Duke of Urbino—His confinement—His death—His poetry—Battista Guarini | 308 |
| CHAPTER LII | |
| The decline of Italian art: its causes and results—Artists of Urbino—Girolamo della Genga and his son Bartolomeo—Other architects and engineers | 335 |
| CHAPTER LIII | |
| Taddeo Zuccaro—Federigo Zuccaro—Their pupils—Federigo Baroccio and his pupils—Claudio Ridolfi—Painters of Gubbio | 355 |
| CHAPTER LIV | |
| Foreign artists patronised by the Dukes della Rovere—The tomb of Julius II. by Michael Angelo—Character and influence of his genius—Titian's works for Urbino—Palma Giovane—Il Semolei—Sculptors at Urbino | 381 |
| CHAPTER LV | |
| Of the manufacture of majolica in the Duchy of Urbino | 403 |
APPENDICES
| I. Correspondence of Clement VII. with Duke Francesco Maria before the sack of Rome, 1527 | 427 |
| II. The sack of Rome | 429 |
| III. The Duke of Urbino's justification, 1527 | 444 |
| IV. Sketch of the negotiations of Castiglione at the court of Madrid, 1525-1529 | 448 |
| V. Account of the armada of Don John of Austria at Messina, 1571 | 452 |
| VI. Indulgence conceded to the corona of the Grand Duke of Tuscany by Pius V., 1666 | 456 |
| VII. Monumental inscriptions of the ducal family of Urbino | 458 |
| VIII. Statistics of Urbino | 463 |
| IX. Two sonnets by Pietro Aretino on Titian's portraits of Duke Francesco Maria I. and his Duchess Leonora | 470 |
| X. Petition to Guidobaldo II. Duke of Urbino, by certain Majolica-makers in Pesaro | 472 |
| XI. Letter from the Archbishop of Urbino to Cardinal Giulio della Rovere, regarding a service of Majolica | 474 |
| XII. Collections of art made by the Dukes of Urbino | 476 |
| Dennistoun's List of Authorities for the Work | 490 |
| Genealogical Table | 501 |
| Index | 505 |
ILLUSTRATIONS
| Francesco Maria II. della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. After the picture by Baroccio in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | Frontispiece |
| FACING PAGE | |
| The Emperor Charles V. From the picture by Titian in the Prado Gallery, Madrid. (Photo Anderson) | 28 |
| Guidobaldo II., Duke of Urbino. From a picture in the Albani Palace in Rome | 88 |
| ? Guidobaldo II. della Rovere. From the picture by Titian in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Probably once in the Ducal Collection.) (Photo Alinari) | 90 |
| Isabella d'Este. After the picture by Titian in the Imperial Museum, Vienna. (Photo Franz Hanfstaengl) | 134 |
| Duke Francesco Maria II. receiving the allegiance of his followers. After the fresco by Girolamo Genga in the Villa Imperiale, Pesaro. (Photo Alinari) | 148 |
| Duke Francesco Maria II. receiving the allegiance of his followers. After the fresco by Girolamo Genga in the Villa Imperiale, Pesaro. (Photo Alinari) | 150 |
| Francesco I. de' Medici. After the picture by Bronzino in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | 154 |
| Federigo, Prince of Urbino. From the picture once in the possession of Andrew Coventry of Edinburgh | 196 |
| Facsimiles of signatures and monograms | 200 |
| Francesco Maria II., Duke of Urbino. From a picture once in the possession of James Dennistoun | 226 |
| Vittoria della Rovere, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. From the picture by Sustermans in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | 248 |
| Supposed portrait of Ariosto. After the picture by Titian in the National Gallery | 280 |
| Pietro Aretino. From the picture by Titian in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Photo Alinari) | 288 |
| Bernardo Tasso. From a picture once in the possession of James Dennistoun | 298 |
| Torquato Tasso. From a picture once in the possession of James Dennistoun | 308 |
| Laura de' Dianti and Alfonso of Ferrara. After the picture by Titian in the Louvre. (Photo Neurdein Frères) | 312 |
| Martyrdom of S. Agata. After a picture by Seb. dal Piombo, once in the Ducal Collection at Urbino, now in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | 336 |
| Holy Family. After the picture by Sustermans, once in the Ducal Collection of Urbino, now in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Photo Alinari) | 340 |
| The Knight of Malta. From the picture by Giorgione, once in the Ducal Collection at Urbino, now in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | 344 |
| Judith with the head of Holofernes. After the picture by Palma il Vecchio, once in the Ducal Collection at Urbino. (Photo Alinari) | 346 |
| Head of Christ. After the picture by Titian, once in the Ducal Collection, now in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. (Photo Alinari) | 348 |
| The Resurrection. After the banner painted by Titian for the Compagnia di Corpus Domini, now in the Pinacoteca, Urbino. (Photo Alinari) | 352 |
| The Last Supper. After the picture by Baroccio in the Duomo of Urbino. (Photo Alinari) | 356 |
| Noli me Tangere. After the picture by Baroccio, once in the Ducal Collection at Urbino, now in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | 372 |
| The Communion of the Apostles. By Giusto di Gand, in the Palazzo Ducale Urbino. (From the Ducal Collection.) (Photo Alinari) | 382 |
| Giovanni and Federigo, Electors of Saxony. After the portraits by Cranach, once in the Ducal Collection at Urbino, now in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. (Photo Anderson) | 386 |
| La Bella. After the picture by Titian in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. Supposed portrait of Duchess Leonora. (Photo Anderson) | 390 |
| The Venus of Urbino. Supposed portrait of the Duchess Leonora, after the picture by Titian in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, once in the Ducal Collection. (Photo Anderson) | 392 |
| Sleeping Venus. After the picture by Giorgione in the Dresden Gallery, after which the Venus of Urbino was painted. (Photo Anderson) | 394 |
| Portrait of his wife, by Lucas Cranach. From the picture in the Roscoe Collection, Liverpool. Possibly modelled on the Venus of Urbino | 396 |
| Maiolica. A plate of Urbino ware of about 1540 in the British Museum | 404 |
| Maiolica. A plate of Castel Durante ware of about 1524 in the British Museum. "The divine and beautiful Lucia" | 408 |
| Maiolica. A plate of Urbino ware about 1535 in the British Museum. (The arms are Cardinal Pucci's) | 412 |
| Maiolica. Plate of Castel Durante ware about 1540, with a portrait medallion within a border of oak leaves. This pattern was called "Cerquata" or "al Urbinata," the oak being the badge of the Rovere house. In the British Museum | 416 |
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
CHAPTER XXXIX
| A.D. | PAGE | ||
| 1527. | Causes leading to the sack of Rome | 3 | |
| ” | The Pontiff's fatal confidence | 4 | |
| ” | Defenceless state of his capital | 5 | |
| ” | April. | His tardy alarm, and inadequate exertions | 5 |
| ” | ” | Demoralisation of the city | 6 |
| ” | ” | Warnings of impending woe | 6 |
| ” | May. | Foolhardiness of Renzo da Ceri | 8 |
| ” | ” | Authorities for the sack | 8 |
| ” | ” | Panic in the city | 8 |
| ” | ” | Estimate of the respective forces | 9 |
| ” | ” 5. | Arrival of Bourbon's army | 10 |
| ” | ” 6. | The assault | 10 |
| ” | ” | The localities examined and compared | 11 |
| ” | ” | Death of Bourbon | 12 |
| ” | ” | Rome lost by a panic | 13 |
| ” | ” | The Pope and Cardinals gain the castle of S. Angelo | 13 |
| ” | ” | The imperialists overrun the entire city | 14 |
| ” | ” | It is ferociously sacked during three days | 14 |
| ” | ” | The Prince of Orange succeeds Bourbon | 15 |
| ” | ” | Savage atrocities and sacrilege of the army | 15 |
| ” | ” | Several cardinals outraged | 16 |
| ” | ” | Pillage of shops and palaces | 17 |
| ” | ” | Ransom extorted by the soldiery | 18 |
| ” | ” | Dilatory proceedings of the confederates | 18 |
| ” | ” 3. | The Duke of Urbino leaves Florence | 19 |
| ” | ” | Unworthy motives imputed to him | 19 |
| ” | ” 17. | Abortive attempt to rescue the Pope | 20 |
| ” | ” 20. | He advances to Isola di Farnese | 21 |
| ” | ” | Distracted counsels in his camp | 21 |
| ” | ” | He resolves upon inaction | 22 |
| ” | ” | His memorial defending this | 22 |
| ” | ” | The Pontiff vainly appeals to Lannoy | 23 |
| ” | June 5. | He accepts a humbling capitulation | 23 |
| ” | ” | Sale of cardinals' hats | 24 |
| ” | ” | The capitulation rejected | 24 |
| ” | Aug. | Pestilence and famine in Rome | 25 |
| ” | ” | Death of Lannoy | 25 |
| ” | Oct. | New and more severe terms of capitulation | 25 |
| ” | Dec. 8. | The Pope escapes in disguise to Orvieto | 26 |
| ” | Castiglione's negotiations at Madrid from 1524 to 1528 | 26 | |
| ” | July 25. | Conduct of Charles V. on hearing of sack | 29 |
| ” | The Pope's dissatisfaction and Castiglione's defence | 29 | |
| ” | Nov. 22. | The Emperor's hollow professions | 31 |
| ” | ” | Fatal consequences of the sack | 32 |
CHAPTER XL
| ” | June 1. | The confederates retire to Monterosi | 34 |
| ” | Aug. | Mischievous policy of Francesco Maria | 34 |
| ” | Dec. | His interview with the Pope | 34 |
| ” | July. | Distrust of the Venetians | 35 |
| 1528. | Removed by a visit from the Duke | 35 | |
| ” | His violent proceedings | 36 | |
| ” | He is presented with a palace at Venice | 37 | |
| 1527. | June. | New League against Charles V. | 37 |
| ” | July. | A French army enters Italy | 37 |
| ” | Close of this miserable year | 37 | |
| 1528. | Feb. 16. | The imperialists evacuate Rome | 38 |
| ” | ” | Overtaken by signal vengeance | 39 |
| ” | ” 10. | Lautrec enters the Abruzzi | 39 |
| ” | April 29. | And lays siege to Naples | 39 |
| ” | Aug. 15. | His death, and the destruction of his army | 39 |
| ” | May. | The Duke protects the Venetian mainland | 40 |
| ” | And saves Lodi from the Duke of Brunswick | 40 | |
| ” | Sept. 20. | He recovers Pavia | 40 |
| ” | Oct. 21. | But loses Savona | 41 |
| ” | Demoralising effects of these wars | 41 | |
| 1529. | June 29. | Peace restored between the great powers | 42 |
| ” | Dec. | Venice not being included, the Duke keeps the field till December | 42 |
| ” | Nov. 5. | Charles and Clement meet at Bologna | 42 |
| ” | Dec. 23. | Treaty of the Italian powers | 42 |
| 1530. | Aug. 12. | Siege of Florence | 43 |
| ” | ” | Death of the Prince of Orange there | 43 |
| 1529. | Nov. 1. | The Duke arrives at Bologna with the Duchess | 44 |
| ” | His reception by some veterans | 44 | |
| 1530. | He declines the imperial baton | 45 | |
| ” | But is in high favour with Charles | 45 | |
| ” | Who restores to him Sora and Arce | 45 | |
| ” | Feb. 22. | The coronation of Charles V. | 46 |
| ” | Mar. 22. | He leaves Bologna | 46 |
| ” | April 6. | Clement VII. visits Urbino | 46 |
| ” | Altered position of Italy by the loss of her nationality and independence | 46 | |
| ” | Opinions of Mariotti | 48 | |
| ” | The Duchess of Urbino builds the palace of Imperiale | 49 | |
| ” | Its attractions and site | 49 | |
| ” | Her portrait and administration | 52 | |
| ” | Prince Guidobaldo | 53 | |
| ” | Marriage of Princess Ippolita | 53 | |
| ” | The Duke's Military Discourses | 53 | |
| ” | His opinions on fortification | 54 | |
| ” | His critique on Venetian policy | 55 | |
| ” | His views regarding sieges | 55 | |
| ” | And Artillery | 56 | |
| ” | His comparative estimate of various nations in the field | 57 | |
| ” | His rules for the construction of an army | 57 | |
| 1532. | His inspections of the Venetian troops | 58 | |
| ” | Ancona annexed to the papal states | 59 |
CHAPTER XLI
| 1533. | Militia organised in Italy | 60 | |
| ” | The Feltrian legion instituted at Urbino | 61 | |
| ” | Jan. | Charles V. attends a congress at Bologna | 62 |
| ” | ” | Where Titian meets him and probably paints the Duke and Duchess of Urbino | 62 |
| ” | April. | Birth of Prince Giulio | 63 |
| ” | ” | Origin of the Camerino disputes | 63 |
| ” | Descent of the Varano family | 63 | |
| ” | Giovanni Maria made Duke of Camerino | 64 | |
| His daughter Giulia offered to Prince Guidobaldo | 65 | ||
| ” | The consent of Clement VII. withheld | 65 | |
| ” | Attempted abduction of Giulia | 66 | |
| 1534. | Sept. 27. | Death of Clement, and his character | 66 |
| ” | Oct. 12. | Election of Paul III. | 68 |
| ” | ” ” | Marriage of Guidobaldo | 68 |
| ” | It is disapproved by the Pope | 68 | |
| ” | Vain mediation of Francesco Maria | 68 | |
| ” | Hostilities resorted to | 69 | |
| 1535. | The Duke visits Charles V. at Naples, and makes him presents | 69 | |
| ” | Singular tradition in the Abruzzi | 69 | |
| ” | Death of the last Sforza | 70 | |
| 1538. | Jan. 31. | Confederacy against the Turks, with the Duke as captain-general | 70 |
| ” | Sept. 20. | His sudden illness | 71 |
| ” | ” | He returns to Pesaro | 71 |
| ” | Oct. 22. | His death from poison | 71 |
| ” | ” | His funeral obsequies and epitaph | 72 |
| ” | ” | His vicissitudes of fortune | 74 |
| ” | ” | His fame has suffered from prejudiced historians | 74 |
| ” | ” | His character and military reputation | 76 |
| ” | ” | Opinion of Urbano Urbani | 77 |
| ” | ” | And of Centenelli | 79 |
| ” | His dutiful conduct to Duchess Elisabetta | 79 | |
| ” | His widow and testamentary dispositions | 80 | |
| ” | His children | 80 | |
| ” | Cardinal Giulio della Rovere | 81 |
CHAPTER XLII
| ” | ” | Diminished interest of our subject | 85 |
| 1514. | April 2. | Birth of Prince Guidobaldo | 87 |
| ” | ” | Educated by Guido Posthumo Silvestro | 87 |
| 1529. | His boyish taste for horses | 88 | |
| 1534. | Oct. 12. | His marriage and its political results | 88 |
| 1538. | ” 22. | His succession to the Dukedom | 88 |
| ” | ” 25. | The ceremonial described by an eye-witness | 89 |
| 1539. | Jan. 8. | He compromises the Camerino succession, and loses the Prefecture | 92 |
| ” | Camerino annexed to the papal states | 93 | |
| ” | The Duke strengthens himself by taking service with the Emperor and Venice | 93 | |
| 1543. | Compliments Charles V., with Pietro Aretino in his suite | 94 | |
| 1533. | Final abolition of the condottiere system | 94 | |
| ” | The Feltrian Legion embodied | 94 | |
| 1540. | The altered condition of Italy | 95 | |
| ” | ” | And new policy of the papacy | 95 |
| ” | ” | Reaction against the Reformation | 96 |
| Investiture of Guidobaldo as captain-general of Venice | 97 | ||
| 1547. | Feb. 17. | Death of the Duchess Giulia | 98 |
| 1541. | Letter of commissions from her | 99 | |
| 1548. | Jan. 30. | The Duke's remarriage to Vittoria Farnese | 100 |
| 1549. | Nov. 10. | Death of Paul III. | 101 |
| 1550. | Feb. 14. | And of Duchess Leonora | 101 |
| 1549. | Feb. 20. | Birth of Prince Francesco Maria II. | 101 |
| 1550. | San Marino under his protection | 101 | |
| 1551. | Guidobaldo made governor of Fano | 103 | |
| 1552. | He quits the Venetian service | 103 | |
| 1553. | The affairs of the Farnesi | 104 | |
| 1555. | The Prefecture restored to the Duke | 105 |