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On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)

Chapter 55: INDEX.
By Mary Somerville
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Science - Biology

About This Book

A systematic survey of animal structure and function at molecular and microscopic scales, tracing life from simple protoplasm and unicellular sarcode to differentiated cells, tissues, and organs. It explains cellular origins, muscular and nervous composition, blood circulation, respiration, and heat production as interconnected processes of waste and repair. The text compares respiratory and circulatory adaptations across environments, addresses development and reproduction among microscopic forms, and provides descriptive treatments of invertebrate groups—including zoophytes, worms, echinoderms, crustacea, tunicates, and mollusca—supported by detailed anatomical illustrations and sectional analyses.

INDEX.

A
  • Abrothallus, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
  • Absorption of light and heat, i. 34
    • effects of, i. 35, 36
    • generally independent of colour, i. 36
    • Melloni’s investigations into the laws of, i. 38
    • Prof. Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
    • amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfumes of flowers and plants, i. 43-45
    • experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
    • great absorption of olefiant gas, i. 47
    • absorptive power of aqueous vapour, i. 53
    • dynamic absorption, i. 49
    • absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53
    • absorption of invisible rays by solids, liquids, and gases, i. 65
  • Absorption bands in the red and green parts of the solar spectrum, i. 131
  • Acalepha, the simple hydra a phase in the life of the, ii. 91
  • Acalephæ, Campanograde, characters of, ii. 103
  • Acalephæ, Ciliograde, characters of the, ii. 101
    • mode of reproduction of, ii. 103
  • Acalephæ, Physograde, characters of, ii. 107
  • Acanthometræ, structure and habitat of, ii. 19
  • Acetic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
  • Acetic fermentation, fungus producing, i. 288
  • Acetylene, formation of, i. 97
  • Acetylene, chemical composition of, i. 128
  • Achlya prolifera, structure and reproduction of, i. 220
  • Acids, their affinity for alkalies, i. 96
  • Acineta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 77, 78
    • food of, and mode of seizing it, ii. 78
  • Acorn-shell, structure of the, ii. 213
  • Acrocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
  • Acrocladia mamillata, spines of the, ii. 180, 181
  • Acrosticheæ, characters of the, i. 359, 360
  • Actinia sulcata, structure of, ii. 132
  • Actinian polype, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 130, 131
  • Actinian zoophytes, characters of, ii. 130, 131
  • Actinism of star-light, i. 55
    • of moon-light, i. 55
    • of sun-light, i. 56
  • Actinocyclus undulatus, structure of, i. 199, 200
  • Actinomma drymodes, structure of, ii. 21
  • Actinophrys sol, structure and reproduction of, ii. 16-18
    • certain degree of instinct exhibited by, ii. 18
    • its enemy, the Amœba, ii. 18
  • Adder’s tongue fern, i. 365
  • Adiantieæ, characters of the groups, i. 358
  • Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, or maiden’s-hair fern, structure and habitat of, i. 359
  • Adriatic sea, Foraminifera in the ooze of the bed of the, ii. 51
  • Adularia, or moonstone, fluorescent property of, i. 66
  • Æcidium, characters of, i. 280
  • Ægean sea, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
  • Æthalium septicum, structure and habitat of, i. 270-272
    • Amœba-like motions of, i. 270
    • mode of reproduction of, i. 271
  • Affinity, chemical, of kind and of degree, i. 95
    • relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
  • Agaricini, the order, i. 261
  • Agaricus, the genus, i. 261, 263
    • structure of the, i. 263
  • Agaricus arvensis, spawn of, i. 262
  • Agaricus campestris, or common mushroom, i. 261
    • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 261
  • Agaricus gardneri, luminosity of, i. 264
  • Agaricus olearius, luminosity of, i. 264
  • Air, a non-conductor of electricity, i. 32
    • amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
    • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
    • effect of the rays of the sun falling on the earth through pure dry air, i. 53
    • spectrum analysis of the component parts of the atmosphere, i. 139
  • Air-vessel of Nereocystis Lutkeana, i. 249, 250
  • Alaria esculenta, fruit of, i. 249
  • Alaria Pylaii, fruit of, i. 249
  • Albumen, formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
  • Alcohol, chemical combination forming, i. 97
  • Alcyon zoophytes, characters of, ii. 119, 120
    • structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 120-123
  • Alcyonidium elegans, structure of, ii. 120
  • Alcyonium digitatum, or dead man’s fingers, structure of, ii. 121, 122
  • Aldebaran, spectrum of, i. 155
  • Algæ, i. 179
    • classification of the group, i. 179-181
    • green Algæ, i. 181-220
    • zones or degrees of depth at which different Algæ exist, ii. 221, 258, 259
    • brackish water often a cause of change in the form of Algæ, i. 245
    • colossal Algæ of the North Pacific, i. 245
    • rings of growth of some of the larger sea-weeds, i. 252
  • Alizarine blue, from what obtained, i. 124, 125
  • Alkalies, their affinity for acids, i. 96
  • Alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427
  • Allosorus crispus, or parsley fern, structure and habitat of, i. 358
  • Allotropism, i. 8
    • of carbon, i. 15
  • Alsophileæ, structure of, i. 360
  • Alum, a free radiator but a bad conductor of radiant heat, i. 37
    • partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 109
    • manufacture of, i. 120
  • Alumina, effect of electricity on, i. 32
  • Aluminum, i. 4
    • spectrum of, i. 65
  • Amalgams of metals, illustrating the relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
  • Amansia, structure of, i. 242
  • Amaryllidaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
  • America, North, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
  • Amidogen combines with other substances and simple atoms as if it were a simple element, i. 106
  • Ammonia, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
    • characteristics and constituents of, i. 119
    • chemical composition of, i. 128
    • combination forming, i. 107
    • carbonate of, i. 119
    • extent of the manufacture of, i. 120
    • muriate of, i. 120
    • manufacture of, i. 120
    • sulphate of, i. 120
    • how manufactured, i. 120
  • Ammonium, sulphide of, i. 119
  • Amœba princeps, structure, motions, food, and reproduction of, ii. 13-16
    • its capture of the Actinophrys, ii. 18
    • a new species found in dust from Egypt, ii. 65
  • Amorphous substances, conduct of, under magnetic influence, i. 76
  • Amphicora, two eye-specks in the tail of, ii. 158
  • Amphidetus, spines of the, ii. 180
  • Amphipoda, characters of the, ii. 201
  • Amphithoæ, structure of, ii. 203
  • Analysis, chemical, electricity and light instruments of, i. 95
    • the most powerful means of, i. 96
  • Andræa subulata, leaves of, i. 330
  • Andræaceæ, characters of the tribe, i. 328
  • Angiocarpei, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 309, 310
  • Angiopteris evecta, perfume from, i. 364, 365
  • Angræcum sesquipedale, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 402
  • Anguillulæ, eel-like entozoa, structure and habitat of, ii. 147, 148
  • Anemone, sea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 130, 131
  • Aniline, formation of the fulminate of, i. 92
    • combination forming, i. 107
    • how produced, i. 121, 122
    • constituents and characteristics of, i. 122
    • formation of the aniline colours, i. 122, 123
      • mauve, i. 122
      • magenta, i. 122
      • purple, i. 123
      • yellow, i. 124
    • chemical composition of, i. 128
  • Aniline, acetate of, i. 123
  • Animals, functions of the frame of, ii. 1
    • sarcode and muscle, ii. 2
    • blood, ii. 2
    • waste and repair, ii. 3
      • food, ii. 3
    • animal heat, ii. 3
    • the heart, digestion, heat, and respiration, ii. 4
    • nerve-force of animals, ii. 4
    • nervous system, ii. 5
      • structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord, ii. 8
    • intelligence, or the mental principle, in animals, ii. 11, 12
  • Anise seed, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
  • Annelida, characters of the, ii. 149
    • mode of reproduction of, ii. 160
    • luminosity of, ii. 160
    • fossil remains of, ii. 161
  • Annulosa, or worms, characters of, ii. 144
  • Anomura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 197
  • Antennaria Robinsonii, mode of reproduction of, i. 296
  • Antennariei, structure of, i. 296
  • Anthoxanthum odoratum, or sweet-scented vernal grass, mode of reproduction of, i. 386
  • Anthozoa zoophytes, or living flowers, characters of, ii. 119
  • Antiaris toxicaria, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
    • fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
  • Antozone, i. 8
  • Aphrodita hystrix, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 159
  • Apolemia contorta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 108, 109
  • Apple, fructification of the, i. 381
  • Apus cancriformis, structure of the, ii. 210
  • Aqueous vapour, i. 53
    • absorptive power of, i. 53-55
  • Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii, structure of, i. 199
  • Arcella, structure and mode of formation of the shell of, ii. 21, 22, 23
  • Aregma speciosum, spores of, i. 276
  • Arenicola, structure of, ii. 157
  • Arragonite, i. 108
    • external and internal alteration of, by heat, i. 108
  • Artemia salina, structure of, ii. 210
  • Artocarpus, or bread-fruit tree, i. 426
  • Arum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
    • water secreted by the, at night, i. 429
  • Arundo Donax, size of the, i. 386
  • Ascaris lumbricoïdes, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 147
  • Asci, or sporidia sacs, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
  • Ascidia virginea, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. 224, 225
  • Ascidians, or Tunicata, character of, ii. 222
    • compound or social gelatinous, ii. 222
    • star-like, ii. 224
  • Ascomycetes, structure of, i. 290
  • Ascophora elegans, fructification of, i. 226
  • Ashes, i. 14
  • Aspergillus dubius, spores of, i. 286
  • Aspergillus glaucus, spores of, i. 286
  • Asphalt, sources of, in various parts of the world, i. 126
  • Aspidieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 346, 348
  • Asplenieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 351, 352, 353
  • Asplenium lanceolatum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 354
  • Asplenium marinum, structure and habitat, i. 355, 356
  • Asplenium Ruta-muraria, or wall rue, structure, habitat, and reproductive organs of, i. 353, 354
  • Asteroïdea, or star-fishes, characters of the, ii. 169
    • fossil star-fishes, ii. 174
  • Athyrium Filix-fœmina, or lady fern, herbaceous caudex of, i. 340
    • structure and fructification of, i. 352, 353
  • Atlantic Ocean, profound depths of, north and south, ii. 49
    • foraminifera at great depths in the, ii. 49, 50
  • Atmolysis, or method of analysing gases, i. 111
  • Atmosphere, effect of the heat radiated by the moon on the higher regions of the, i. 55
    • opalescence of the, and its effect on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 55
    • causes of this opalescence, i. 55
    • its permeability to every kind of chemical rays, i. 58
  • Atmosphere of the sun, thirteen terrestrial substances in the, i. 59
  • Atolls, or coral lagoons, ii. 140
  • Atoms or molecules of matter, power of atoms of matter on the rays of the solar beam, i. 58
    • aggregation of matter by electricity, i. 74
    • effect of the physical forces on molecular arrangement, i. 90, 91
    • proof of the individuality and polarity of the atoms of matter, i. 91
    • effect of motion, i. 91
  • Atoms: effect of catalysis, i. 91
    • of matter, i. 2
    • cohesion of, i. 25
    • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
    • the atomic theory, i. 93
    • the law of definite proportions, in combination and resolution of the component parts of substances, i. 94
    • affinity of kind and of degree, i. 95
    • force of chemical combination, i. 97, 98
    • relative atomic weights, i. 99
      • table of atomic weights compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
      • relation between the atomic weights and the specific gravities of substances, i. 100
      • capacities of atoms for heat and electricity, i. 100, 101
    • law of equivalency in weight and volume, i. 102, 103
      • substitution the basis of this law, i. 104
      • sequence of atomic numbers, i. 105
    • groups of substances whose atomic weights are in regular arithmetical series, i. 106
    • groups of combined atoms called compound radicles, i. 106
    • the polyatomic theory, i. 107
    • the force of molecular attraction more powerful than gravitation, i. 109
    • internal movement of molecules of matter in a gaseous state, i. 113
  • Aulocantha scolymantha, structure of, ii. 21
  • Avicula margaritacea, or pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. 234
  • Azores, the black mildew of the, i. 297
  • Azote in vegetable organisms, i. 423
  • Azuline dye, production of, i. 123
B
  • Babylon, the asphaltic mortar used in building, i. 126
  • Bacillaria cursoria, motion of, i. 203
  • Bacillaria paradoxa, motion of, i. 203
  • Back, Sir George, his arctic journey, i. 308
  • Bacteria, their structure, size and habitat, ii. 64
  • Bæomyces, structure of, i. 306
  • Balanidæ, structure of, ii. 213
  • Balanus balanoïdes, development of, ii. 216
  • Balanus culcatus, structure of, ii. 213-215
  • Baldness caused by fungi, i. 275
  • Balms, chemical combination forming the principle of the, i. 97
  • Bamboo, size and structure of, i. 386
  • Bangia, characters of the genus, i. 222
  • Bangia ceramicola, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 223
  • Bangia ciliaris, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
  • Bangia fuscopurpurea, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
  • Barium, i. 3
    • one of an isomeric triad with calcium and strontium, i. 105
    • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature, i. 143
    • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
  • Bark of trees, structure of, i. 406, 407
  • Baryta, green coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
  • Batarrea, structure of, i. 267
  • Batrachospermeæ, habitat and structure of, i. 210
  • Bean, common, fungus of the, i. 280
  • Beans, caseine obtained from, i. 125
  • Beer, yeast of, i. 287
  • Beetles, fungi in the stomachs of, i. 274
  • Begonia, structure and mode of reproduction, of, i. 376
  • Bengal, Bay of, causes of the scarlet colour of the, ii. 72
  • Benzol, combination forming, i. 118, 127
    • constituents and characteristics of, i. 121
    • chemical composition of, i. 128
  • Bergamot, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
  • Beroë Forskalia, structure of the, ii. 102, 103
  • Bhang, whence obtained, i. 427
    • intoxicating effect of, i. 427
  • Biddulphia pulchella, structure of, i. 198
  • Bignonia, fructification of, i. 381, 382
  • Bilin, polishing slate of, of what it consists, i. 206
  • Biscay, Bay of, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
  • Bisection, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
  • Bismuth, diamagnetism of, i. 75, 76
    • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
  • Bittern, i. 18
  • Bleaching properties of:—
    • chlorine, i. 19
    • bromine, i. 20
    • iodine, i. 21
  • Blechnum Spicant, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 356, 357
  • Blood, formation and functions of, ii. 2, 3
  • Blue dyes, i. 123, 124
  • Bog moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332
  • Boleti, habitat and structure of the, i. 265
  • Boletus æneus, large amount of heat evolved by, i. 265
  • Bombyx rubi, fungi destructive of, i. 282
  • Boron, i. 18
    • whence obtained, i. 18
    • insolubility of, i. 18
    • heat at which it burns, i. 18
  • Botrychium, habitat of the genus, i. 366
  • Botrychium Lunaria, or moonwort, structure and habitat of, i. 366
  • Botryllidæ, or star-like Ascidians, ii. 224
  • Botrytis Bassiana, a fungus parasite of the silk-worm, i. 274
  • Botrytis curta, development of, i. 294
  • Botrytis, the cause of the murrain in potatoes, i. 284
    • structure of, i. 284
  • Brachionus pala, structure of, ii. 162-166
  • Brachyura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 189-197
  • Brackens, i. 358
  • Brain, structure and functions of the, ii. 8
  • Branchipes stagnalis, structure of, ii. 210
  • Bread, fungus which attacks, hot from the oven, i. 296
  • Bread-fruit tree, food obtained from the, i. 426
  • Bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
  • Bromine, i. 18
    • whence obtained, i. 18
    • properties of, i. 20, 22
    • Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
    • spectrum of, i. 21
    • amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42, 43
    • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • spectrum analysis of, i. 140
  • Bryei, characters and structure of the, i. 329
  • Bryopsis, structure and habitat of, i. 219, 224
  • Bryozoa, or Polyzoa, characters of, ii. 218
  • Buckthorn, green dye obtained from, i. 124
  • Buds of trees, structure and functions of, i. 411
  • Bugula avicularia, structure of, ii. 220
  • Bulbous plants, beauty of, i. 387
  • Bulbous plants, structure and reproduction of, i. 388
  • Bunt, germination of the spores of, i. 281
C
  • Cadmium, i. 4
    • spectrum of volatilized cadmium, i. 64
    • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
  • Cæomacei, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
  • Cæsium, i. 3, 4
    • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • one of an isomeric triad with rubidium and potassium, i. 105
    • M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
    • mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 136
    • its properties, i. 136
    • changes in its spectrum by high temperature, i. 144
  • Caffeine, the neutral crystallisable principle of coffee, i. 428
  • Caladium distillatorium, water secreted by at night, i. 429
  • Calanus, structure and social habits of the, ii. 206
    • bloody water formed by the, ii. 206
  • Calanus pontilla, structure of, ii. 206
  • Calanus sanguineus, structure of, ii. 206
  • Calcarina, intermediate skeleton of, ii. 42, 43
  • Calcium, i. 3, 4
    • one of an isomeric triad with strontium and barium, i. 105
    • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
      • effect of high temperature, i. 143
    • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
  • Caliciei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 309
  • Calicium inquinans, spores of, i. 309
  • Calicium tympanellum, organs of reproduction of, i. 301
  • Calico-printing, use of oxalic acid in, i. 116
  • Callithamnion, structure of the genus, i. 231
  • Callithamnion corymbosum, structure and reproductive organs of, i. 231, 232
  • Callithamnion sparsum, structure of, i. 231
  • Calorescence, property of, in some solids and liquids, i. 61
  • Calyx of flowering plants, i. 378
  • Cambium of plants, structure of, i. 407, 417
  • Camptosorus, or walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352
  • Campylopus lamellinervis, leaves of, i. 330
  • Canada, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
  • Caoutchouc, whence obtained, i. 426
  • Carbazotic acid, constituents of, i. 121
  • Carbohydrates, combinations forming the, i. 116
  • Carbolic acid, combination forming, i. 107, 120, 121, 128
    • its property of arresting putrefaction, i. 121
    • becomes solid when dried and purified, i. 121
  • Carbon, i. 13
    • allotropism of, i. 15
    • at variance with the geometrical system of crystallization, i. 15
    • analogy between carbon and silicon, i. 18
    • effect of the combination of the atoms of carbon and oxygen in combustion, i. 30
    • property of the bisulphide of, in the transmission of heat, i. 36
    • effect of a discharge of the nitric acid electric battery, with carbon balls on the terminals, i. 84
    • will not combine directly with hydrogen, i. 97
    • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • spectra of the compounds of carbon, i. 146
    • bisulphide of, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 40
      • opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
    • in coal gas, i. 118
    • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
  • Carbonic acid gas, i. 14
    • reduced to a solid, i. 15
    • weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99
    • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
    • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
    • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
  • Carbonic oxide, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
    • action of different thicknesses of, on radiant heat, i. 48
    • the poisonous quality of coal gas, i. 118
  • Carcinus mœnas, structure and reproduction of, ii. 192, 195
    • moulting and power of reproducing limbs, ii. 197
  • Cardium, or cockle, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 230, 231
  • Carpenteria, structure and habitat of the, ii. 57
    • a link between the Foraminifera and the sponges, ii. 57
  • Carrigeen, or Irish moss, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 235, 236
  • Caryophyllia Smithii, its formidable artillery, ii. 133, 134
    • structure and development of, ii. 134, 135
  • Caryophyllia Smithii, locomotion of, ii. 135
  • Caseine, or cheese, used as a mordant, i. 125
    • obtained also from pease and beans, i. 125
    • formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
  • Cassava, or Manihot, food obtained from the, i. 426
  • Cassis, or helmet shells, structure of, ii. 234
  • Catalysis, effect of, on molecular arrangement, i. 91
    • instances of, i. 91, 92
  • Catasetum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 601
  • Caterpillars, fungus destructive of, i. 282
  • Caulerpas, where found, i. 219
  • Celidium, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
  • Cellipora, structure of, ii. 218
  • Cells, vegetable. See Vegetation
  • Cellulose, produced by plants, i. 419
  • Cellularia ciliata, structure of, ii. 219, 220
  • Cephalopoda, naked, characters of, ii. 245
  • Ceramiaceæ, beauty and habitat of, i. 231
    • characters of the genus, i. 232
  • Ceramium ciliatum, structure and organs of reproduction of, i. 232
  • Ceratopteridineæ, or Parkeriaceæ, characters, structure, and habitat of the group, i. 345, 363
  • Cerealia, the grasses from whence they were derived unknown, i. 383
  • Cestum Veneris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 103
  • Ceterach, characters of the genus, i. 354
    • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 354
    • brought by ocean currents to Europe, i. 355
  • Ceterach officinarum, or scaly spleen-wort, structure, organs of fructification, and habitat of, i. 354, 355
  • Cetraria, or Iceland moss, characters of the genus, i. 304
  • Cetraria tristis, structure of, i. 304
  • Ceylon, the black mildew of, i. 297
  • Chamomile flowers, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
  • Chantarelle, veins of the, i. 264
  • Characeæ, structure and habitat of, i. 312
    • fluid currents of, i. 312, 313
    • reproductive organs of, i. 313
  • Chara fragilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 314, 315
  • Charcoal, i. 13
    • as a conductor of electricity, i. 32
  • Cheese, blue and brick-red moulds on, i. 285
  • Cheilanthes odora, scent of, i. 347
  • Chelidonine, whence obtained, i. 427
  • Chemistry, laws placing it on a strictly numerical basis, i. 93
  • Chimneys of bad construction, i. 14
  • Chiodecton monostichum, structure and habitat of, i. 309
  • Chiodecton myrticola, habitat of, i. 309
  • Chirodota, structure and habitat of, ii. 186
  • Chirodota lævis, wheels of the, ii. 186
  • Chirodota myriotrochus, wheels of the, ii. 186
  • Chloride of lime, i. 19
  • Chlorides, spectra of the, i. 146, 147
  • Chlorine, i. 18
    • whence obtained, i. 18, 19
    • properties of, i. 19, 22
    • affinity for hydrogen, i. 19, 20
    • substances produced by the combination of chlorine with oxygen, i. 20
      • and with nitrogen, and with sulphur, i. 20
    • Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
    • spectrum of, i. 21
    • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42
    • its affinity for iodine, i. 96
    • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • spectrum analysis of, i. 140
  • Chlorine gas, substances which take fire spontaneously in, i. 19
    • combustion of, i. 19
  • Chlorospermeæ, characters of, i. 180
    • structure and development of, i. 181
  • Chondrus crispus, or Carrigeen, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235, 236
    • effect of fresh water on the form of, i. 243
  • Chorda filum, structure and habitat of, i. 245
  • Chordaria divaricata, spore cysts of, i. 246
  • Chordariæ, structure of, i. 245
  • Chrysophonic acid, whence obtained, i. 303
  • Chylocladia kaliformis, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235
  • Cibotium Barometz, caudex of, i. 350
  • Cidaris, spines of the, ii. 180
  • Cinchoneæ, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
  • Cinchonine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
  • Cirripedia, characters of the, ii. 213
  • Cladocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
  • Cladocera, characters of the order, ii. 208
  • Cladonia, structure of, i. 306
  • Cladophora, structure of the genus, i. 222
  • Cladophora pellucida, structure of, i. 222
  • Claudea, structure of, i. 242
  • Clavariei, structure and habitat of, i. 266
  • Clio pyramidata, structure of, ii. 242, 243
  • Cliona, structure and burrowing apparatus of, ii. 60
  • Clione borealis, structure and habitat of, ii. 243
    • fossil remains of, ii. 244
  • Closterium, double circulation of the internal fluid in, i. 193
  • Closterium lunula, structure and development of, i. 193
  • Cloud, force of the chemical combination requisite to form a, i. 98
  • Cloves, oil of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
  • Club mosses. See Lycopodiaceæ
  • Coal, i. 13
    • effect of the consumption of a pound of, in a steam-engine, i. 29, 30
    • energy in abeyance in the coal existing in the whole globe, i. 30
  • Coal gas, i. 117, 118
    • poisonous quality of, i. 118
    • explosive quality of, i. 118
    • impurities from which it is freed, i. 118
    • uses of the black fœtid gas water resulting from the distillation of coals, i. 119
  • Coal tar, i. 120
    • substances produced from, by distillation, i. 120
    • colours, i. 121, 122
  • Cobalt, i. 4, 5
    • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
    • effect of heat in the magnetism of, i. 77
  • Coccocarpei, characters of, i. 307
  • Coccocarpia smaragdina, section of, i. 300
  • Coccospheres, found at a vast depth in the ocean, ii. 51
  • Cockle, structure and mode of life of the, ii. 230, 231
  • Codium, structure and habitat of, i. 219-224
  • Codium Bursa, structure of, i. 224
  • Codium tomentosum, structure of, i. 214
  • Coffee, active principle of, i. 428
  • Cohesion, properties of, i. 25
    • in solids, i. 25
    • in liquids, i. 25
  • Cohesion: reciprocal attractions between solids and liquids, i. 25
    • instance of the power of the cohesive force, i. 91
  • Colchicum, or meadow saffron, mode of reproduction of, i. 388
    • poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427
  • Collemacei, structure and habitat of, i. 307
  • Colloid bodies, i. 109, 110
    • less diffusible than crystalloids, i. 109
    • permeable to solutions of crystalloids, but impermeable to solutions of colloids, i. 110
    • characteristics of colloids, i. 111
  • Collomia grandiflora, fructification of, i. 380
  • Colocasia, water secreted by, i. 430
  • Colour, causes of, in flowers, green leaves, dyed cloth, gold, and copper, i. 35, 36
  • Colouring matter of flowers and plants, i. 428, 429
  • Comatula, structure of, ii. 175, 176
  • Combination, chemical, i. 94
    • the law of definite proportions, i. 94, 95
    • force of, i. 97, 98
  • Combustion, effect of, in the consumption of coal in the steam-engine, i. 29, 30
    • combustion a case of impetus, i. 30
  • Comets, spectra of, i. 159
    • note, 163
  • Conferva glomerata, development of, i. 207
  • Confervaceæ, habitat of, i. 206, 207
    • structure and development of, i. 207
    • reproduction of, i. 208
    • modes of action of the vital forces of, i. 210
  • Confervæ, cells and development of, i. 171
  • Confervæ, marine, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 221, 222.
  • Conidium, or spore-dust cell, of fungi, i. 279
  • Coniomycetes, characters of the family of, i. 275
  • Conjugatæ, structure of the genus, i. 216
  • Conjugation, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
  • Constantinea rosa marina, i. 235
  • Constantinea sitchensis, i. 235
  • Copepoda, characters of the, ii. 204
  • Copper, properties of, i. 4
    • colour of, in reflected and absorbed light, i. 35, 36
    • its power of transmitting electricity, i. 90
    • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • spectra of copper and its compounds, i. 145, 146
  • Copper, peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
  • Coral, structure of the coral polypes, ii. 133, 134
    • composition of the stony substance of, ii. 137
    • reef-building corals, ii. 138
    • red, ii. 125
    • white, ii. 127
  • Corallina officinalis, mode of reproduction of, i. 230
    • structure and development of, i. 240
  • Corallines, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 240
  • Corallium Johnstoni, structure and habitat of, ii. 127
  • Corallium rubrum, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 125, 126, 127
    • coral fishing in the Mediterranean, ii. 126
  • Corallium secundum, structure of, ii. 127
  • Cordyceps miliaris, characters of, i. 283, 293
  • Cordyceps purpurea, the second form of ergot, i. 293
    • structure of, i. 293
  • Cordyceps Robertsii, form of, i. 293
  • Coremium glaucum, production of, i. 287
  • Corolla of flowering plants, i. 378
  • Corundum, i. 4
  • Corynidæ, characters of the family, ii. 90
  • Cosmarium, structure and development of, i. 194
  • Cotton, dyes for, i. 125
    • necessity for mordants for fixing cotton dyes, i. 125
    • enormous manufacture of cotton in Britain, i. 125
  • Cowries, shells of, ii. 234, 235
  • Cow-tree, beverage obtained from the, i. 426
  • Crabs, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 189-197
    • hermit, structure of, ii. 197
    • king, fossil, ii. 211
    • spider, structure of, ii. 211
  • Creosote, i. 121
    • its property of preventing the decay of organic matter, i. 121
  • Cressylic acid, how produced, i. 120, 121
    • chemical composition of, i. 128
  • Cristallaria compressa, form of, ii. 28
    • structure of, ii. 39
  • Cristata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. 60
  • Crocus, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 387, 388
  • Cruoria pellita, tetraspores of, i. 237
  • Crustacea, characters of the, ii. 188
    • fossil crustacea, ii. 211
  • Crustacea, Decapod. See Decapods
  • Cryptogamia, spores of, i. 177, 178
  • Cryptonemiaceæ, multitude of forms of, i. 234
    • structure of, i. 234
  • Crystal, rock, its transmission of chemical solar rays, i. 65
    • absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
    • change of position of the optical axes of the crystals of, by heat, i. 73
  • Crystallization, relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70, 71
    • axes of symmetry of crystals, i. 71, 72
    • change of position of the optical axes of crystals by heat, i. 72
    • effect of pressure on the optical axes of crystals, i. 73
    • influence on the aggregation of, i. 73, 74
    • probable origin of the crystalline form, i. 74
    • causes of the variety of forms assumed by matter, i. 74
    • deviation of dimorphous crystals from the general law of crystallization, i. 75
    • proof of the connection between the magnetic forces and crystalline structure, i. 76
    • conditions of the position which crystals take with regard to the magnetic force, i. 76
  • Crystalloids, or crystalline substances, diffusibility of, i. 109
  • Crystals, water an essential element in, i. 107
    • alterations in crystals by heat, i. 108
  • Cunina octonaria, larvæ of, parasites of the Turritopsis nutricula, ii. 100
  • Cusconine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
  • Cuthbert’s, St., beads, ii. 175
  • Cutaneous diseases caused by fungi, i. 274
  • Cutleria multifida, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 248
  • Cuttle fish, structure of the, ii. 245-247
  • Cyanogen, combines with other substances and simple atoms, as if it were a simple element, i. 106
    • combination forming it, i. 106
  • Cyathea medullaris, used as food in New Zealand, i. 360
  • Cyatheæ, structure of, i. 360
  • Cyatheineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
    • sporangia of, i. 343
    • structure and fructification of, i. 360
  • Cycloclypeus, structure and habitat of, ii. 48
  • Cyclops quadricornis, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 205, 206
  • Cydippe pileus, structure of, ii. 101, 102
  • Cymothea, their food and mode of taking it, ii. 203
  • Cyprææ, or cowries, shells of, ii. 234, 235
  • Cypris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 207, 208
  • Cystopteris, characters and habitat of the genus, i. 348, 349
  • Cystopus candidus, or Uredo candida, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
  • Cystopteris fragilis, or brittle bladder fern, structure and habitat of, i. 349
  • Cystoseira, structure and habitat of, i. 255
  • Cystoseireæ, habitat of, i. 255
  • Cyttaria, the food of the Fuegians, i. 292
    • habitat of the, i. 292