INDEX.
- Abrothallus, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
- Absorption of light and heat, i. 34
- effects of, i. 35, 36
- generally independent of colour, i. 36
- Melloni’s investigations into the laws of, i. 38
- Prof. Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
- amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfumes of flowers and plants, i. 43-45
- experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
- great absorption of olefiant gas, i. 47
- absorptive power of aqueous vapour, i. 53
- dynamic absorption, i. 49
- absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53
- absorption of invisible rays by solids, liquids, and gases, i. 65
- Absorption bands in the red and green parts of the solar spectrum, i. 131
- Acalepha, the simple hydra a phase in the life of the, ii. 91
- Acalephæ, Campanograde, characters of, ii. 103
- Acalephæ, Ciliograde, characters of the, ii. 101
- mode of reproduction of, ii. 103
- Acalephæ, Physograde, characters of, ii. 107
- Acanthometræ, structure and habitat of, ii. 19
- Acetic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
- Acetic fermentation, fungus producing, i. 288
- Acetylene, formation of, i. 97
- Acetylene, chemical composition of, i. 128
- Achlya prolifera, structure and reproduction of, i. 220
- Acids, their affinity for alkalies, i. 96
- Acineta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 77, 78
- food of, and mode of seizing it, ii. 78
- Acorn-shell, structure of the, ii. 213
- Acrocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
- Acrocladia mamillata, spines of the, ii. 180, 181
- Acrosticheæ, characters of the, i. 359, 360
- Actinia sulcata, structure of, ii. 132
- Actinian polype, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 130, 131
- Actinian zoophytes, characters of, ii. 130, 131
- Actinism of star-light, i. 55
- of moon-light, i. 55
- of sun-light, i. 56
- Actinocyclus undulatus, structure of, i. 199, 200
- Actinomma drymodes, structure of, ii. 21
- Actinophrys sol, structure and reproduction of, ii. 16-18
- certain degree of instinct exhibited by, ii. 18
- its enemy, the Amœba, ii. 18
- Adder’s tongue fern, i. 365
- Adiantieæ, characters of the groups, i. 358
- Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, or maiden’s-hair fern, structure and habitat of, i. 359
- Adriatic sea, Foraminifera in the ooze of the bed of the, ii. 51
- Adularia, or moonstone, fluorescent property of, i. 66
- Æcidium, characters of, i. 280
- Ægean sea, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
- Æthalium septicum, structure and habitat of, i. 270-272
- Amœba-like motions of, i. 270
- mode of reproduction of, i. 271
- Affinity, chemical, of kind and of degree, i. 95
- relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
- Agaricini, the order, i. 261
- Agaricus, the genus, i. 261, 263
- Agaricus arvensis, spawn of, i. 262
- Agaricus campestris, or common mushroom, i. 261
- structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 261
- Agaricus gardneri, luminosity of, i. 264
- Agaricus olearius, luminosity of, i. 264
- Air, a non-conductor of electricity, i. 32
- amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
- absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
- effect of the rays of the sun falling on the earth through pure dry air, i. 53
- spectrum analysis of the component parts of the atmosphere, i. 139
- Air-vessel of Nereocystis Lutkeana, i. 249, 250
- Alaria esculenta, fruit of, i. 249
- Alaria Pylaii, fruit of, i. 249
- Albumen, formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
- Alcohol, chemical combination forming, i. 97
- Alcyon zoophytes, characters of, ii. 119, 120
- structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 120-123
- Alcyonidium elegans, structure of, ii. 120
- Alcyonium digitatum, or dead man’s fingers, structure of, ii. 121, 122
- Aldebaran, spectrum of, i. 155
- Algæ, i. 179
- classification of the group, i. 179-181
- green Algæ, i. 181-220
- zones or degrees of depth at which different Algæ exist, ii. 221, 258, 259
- brackish water often a cause of change in the form of Algæ, i. 245
- colossal Algæ of the North Pacific, i. 245
- rings of growth of some of the larger sea-weeds, i. 252
- Alizarine blue, from what obtained, i. 124, 125
- Alkalies, their affinity for acids, i. 96
- Alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427
- Allosorus crispus, or parsley fern, structure and habitat of, i. 358
- Allotropism, i. 8
- Alsophileæ, structure of, i. 360
- Alum, a free radiator but a bad conductor of radiant heat, i. 37
- partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 109
- manufacture of, i. 120
- Alumina, effect of electricity on, i. 32
- Aluminum, i. 4
- Amalgams of metals, illustrating the relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
- Amansia, structure of, i. 242
- Amaryllidaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
- America, North, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
- Amidogen combines with other substances and simple atoms as if it were a simple element, i. 106
- Ammonia, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
- characteristics and constituents of, i. 119
- chemical composition of, i. 128
- combination forming, i. 107
- carbonate of, i. 119
- extent of the manufacture of, i. 120
- muriate of, i. 120
- manufacture of, i. 120
- sulphate of, i. 120
- how manufactured, i. 120
- Ammonium, sulphide of, i. 119
- Amœba princeps, structure, motions, food, and reproduction of, ii. 13-16
- its capture of the Actinophrys, ii. 18
- a new species found in dust from Egypt, ii. 65
- Amorphous substances, conduct of, under magnetic influence, i. 76
- Amphicora, two eye-specks in the tail of, ii. 158
- Amphidetus, spines of the, ii. 180
- Amphipoda, characters of the, ii. 201
- Amphithoæ, structure of, ii. 203
- Analysis, chemical, electricity and light instruments of, i. 95
- the most powerful means of, i. 96
- Andræa subulata, leaves of, i. 330
- Andræaceæ, characters of the tribe, i. 328
- Angiocarpei, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 309, 310
- Angiopteris evecta, perfume from, i. 364, 365
- Angræcum sesquipedale, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 402
- Anguillulæ, eel-like entozoa, structure and habitat of, ii. 147, 148
- Anemone, sea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 130, 131
- Aniline, formation of the fulminate of, i. 92
- combination forming, i. 107
- how produced, i. 121, 122
- constituents and characteristics of, i. 122
- formation of the aniline colours, i. 122, 123
- mauve, i. 122
- magenta, i. 122
- purple, i. 123
- yellow, i. 124
- chemical composition of, i. 128
- Aniline, acetate of, i. 123
- Animals, functions of the frame of, ii. 1
- sarcode and muscle, ii. 2
- blood, ii. 2
- waste and repair, ii. 3
- animal heat, ii. 3
- the heart, digestion, heat, and respiration, ii. 4
- nerve-force of animals, ii. 4
- nervous system, ii. 5
- structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord, ii. 8
- intelligence, or the mental principle, in animals, ii. 11, 12
- Anise seed, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Annelida, characters of the, ii. 149
- mode of reproduction of, ii. 160
- luminosity of, ii. 160
- fossil remains of, ii. 161
- Annulosa, or worms, characters of, ii. 144
- Anomura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 197
- Antennaria Robinsonii, mode of reproduction of, i. 296
- Antennariei, structure of, i. 296
- Anthoxanthum odoratum, or sweet-scented vernal grass, mode of reproduction of, i. 386
- Anthozoa zoophytes, or living flowers, characters of, ii. 119
- Antiaris toxicaria, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
- fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
- Antozone, i. 8
- Aphrodita hystrix, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 159
- Apolemia contorta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 108, 109
- Apple, fructification of the, i. 381
- Apus cancriformis, structure of the, ii. 210
- Aqueous vapour, i. 53
- absorptive power of, i. 53-55
- Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii, structure of, i. 199
- Arcella, structure and mode of formation of the shell of, ii. 21, 22, 23
- Aregma speciosum, spores of, i. 276
- Arenicola, structure of, ii. 157
- Arragonite, i. 108
- external and internal alteration of, by heat, i. 108
- Artemia salina, structure of, ii. 210
- Artocarpus, or bread-fruit tree, i. 426
- Arum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
- water secreted by the, at night, i. 429
- Arundo Donax, size of the, i. 386
- Ascaris lumbricoïdes, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 147
- Asci, or sporidia sacs, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
- Ascidia virginea, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. 224, 225
- Ascidians, or Tunicata, character of, ii. 222
- compound or social gelatinous, ii. 222
- star-like, ii. 224
- Ascomycetes, structure of, i. 290
- Ascophora elegans, fructification of, i. 226
- Ashes, i. 14
- Aspergillus dubius, spores of, i. 286
- Aspergillus glaucus, spores of, i. 286
- Asphalt, sources of, in various parts of the world, i. 126
- Aspidieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 346, 348
- Asplenieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 351, 352, 353
- Asplenium lanceolatum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 354
- Asplenium marinum, structure and habitat, i. 355, 356
- Asplenium Ruta-muraria, or wall rue, structure, habitat, and reproductive organs of, i. 353, 354
- Asteroïdea, or star-fishes, characters of the, ii. 169
- fossil star-fishes, ii. 174
- Athyrium Filix-fœmina, or lady fern, herbaceous caudex of, i. 340
- structure and fructification of, i. 352, 353
- Atlantic Ocean, profound depths of, north and south, ii. 49
- foraminifera at great depths in the, ii. 49, 50
- Atmolysis, or method of analysing gases, i. 111
- Atmosphere, effect of the heat radiated by the moon on the higher regions of the, i. 55
- opalescence of the, and its effect on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 55
- causes of this opalescence, i. 55
- its permeability to every kind of chemical rays, i. 58
- Atmosphere of the sun, thirteen terrestrial substances in the, i. 59
- Atolls, or coral lagoons, ii. 140
- Atoms or molecules of matter, power of atoms of matter on the rays of the solar beam, i. 58
- aggregation of matter by electricity, i. 74
- effect of the physical forces on molecular arrangement, i. 90, 91
- proof of the individuality and polarity of the atoms of matter, i. 91
- effect of motion, i. 91
- Atoms: effect of catalysis, i. 91
- of matter, i. 2
- cohesion of, i. 25
- unit of mechanical force, i. 26
- the atomic theory, i. 93
- the law of definite proportions, in combination and resolution of the component parts of substances, i. 94
- affinity of kind and of degree, i. 95
- force of chemical combination, i. 97, 98
- relative atomic weights, i. 99
- table of atomic weights compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- relation between the atomic weights and the specific gravities of substances, i. 100
- capacities of atoms for heat and electricity, i. 100, 101
- law of equivalency in weight and volume, i. 102, 103
- substitution the basis of this law, i. 104
- sequence of atomic numbers, i. 105
- groups of substances whose atomic weights are in regular arithmetical series, i. 106
- groups of combined atoms called compound radicles, i. 106
- the polyatomic theory, i. 107
- the force of molecular attraction more powerful than gravitation, i. 109
- internal movement of molecules of matter in a gaseous state, i. 113
- Aulocantha scolymantha, structure of, ii. 21
- Avicula margaritacea, or pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. 234
- Azores, the black mildew of the, i. 297
- Azote in vegetable organisms, i. 423
- Azuline dye, production of, i. 123
- Babylon, the asphaltic mortar used in building, i. 126
- Bacillaria cursoria, motion of, i. 203
- Bacillaria paradoxa, motion of, i. 203
- Back, Sir George, his arctic journey, i. 308
- Bacteria, their structure, size and habitat, ii. 64
- Bæomyces, structure of, i. 306
- Balanidæ, structure of, ii. 213
- Balanus balanoïdes, development of, ii. 216
- Balanus culcatus, structure of, ii. 213-215
- Baldness caused by fungi, i. 275
- Balms, chemical combination forming the principle of the, i. 97
- Bamboo, size and structure of, i. 386
- Bangia, characters of the genus, i. 222
- Bangia ceramicola, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 223
- Bangia ciliaris, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
- Bangia fuscopurpurea, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
- Barium, i. 3
- one of an isomeric triad with calcium and strontium, i. 105
- spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
- effect of high temperature, i. 143
- chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
- Bark of trees, structure of, i. 406, 407
- Baryta, green coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
- Batarrea, structure of, i. 267
- Batrachospermeæ, habitat and structure of, i. 210
- Bean, common, fungus of the, i. 280
- Beans, caseine obtained from, i. 125
- Beer, yeast of, i. 287
- Beetles, fungi in the stomachs of, i. 274
- Begonia, structure and mode of reproduction, of, i. 376
- Bengal, Bay of, causes of the scarlet colour of the, ii. 72
- Benzol, combination forming, i. 118, 127
- constituents and characteristics of, i. 121
- chemical composition of, i. 128
- Bergamot, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Beroë Forskalia, structure of the, ii. 102, 103
- Bhang, whence obtained, i. 427
- intoxicating effect of, i. 427
- Biddulphia pulchella, structure of, i. 198
- Bignonia, fructification of, i. 381, 382
- Bilin, polishing slate of, of what it consists, i. 206
- Biscay, Bay of, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
- Bisection, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
- Bismuth, diamagnetism of, i. 75, 76
- chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
- Bittern, i. 18
- Bleaching properties of:—
- chlorine, i. 19
- bromine, i. 20
- iodine, i. 21
- Blechnum Spicant, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 356, 357
- Blood, formation and functions of, ii. 2, 3
- Blue dyes, i. 123, 124
- Bog moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332
- Boleti, habitat and structure of the, i. 265
- Boletus æneus, large amount of heat evolved by, i. 265
- Bombyx rubi, fungi destructive of, i. 282
- Boron, i. 18
- whence obtained, i. 18
- insolubility of, i. 18
- heat at which it burns, i. 18
- Botrychium, habitat of the genus, i. 366
- Botrychium Lunaria, or moonwort, structure and habitat of, i. 366
- Botryllidæ, or star-like Ascidians, ii. 224
- Botrytis Bassiana, a fungus parasite of the silk-worm, i. 274
- Botrytis curta, development of, i. 294
- Botrytis, the cause of the murrain in potatoes, i. 284
- Brachionus pala, structure of, ii. 162-166
- Brachyura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 189-197
- Brackens, i. 358
- Brain, structure and functions of the, ii. 8
- Branchipes stagnalis, structure of, ii. 210
- Bread, fungus which attacks, hot from the oven, i. 296
- Bread-fruit tree, food obtained from the, i. 426
- Bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
- Bromine, i. 18
- whence obtained, i. 18
- properties of, i. 20, 22
- Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
- spectrum of, i. 21
- amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42, 43
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- spectrum analysis of, i. 140
- Bryei, characters and structure of the, i. 329
- Bryopsis, structure and habitat of, i. 219, 224
- Bryozoa, or Polyzoa, characters of, ii. 218
- Buckthorn, green dye obtained from, i. 124
- Buds of trees, structure and functions of, i. 411
- Bugula avicularia, structure of, ii. 220
- Bulbous plants, beauty of, i. 387
- Bulbous plants, structure and reproduction of, i. 388
- Bunt, germination of the spores of, i. 281
- Cadmium, i. 4
- spectrum of volatilized cadmium, i. 64
- chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
- Cæomacei, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
- Cæsium, i. 3, 4
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- one of an isomeric triad with rubidium and potassium, i. 105
- M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
- mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 136
- its properties, i. 136
- changes in its spectrum by high temperature, i. 144
- Caffeine, the neutral crystallisable principle of coffee, i. 428
- Caladium distillatorium, water secreted by at night, i. 429
- Calanus, structure and social habits of the, ii. 206
- bloody water formed by the, ii. 206
- Calanus pontilla, structure of, ii. 206
- Calanus sanguineus, structure of, ii. 206
- Calcarina, intermediate skeleton of, ii. 42, 43
- Calcium, i. 3, 4
- one of an isomeric triad with strontium and barium, i. 105
- spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
- effect of high temperature, i. 143
- chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
- Caliciei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 309
- Calicium inquinans, spores of, i. 309
- Calicium tympanellum, organs of reproduction of, i. 301
- Calico-printing, use of oxalic acid in, i. 116
- Callithamnion, structure of the genus, i. 231
- Callithamnion corymbosum, structure and reproductive organs of, i. 231, 232
- Callithamnion sparsum, structure of, i. 231
- Calorescence, property of, in some solids and liquids, i. 61
- Calyx of flowering plants, i. 378
- Cambium of plants, structure of, i. 407, 417
- Camptosorus, or walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352
- Campylopus lamellinervis, leaves of, i. 330
- Canada, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
- Caoutchouc, whence obtained, i. 426
- Carbazotic acid, constituents of, i. 121
- Carbohydrates, combinations forming the, i. 116
- Carbolic acid, combination forming, i. 107, 120, 121, 128
- its property of arresting putrefaction, i. 121
- becomes solid when dried and purified, i. 121
- Carbon, i. 13
- allotropism of, i. 15
- at variance with the geometrical system of crystallization, i. 15
- analogy between carbon and silicon, i. 18
- effect of the combination of the atoms of carbon and oxygen in combustion, i. 30
- property of the bisulphide of, in the transmission of heat, i. 36
- effect of a discharge of the nitric acid electric battery, with carbon balls on the terminals, i. 84
- will not combine directly with hydrogen, i. 97
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- spectra of the compounds of carbon, i. 146
- bisulphide of, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 40
- opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
- in coal gas, i. 118
- how freed from coal gas, i. 118
- Carbonic acid gas, i. 14
- reduced to a solid, i. 15
- weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99
- absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
- how freed from coal gas, i. 118
- one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
- Carbonic oxide, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
- action of different thicknesses of, on radiant heat, i. 48
- the poisonous quality of coal gas, i. 118
- Carcinus mœnas, structure and reproduction of, ii. 192, 195
- moulting and power of reproducing limbs, ii. 197
- Cardium, or cockle, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 230, 231
- Carpenteria, structure and habitat of the, ii. 57
- a link between the Foraminifera and the sponges, ii. 57
- Carrigeen, or Irish moss, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 235, 236
- Caryophyllia Smithii, its formidable artillery, ii. 133, 134
- structure and development of, ii. 134, 135
- Caryophyllia Smithii, locomotion of, ii. 135
- Caseine, or cheese, used as a mordant, i. 125
- obtained also from pease and beans, i. 125
- formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
- Cassava, or Manihot, food obtained from the, i. 426
- Cassis, or helmet shells, structure of, ii. 234
- Catalysis, effect of, on molecular arrangement, i. 91
- Catasetum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 601
- Caterpillars, fungus destructive of, i. 282
- Caulerpas, where found, i. 219
- Celidium, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
- Cellipora, structure of, ii. 218
- Cells, vegetable. See Vegetation
- Cellulose, produced by plants, i. 419
- Cellularia ciliata, structure of, ii. 219, 220
- Cephalopoda, naked, characters of, ii. 245
- Ceramiaceæ, beauty and habitat of, i. 231
- characters of the genus, i. 232
- Ceramium ciliatum, structure and organs of reproduction of, i. 232
- Ceratopteridineæ, or Parkeriaceæ, characters, structure, and habitat of the group, i. 345, 363
- Cerealia, the grasses from whence they were derived unknown, i. 383
- Cestum Veneris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 103
- Ceterach, characters of the genus, i. 354
- structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 354
- brought by ocean currents to Europe, i. 355
- Ceterach officinarum, or scaly spleen-wort, structure, organs of fructification, and habitat of, i. 354, 355
- Cetraria, or Iceland moss, characters of the genus, i. 304
- Cetraria tristis, structure of, i. 304
- Ceylon, the black mildew of, i. 297
- Chamomile flowers, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Chantarelle, veins of the, i. 264
- Characeæ, structure and habitat of, i. 312
- fluid currents of, i. 312, 313
- reproductive organs of, i. 313
- Chara fragilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 314, 315
- Charcoal, i. 13
- as a conductor of electricity, i. 32
- Cheese, blue and brick-red moulds on, i. 285
- Cheilanthes odora, scent of, i. 347
- Chelidonine, whence obtained, i. 427
- Chemistry, laws placing it on a strictly numerical basis, i. 93
- Chimneys of bad construction, i. 14
- Chiodecton monostichum, structure and habitat of, i. 309
- Chiodecton myrticola, habitat of, i. 309
- Chirodota, structure and habitat of, ii. 186
- Chirodota lævis, wheels of the, ii. 186
- Chirodota myriotrochus, wheels of the, ii. 186
- Chloride of lime, i. 19
- Chlorides, spectra of the, i. 146, 147
- Chlorine, i. 18
- whence obtained, i. 18, 19
- properties of, i. 19, 22
- affinity for hydrogen, i. 19, 20
- substances produced by the combination of chlorine with oxygen, i. 20
- and with nitrogen, and with sulphur, i. 20
- Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
- spectrum of, i. 21
- absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42
- its affinity for iodine, i. 96
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- spectrum analysis of, i. 140
- Chlorine gas, substances which take fire spontaneously in, i. 19
- Chlorospermeæ, characters of, i. 180
- structure and development of, i. 181
- Chondrus crispus, or Carrigeen, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235, 236
- effect of fresh water on the form of, i. 243
- Chorda filum, structure and habitat of, i. 245
- Chordaria divaricata, spore cysts of, i. 246
- Chordariæ, structure of, i. 245
- Chrysophonic acid, whence obtained, i. 303
- Chylocladia kaliformis, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235
- Cibotium Barometz, caudex of, i. 350
- Cidaris, spines of the, ii. 180
- Cinchoneæ, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
- Cinchonine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
- Cirripedia, characters of the, ii. 213
- Cladocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
- Cladocera, characters of the order, ii. 208
- Cladonia, structure of, i. 306
- Cladophora, structure of the genus, i. 222
- Cladophora pellucida, structure of, i. 222
- Claudea, structure of, i. 242
- Clavariei, structure and habitat of, i. 266
- Clio pyramidata, structure of, ii. 242, 243
- Cliona, structure and burrowing apparatus of, ii. 60
- Clione borealis, structure and habitat of, ii. 243
- fossil remains of, ii. 244
- Closterium, double circulation of the internal fluid in, i. 193
- Closterium lunula, structure and development of, i. 193
- Cloud, force of the chemical combination requisite to form a, i. 98
- Cloves, oil of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Club mosses. See Lycopodiaceæ
- Coal, i. 13
- effect of the consumption of a pound of, in a steam-engine, i. 29, 30
- energy in abeyance in the coal existing in the whole globe, i. 30
- Coal gas, i. 117, 118
- poisonous quality of, i. 118
- explosive quality of, i. 118
- impurities from which it is freed, i. 118
- uses of the black fœtid gas water resulting from the distillation of coals, i. 119
- Coal tar, i. 120
- substances produced from, by distillation, i. 120
- colours, i. 121, 122
- Cobalt, i. 4, 5
- crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
- effect of heat in the magnetism of, i. 77
- Coccocarpei, characters of, i. 307
- Coccocarpia smaragdina, section of, i. 300
- Coccospheres, found at a vast depth in the ocean, ii. 51
- Cockle, structure and mode of life of the, ii. 230, 231
- Codium, structure and habitat of, i. 219-224
- Codium Bursa, structure of, i. 224
- Codium tomentosum, structure of, i. 214
- Coffee, active principle of, i. 428
- Cohesion, properties of, i. 25
- in solids, i. 25
- in liquids, i. 25
- Cohesion: reciprocal attractions between solids and liquids, i. 25
- instance of the power of the cohesive force, i. 91
- Colchicum, or meadow saffron, mode of reproduction of, i. 388
- poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427
- Collemacei, structure and habitat of, i. 307
- Colloid bodies, i. 109, 110
- less diffusible than crystalloids, i. 109
- permeable to solutions of crystalloids, but impermeable to solutions of colloids, i. 110
- characteristics of colloids, i. 111
- Collomia grandiflora, fructification of, i. 380
- Colocasia, water secreted by, i. 430
- Colour, causes of, in flowers, green leaves, dyed cloth, gold, and copper, i. 35, 36
- Colouring matter of flowers and plants, i. 428, 429
- Comatula, structure of, ii. 175, 176
- Combination, chemical, i. 94
- the law of definite proportions, i. 94, 95
- force of, i. 97, 98
- Combustion, effect of, in the consumption of coal in the steam-engine, i. 29, 30
- combustion a case of impetus, i. 30
- Comets, spectra of, i. 159
- Conferva glomerata, development of, i. 207
- Confervaceæ, habitat of, i. 206, 207
- structure and development of, i. 207
- reproduction of, i. 208
- modes of action of the vital forces of, i. 210
- Confervæ, cells and development of, i. 171
- Confervæ, marine, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 221, 222.
- Conidium, or spore-dust cell, of fungi, i. 279
- Coniomycetes, characters of the family of, i. 275
- Conjugatæ, structure of the genus, i. 216
- Conjugation, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
- Constantinea rosa marina, i. 235
- Constantinea sitchensis, i. 235
- Copepoda, characters of the, ii. 204
- Copper, properties of, i. 4
- colour of, in reflected and absorbed light, i. 35, 36
- its power of transmitting electricity, i. 90
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- spectra of copper and its compounds, i. 145, 146
- Copper, peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
- Coral, structure of the coral polypes, ii. 133, 134
- composition of the stony substance of, ii. 137
- reef-building corals, ii. 138
- red, ii. 125
- white, ii. 127
- Corallina officinalis, mode of reproduction of, i. 230
- structure and development of, i. 240
- Corallines, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 240
- Corallium Johnstoni, structure and habitat of, ii. 127
- Corallium rubrum, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 125, 126, 127
- coral fishing in the Mediterranean, ii. 126
- Corallium secundum, structure of, ii. 127
- Cordyceps miliaris, characters of, i. 283, 293
- Cordyceps purpurea, the second form of ergot, i. 293
- Cordyceps Robertsii, form of, i. 293
- Coremium glaucum, production of, i. 287
- Corolla of flowering plants, i. 378
- Corundum, i. 4
- Corynidæ, characters of the family, ii. 90
- Cosmarium, structure and development of, i. 194
- Cotton, dyes for, i. 125
- necessity for mordants for fixing cotton dyes, i. 125
- enormous manufacture of cotton in Britain, i. 125
- Cowries, shells of, ii. 234, 235
- Cow-tree, beverage obtained from the, i. 426
- Crabs, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 189-197
- hermit, structure of, ii. 197
- king, fossil, ii. 211
- spider, structure of, ii. 211
- Creosote, i. 121
- its property of preventing the decay of organic matter, i. 121
- Cressylic acid, how produced, i. 120, 121
- chemical composition of, i. 128
- Cristallaria compressa, form of, ii. 28
- Cristata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. 60
- Crocus, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 387, 388
- Cruoria pellita, tetraspores of, i. 237
- Crustacea, characters of the, ii. 188
- fossil crustacea, ii. 211
- Crustacea, Decapod. See Decapods
- Cryptogamia, spores of, i. 177, 178
- Cryptonemiaceæ, multitude of forms of, i. 234
- Crystal, rock, its transmission of chemical solar rays, i. 65
- absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
- change of position of the optical axes of the crystals of, by heat, i. 73
- Crystallization, relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70, 71
- axes of symmetry of crystals, i. 71, 72
- change of position of the optical axes of crystals by heat, i. 72
- effect of pressure on the optical axes of crystals, i. 73
- influence on the aggregation of, i. 73, 74
- probable origin of the crystalline form, i. 74
- causes of the variety of forms assumed by matter, i. 74
- deviation of dimorphous crystals from the general law of crystallization, i. 75
- proof of the connection between the magnetic forces and crystalline structure, i. 76
- conditions of the position which crystals take with regard to the magnetic force, i. 76
- Crystalloids, or crystalline substances, diffusibility of, i. 109
- Crystals, water an essential element in, i. 107
- alterations in crystals by heat, i. 108
- Cunina octonaria, larvæ of, parasites of the Turritopsis nutricula, ii. 100
- Cusconine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
- Cuthbert’s, St., beads, ii. 175
- Cutaneous diseases caused by fungi, i. 274
- Cutleria multifida, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 248
- Cuttle fish, structure of the, ii. 245-247
- Cyanogen, combines with other substances and simple atoms, as if it were a simple element, i. 106
- combination forming it, i. 106
- Cyathea medullaris, used as food in New Zealand, i. 360
- Cyatheæ, structure of, i. 360
- Cyatheineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
- sporangia of, i. 343
- structure and fructification of, i. 360
- Cycloclypeus, structure and habitat of, ii. 48
- Cyclops quadricornis, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 205, 206
- Cydippe pileus, structure of, ii. 101, 102
- Cymothea, their food and mode of taking it, ii. 203
- Cyprææ, or cowries, shells of, ii. 234, 235
- Cypris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 207, 208
- Cystopteris, characters and habitat of the genus, i. 348, 349
- Cystopus candidus, or Uredo candida, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
- Cystopteris fragilis, or brittle bladder fern, structure and habitat of, i. 349
- Cystoseira, structure and habitat of, i. 255
- Cystoseireæ, habitat of, i. 255
- Cyttaria, the food of the Fuegians, i. 292