PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.
116. 1. Perfects in -āvī, -ēvī, and -īvī, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also nōvī (from nōscō) and the compounds of mōvī (from moveō). Thus:—
| amāvistī | amāstī | dēlēvistī | dēlēstī |
| amāvisse | amāsse | dēlēvisse | dēlēsse |
| amāvērunt | amārunt | dēlēvērunt | dēlērunt |
| amāverim | amārim | dēlēverim | dēlērim |
| amāveram | amāram | dēlēveram | dēlēram |
| amāverō | amārō | dēlēverō | dēlērō |
| nōvistī | nōstī | nōverim | nōrim |
| nōvisse | nōsse | nōveram | nōram |
| audīvistī | audīstī | audīvisse | audīsse |
2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undī, often occur instead of -endus and -endī, as faciundus, faciundī.
3. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, form the Imperatives, dīc, dūc, fac. But compounds of faciō form the Imperative in -fice, as cōnfice. Compounds of dīcō, dūcō, accent the ultima; as, ēdū´c, ēdī´c.
4. Archaic and Poetic forms:—
a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amārier, monērier, dīcier, for amārī, monērī, dīcī.
b. The ending -ībam for -iēbam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation, and -ībō for -iam in Futures; as, scībam, scībō, for sciēbam, sciam.
c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dīxistī, scrīpsistis, surrēxisse, we sometimes find dīxtī, scrīpstis, surrēxe, etc.
d. The endings -im, -īs, etc. (for -am, -ās, etc.) occur in a few Subjunctive forms; as, edim (eat), duint, perduint.
5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, āctūrum for ācturum esse; ējectus for ējectus esse.
FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.
Formation of the Present Stem.
117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:—
1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as,—
| Present Stem | Verb Stem | |
| juvāre, | juvā- | juv-. |
| augēre, | augē- | aug-. |
| vincīre, | vincī- | vinc-. |
2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).
3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).
4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,—
| cern-ō | pell-ō (for pel-nō). |
5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,—
| flect-ō. |
6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,—
| crēsc-ō. | scīsc-ō. |
7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,—
| gi-gn-ō (root gen-), | si-st-ō (root sta-). |
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem—
1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,—
| amāv-ī, | dēlēv-ī, | audīv-ī. |
2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,—
| strepu-ī, | genu-ī, | alu-ī. |
3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,—
| carp-ō, | Perfect | carps-ī. |
| scrīb-ō, | " | scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī). |
| rīd-eō, | " | rīs-ī (for rīd-sī). |
| sent-iō, | " | sēns-ī (for sent-sī). |
| dīc-ō, | " | dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī). |
a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.
4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:—
a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as,—
| currō, | Perfect | cu-currī. |
| poscō, | " | po-poscī. |
| pellō, | " | pe-pulī. |
NOTE 1.—Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.
NOTE 2.—Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.
b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō, ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.
c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō, minuī.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:—
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,—
| amā-re, | Participle | amā-tus. |
| dēlē-re, | " | dēlē-tus, |
| audī-re, | " | audī-tus, |
| leg-ere, | " | lēc-tus, |
| scrīb-ere, | " | scrīp-tus, |
| sentī-re, | " | sēn-sus (for sent-tus). |
| caed-ere, | " | cae-sus (for caed-tus). |
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,—
| lāb-ī, | Participle | lāp-sus. |
| fīg-ere, | " | fī-xus. |
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,—
| domā-re, | dom-ĭtus. |
| monē-re, | mon-ĭtus. |
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But—
| juvā-re, | Perf. Partic. | jūtus, | has Fut. Act. Partic. | juvātūrus.[40] |
| lavā-re, | " | lautus, | " | lavātūrus. |
| par-ere, | " | partus, | " | paritūrus. |
| ru-ere, | " | rutus, | " | ruitūrus. |
| secă-re, | " | sectus, | " | secātūrus. |
| fru-ĭ, | " | frūctus, | " | fruitūrus. |
| mor-ī, | " | mortuus, | " | moritūrus. |
| orī-rī, | " | ortus, | " | oritūrus. |
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.
First (Ā-) Conjugation.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| amō | amāre | amāvī | amātus | love |
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
| pōtō | pōtāre | pōtāvī | pōtus (§ 114, 2) | drink |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
| crepō | crepāre | crepuī | crepitūrus | rattle |
| cubō | cubāre | cubuī | cubitūrus | lie down |
| domō | domāre | domuī | domitus | tame |
| fricō | fricāre | fricuī | frictus and fricātus | rub |
| micō | micāre | micuī | —— | glitter |
| dīmicō | dīmicāre | dīmicāvī | dīmicātum (est)[41] | fight |
| ex-plicō | explicāre | explicāvī (-uī) | explicātus (-itus) | unfold |
| im-plicō | implicāre | implicāvī (-uī) | implicātus (-itus) | entwine |
| secō | secāre | secuī | sectus | cut |
| sonō | sonāre | sonuī | sonātūrus | sound |
| tonō | tonāre | tonuī | —— | thunder |
| vetō | vetāre | vetuī | vetitus | forbid |
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
| juvō | juvāre | jūvī | jūtus | help |
| lavō | lavāre | lāvī | lautus | wash |
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
| stō | stāre | stetī | stātūrus |
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum.
Second (Ē-) Conjugation.
121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| dēleō | dēlēre | dēlēvī | dēlētus | destroy |
| fleō | flēre | flēvī | flētus | weep, lament |
| com-pleō[42] | complēre | complēvī | complētus | fill up |
| aboleō | abolēre | abolēvī | abolitus | destroy |
| cieō[43] | ciēre | cīvī | citus | set in motion |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
| arceō | arcēre | arcuī | keep off | |
| coerceō | coercēre | coercuī | coercitus | hold in check |
| exerceō | exercēre | exercuī | exercitus | practise |
| caleō | calēre | caluī | calitūrus | be warm |
| careō | carēre | caruī | caritūrus | be without |
| doleō | dolēre | doluī | dolitūrus | grieve |
| habeō | habēre | habuī | habitus | have |
| dēbeō | dēbēre | dēbuī | dēbitus | owe |
| praebeō | praebēre | praebuī | praebitus | offer |
| jaceō | jacēre | jacuī | jacitūrus | lie |
| mereō | merēre | meruī | meritus | earn, deserve |
| moneō | monēre | monuī | monitus | advise |
| noceō | nocēre | nocuī | nocitum (est) | injure |
| pāreō | pārēre | pāruī | pāritūrus | obey |
| placeō | placēre | placuī | placitūrus | please |
| taceō | tacēre | tacuī | tacitūrus | be silent |
| terreō | terrēre | terruī | territus | frighten |
| valeō | valēre | valuī | valitūrus | be strong |
|
NOTE 1.—The following lack the Participial Stem:— |
||||
| egeō | egēre | eguī | —— | want |
| ēmineō | ēminēre | ēminuī | —— | stand forth |
| flōreō | flōrēre | flōruī | —— | bloom |
| horreō | horrēre | horruī | —— | bristle |
| lateō | latēre | latuī | —— | lurk |
| niteō | nitēre | nituī | —— | gleam |
| oleō | olēre | oluī | —— | smell |
| palleō | pallēre | palluī | —— | be pale |
| pateō | patēre | patuī | —— | lie open |
| rubeō | rubēre | rubuī | —— | be red |
| sileō | silēre | siluī | —— | be silent |
| splendeō | splendēre | splenduī | —— | gleam |
| studeō | studēre | studuī | —— | study |
| stupeō | stupēre | stupuī | —— | be amazed |
| timeō | timēre | timuī | —— | fear |
| torpeō | torpēre | torpuī | —— | be dull |
| vigeō | vigēre | viguī | —— | flourish |
| vireō | virēre | viruī | —— | be green |
| and others. | ||||
|
NOTE 2.—The following are used only in the Present System:— |
||||
| aveō | avēre | —— | —— | wish |
| frīgeō | frīgēre | —— | —— | be cold |
| immineō | imminēre | —— | —— | overhang |
| maereō | maerēre | —— | —— | mourn |
| polleō | pollēre | —— | —— | be strong |
| and others. | ||||
b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).
| cēnseō | cēnsēre | cēnsuī | cēnsus | estimate |
| doceō | docēre | docuī | doctus | teach |
| misceō | miscēre | miscuī | mixtus | mix |
| teneō | tenēre | tenuī | —— | hold |
| So contineō and sustineō; but— | ||||
| retineō | retinēre | retinuī | retentus | retain |
| obtineō | obtinēre | obtinuī | obtentus | maintain |
| torreō | torrēre | torruī | tostus | bake |
III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.
| augeō | augēre | auxī | auctus | increase |
| torqueō | torquēre | torsī | tortus | twist |
| indulgeō | indulgēre | indulsī | —— | indulge |
| lūceō | lūcēre | lūxī | —— | be light |
| lūgeō | lūgēre | lūxī | —— | mourn |
| jubeō | jubēre | jussī | jussus | order |
| per-mulceō | permulcēre | permulsī | permulsus | soothe |
| rīdeō | rīdēre | rīsī | rīsum (est) | laugh |
| suādeō | suādēre | suāsī | suāsum (est) | advise |
| abs-tergeō | abstergēre | abstersī | abstersus | wipe off |
| ārdeō | ārdēre | ārsī | ārsūrus | burn |
| haereō | haerēre | haesī | haesūrus | stick |
| maneō | manēre | mānsī | mānsūrus | stay |
| algeō | algēre | alsī | —— | be cold |
| fulgeō | fulgēre | fulsī | —— | gleam |
| urgeō | urgēre | ursī | —— | press |
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.
| mordeō | mordēre | momordī | morsus | bite |
| spondeō | spondēre | spopondī | spōnsus | promise |
| tondeō | tondēre | totondī | tōnsus | shear |
| pendeō | pendēre | pependī | —— | hang |
V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| caveō | cavēre | cāvī | cautūrus | take care |
| faveō | favēre | fāvī | fautūrus | favor |
| foveō | fovēre | fōvī | fōtus | cherish |
| moveō | movēre | mōvī | mōtus | move |
| paveō | pavēre | pāvī | —— | fear |
| sedeō | sedēre | sēdī | sessūrus | sit |
| videō | vidēre | vīdī | vīsus | see |
| voveō | vovēre | vōvī | vōtus | vow |
VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| ferveō | fervēre | (fervī, ferbuī) | —— | boil |
| prandeō | prandēre | prandī | prānsus (§ 114, 2) | lunch |
| strīdeō | strīdēre | strīdī | —— | creak |
VII. DEPONENTS.
| liceor | licērī | licitus sum | bid |
| polliceor | pollicērī | pollicitus sum | promise |
| mereor | merērī | meritus sum | earn |
| misereor | miserērī | miseritus sum | pity |
| vereor | verērī | veritus sum | fear |
| fateor | fatērī | fassus sum | confess |
| cōnfiteor | cōnfitērī | cōnfessus sum | confess |
| reor | rērī | ratus sum | think |
| medeor | medērī | —— | heal |
| tueor | tuērī | —— | protect |
Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.
1. Perfect in -sī.
a. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -tus.
| carpō | carpere | carpsī | carptus | pluck |
| sculpō | sculpere | sculpsī | sculptus | chisel |
| rēpō | rēpere | rēpsī | —— | creep |
| serpō | serpere | serpsī | —— | crawl |
| scribō | scribere | scrīpsī | scrīptus | write |
| nūbō | nūbere | nūpsī | nūpta (woman only) | marry |
| regō | regere | rēxī | rēctus | govern |
| tegō | tegere | tēxī | tēctus | cover |
| af-flīgō | afflīgere | afflīxī | afflīctus | shatter |
| dīcō | dīcere | dīxī | dictus | say |
| dūcō | dūcere | dūxī | ductus | lead |
| coquō | coquere | coxī | coctus | cook |
| trahō | trahere | trāxī | trāctus | draw |
| vehō | vehere | vexī | vectus | carry |
| cingō | cingere | cīnxī | cīnctus | gird |
| tingō | tingere | tīnxī | tīnctus | dip |
| jungō | jungere | jūnxī | jūnctus | join |
| fingō | fingere | fīnxī | fīctus | would |
| pingō | pingere | pīnxī | pīctus | paint |
| stringō | stringere | strīnxī | strictus | bind |
| -stinguō[44] | -stinguere | -stīnxī | -stīnctus | blot out |
| unguō | unguere | ūnxī | ūnctus | anoint |
| vīvō | vīvere | vīxī | vīctum (est) | live |
| gerō | gerere | gessī | gestus | carry |
| urō | ūrere | ussī | ūstus | burn |
| temnō | temnere | con-tempsī | con-temptus | despise |
b. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -sus.
| fīgō | fīgere | fīxī | fīxus | fasten |
| mergō | mergere | mersī | mersus | sink |
| spargō | spargere | sparsī | sparsus | scatter |
| flectō | flectere | flexī | flexus | bend |
| nectō | nectere | nexuī (nexī) | nexus | twine |
| mittō | mittere | mīsī | missus | send |
| rādō | rādere | rāsī | rāsus | shave |
| rōdō | rōdere | rōsī | rōsus | gnaw |
| vādō | vādere | -vāsī[45] | -vāsum (est)[45] | march, walk |
| lūdō | lūdere | lūsī | lūsum (est) | play |
| trūdō | trūdere | trūsī | trūsus | push |
| laedō | laedere | laesī | laesus | injure, hurt |
| claudō | claudere | clausī | clausus | close |
| plaudō | plaudere | plausī | plausum (est) | clap |
| explōdō | explōdere | explōsī | explōsus | hoot off |
| cēdō | cēdere | cessī | cessum (est) | withdraw |
| dīvidō | dīvidere | dīvīsī | dīvīsus | divide |
| premō | premere | pressī | pressus | press |
2. Perfect in -ī with Reduplication.
| ab-dō | abdere | abdidī | abditus | conceal |
| red-dō | red-dere | reddidī | redditus | return |
| So addō, condō, dēdō, perdō, prōdō, trādō, etc. | ||||
| cōn-sistō | cōnsistere | cōnstitī | —— | take one's stand |
| resistō | resistere | restitī | —— | resist |
| circumsistō | circumsistere | circumstetī | —— | surround |
| cadō | cadere | cecidī | cāsūrus | fall |
| caedō | caedere | cecīdī | caesus | kill |
| pendō | pendere | pependī | pēnsus | weigh, pay |
| tendō | tendere | tetendī | tentus | stretch |
| tundō | tundere | tutudī | tūsus, tūnsus | beat |
| fallō | fallere | fefellī | (falsus, as Adj.) | deceive |
| pellō | pellere | pepulī | pulsus | drive out |
| currō | currere | cucurrī | cursum (est) | run |
| parcō | parcere | pepercī | parsūrus | spare |
| canō | canere | cecinī | —— | sing |
| tangō | tangere | tetigī | tāctus | touch |
| pungō | pungere | pupugī | pūnctus | prick |
|
NOTE.—In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated, but have lost the reduplicating syllable:— |
||||
| per-cellō | percellere | perculī | perculsus | strike down |
| findō | findere | fidī | fissus | split |
| scindō | scindere | scidī | scissus | tear apart |
| tollō | tollere | sus-tulī | sublātus | remove |
3. Perfect in -ī with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
| agō | agere | ēgī | āctus | drive, do |
| peragō | peragere | perēgī | perāctus | finish |
| subigō | subigere | subēgī | subāctus | subdue |
| cōgō | cōgere | coēgī | coāctus | force, gather |
| frangō | frangere | frēgī | frāctus | break |
| perfringō | perfringere | perfrēgī | perfrāctus | break down |
| legō | legere | lēgī | lēctus | gather, read |
| perlegō | perlegere | perlēgī | perlēctus | read through |
| colligō | colligere | collēgī | collēctus | collect |
| dēligō | dēligere | dēlēgī | dēlēctus | choose |
| dīligō | dīligere | dīlēxī | dīlēctus | love |
| intellegō | intellegere | intellēxī | intellēctus | understand |
| neglegō | neglegere | neglēxī | neglēctus | neglect |
| emō | emere | ēmī | ēmptus | buy |
| coëmō | coëmere | coēmī | coēmptus | buy up |
| redimō | redimere | redēmī | redēmptus | buy back |
| dirimō | dirimere | dirēmī | dirēmptus | destroy |
| dēmō | dēmere | dēmpsī | dēmptus | take away |
| sūmō | sūmere | sūmpsī | sūmptus | take |
| prōmō | prōmere | prōmpsī | (prōmptus, as Adj.) | take out |
| vincō | vincere | vīcī | victus | conquer |
| re-linquō | relinquere | relīquī | relīctus | leave |
| rumpō | rumpere | rūpī | ruptus | break |
| edō | ēsse (§ 128) | ēdī | ēsus | eat |
| fundō | fundere | fūdī | fūsus | four |
4. Perfect in -ī without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
| excūdō | excūdere | excūdī | excūsus | hammer |
| cōnsīdō | cōnsīdere | cōnsēdī | —— | take one's seat |
| possīdō | possīdere | possēdī | possessus | take possession |
| accendō | accendere | accendī | accēnsus | kindle |
| a-scendō | ascendere | ascendī | ascēnsum (est) | climb |
| dē-fendō | dēfendere | dēfendī | dēfēnsus | defend |
| pre-hendō | prehendere | prehendī | prehēnsus | seize |
| īcō | īcere | īcī | ictus | strike |
| vellō | vellere | vellī | vulsus | pluck |
| vertō | vertere | vertī | versus | turn |
| pandō | pandere | pandī | passus | spread |
| solvō | solvere | solvī | solūtus | loose |
| vīsō | vīsere | vīsī | vīsus | visit |
| volvō | volvere | volvī | volūtus | roll |
| verrō | verrere | verrī | versus | sweep |
5. Perfect in -uī.
| in-cumbō | incumbere | incubuī | incubitūrus | lean on |
| gignō | gignere | genuī | genitus | bring forth |
| molō | molere | moluī | molitus | grind |
| vomō | vomere | vomuī | vomitus | vomit |
| fremō | fremere | fremuī | —— | snort |
| gemō | gemere | gemuī | —— | sigh |
| metō | metere | messuī | messus | reap |
| tremō | tremere | tremuī | —— | tremble |
| strepō | strepere | strepuī | —— | rattle |
| alō | alete | aluī | altus (alitus) | nourish |
| colō | colere | coluī | cultus | cultivate |
| incolō | incolere | incoluī | —— | inhabit |
| excolō | excolere | excoluī | excultus | perfect |
| cōnsulō | cōnsulere | cōnsuluī | cōnsultus | consult |
| cōnserō | cōnserere | cōnseruī | cōnsertus | join |
| dēserō | dēserere | dēseruī | dēsertus | desert |
| disserō | disserere | disseruī | —— | discourse |
| texō | texere | texuī | textus | weave |