Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on the board):
“The y in supply is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the suffix ed is added the y is changed to i and the word is spelled, supplied.” Or,
“The y in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix ed is added the y is not changed, and the word is spelled, displayed.”
| carry + ed | study + es | espy + ed | juicy + est |
| hurry + es | destroy + ed | deny + ing | homely + est |
| marry + ing | pity + ing | survey + ed | pity + ful |
| decay + ed | pity + less | employ + ing | rally + es |
| annoy + s | joy + less | noisy + est | pretty + est |
| copy + ed | city + es | mighty + er | pity + able |
EXCEPTIONS.
y does not change before 's; as in
| la´dy's | en´e my's | ba´by's | coun´try's |
Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
| staid (or stayed) | slain | dry´ly | la´dy like |
| paid | dai´ly | dry ness | la dy bug |
| laid | sly ly | (but, dri´er, | la dy ship |
| said | sly ness | dri´est) | ba by hood |
| saith | shy ly | shy ness | ba by house |
[Fourth and Fifth Months.]
Rule III: “Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel.” This rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
Model for drill on this rule:
“Refer is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last syllable; it ends in a single consonant r, preceded by a single vowel e; therefore, on adding the suffix ed, beginning with the vowel e, the final consonant r is doubled, and the word is spelled, referred.”
| refer + ed | gallop + ed | suspend + ed | suffer + ing |
| omit + ed | abhor + ence | kidnap + ed | travel + ed |
| cheat + ed | join + ing | admit + ing | rebel + ious |
| flatter + ed | benefit + ed | differ + ence | fertil + izer |
| prefer + ing | permit + ed | enamel + ed | quarrel + ing |
| remit + ance | map + ing | drug + ist | brag + art |
| heap + ing | connect + ing | emit + ed | unfit + ed |
| confer + ing | offer + ed | conceal + ed | parallel + ed |
| acquit + ed* | commit + ee | shelter + ed | stir + ing |
| root + ed | squeal + ing | intermit + ent | equal + ed |
| depend + ent | begin + er | cheer + ed | vigor + ous |
| occur + ed | shovel + ed | forgot + en | regret + ed |
| submit + ed | transmit + ed | drum + er | spin + ing |
* After q, u is a consonant.
EXCEPTIONS.
The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, re fer´, ref´er ence.
| ref´er ence | def´er ence | ref er ee´ |
| pref er ence | in fer ence | ref´er a ble or |
| con fer ence | pref er a ble | re fer´ri ble |
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
| gas es | (but gassy) | tranquillity |
| gas eous | humbug ging | trans fer able |
| crystallize | humbug ged | ex cellence |
| chagrined |
Note.—There is a large class of words ending in l, and accented on some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the l is doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the language not to double the l. Such words are the following: apparel, cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal, gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel, peril, quarrel.
REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
- able, see ble
- age, that which, having
- ain, see ian
- al, pertaining to
- an, pertaining to, one who
- ant, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
- ary, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to
- ate, act of, state of, shaped like
- ble, capable of, fit to be
- cle, little, that which
- ed, condition of
- ee, one who
- ence, see ant
- ent, see ant
- er, one who, that which
- es, see er
- et, little
- ful, full of, having
- fy, to make
- ial, see al
- ian, one who
- ible, see ble
- ic, pertaining to
- il, see ile
- ile, capable of, quality of
- ion, act of, state of, that which
- ious, see ous
- ish, act of
- is, that which
- ise, see ize
- ism, state of, doctrine of
- ist, one who
- ity, that which, state of being, quality of
- ive, that which, quality of
- ize, act of
- lent, full of
- less, without
- ly, state of being
- ment, that which
- oid, form
- or, one who
- ory, see ary
- ous, full of, quality of, having
- tic, see ic
- tude, quality of
- ty, see ity
- ure, that which, act of
- y, that which
INDEX TO ROOTS.
This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
| Page. | Page. | Page. | |||
| act | 11, 61 | *fort | 26 | nov | 20, 56 |
| ambl | 15, 18, 82 | *fract, frang | 27 | numer | 38, 74 |
| anim | 25, 35 | *frater | 27 | opo, opt | 29, 44, 64, 76, 80 |
| *ann | 11 | fresh | 20, 40 | *pater | 69 |
| aqua | 74, 80 | fuse | 13, 59, 61 | path | 25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81 |
| arch | 28, 45, 82 | fy | 70 | *ped, pod | 36 |
| *art | 12 | gam | 21, 28, 45 | *pel, puls | 35 |
| *aster | 12 | *ge | 47 | *pend, pens | 35 |
| *aud | 13 | gnost | 59, 63 | *phon | 83 |
| bi, be | 9, 64, 65, 74 | gon | 26, 83 | ple, plen | 20, 40 |
| brev | 9, 39 | grad, gress | 52, 54, 59, 60, 61 | *polis | 84 |
| burse | 13, 20 | *graph | 47 | *pon, pos | 37 |
| *capt, caput | 53 | *grat, grac | 65 | *port | 72 |
| *ced, cess | 53 | *greg | 65 | preci | 52, 74 |
| *cent | 54 | hale | 55, 56 | roy | 63, 66, 82 |
| cept | 14, 55 | hypnot | 45, 82 | *rupt | 72 |
| *chron | 46 | itio, it | 9, 55, 61 | sal | 34, 71 |
| cep, cip | 18, 50 | *ject | 66 | scend | 52, 61 |
| *civ | 55 | journ | 49, 82 | *scop | 84 |
| clam, claim | 20, 74 | junct | 71, 75 | *scrib, scrip | 72 |
| clud, clus | 16 | juven | 20, 70 | secu | 15, 40 |
| cogn | 20, 56, 81 | laps | 20, 51 | sect | 13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71 |
| *cord, card | 17 | lect | 51, 60, 71 | soci | 25, 32 |
| *corpus, corpor | 17 | *leg | 66 | solv | 9, 68 |
| *cura, curo | 18 | *liber | 30 | son | 25, 68 |
| *curr | 58 | *liter | 31 | *spec | 73 |
| cuspid | 21, 35, 50 | loc | 13, 40 | sta, sist | 11, 15, 57, 60, 71 |
| cycl | 21, 50, 64 | *log, logy | 48 | struct | 20, 57 |
| *dent | 58 | loqu | 51, 57, 59, 76 | surrect | 20, 71 |
| *dict | 58 | luc | 39, 61 | *tang, tact | 41 |
| *doc, doct | 59 | luna | 60, 80 | *tempor | 41 |
| dors | 26, 56 | lut, luv | 9, 50 | *ten, tain | 42 |
| dote | 25, 63 | *manu | 31 | *terr | 43 |
| *duc | 22 | mar | 61, 71 | thesis | 25, 29, 64 |
| dur | 32, 33 | *mater | 32 | *tors, tort | 76 |
| *fac, fec, fic | 23 | matur | 19, 56 | *tract | 77 |
| femin | 35, 71 | *ment | 68 | trude | 56, 57, 59 |
| *fer, lat | 24 | meridi | 50, 57 | une | 21, 39 |
| *fest | 24 | *meter | 83 | use, uti | 9, 32, 39 |
| fid | 39, 51, 56, 67 | mingle | 14, 51 | vade | 15, 56 |
| *fin | 62 | *mit | 69 | *ven | 78 |
| *firm | 62 | moni | 19, 49 | *vers, vert | 79 |
| fix | 19, 49, 60 | mort | 39, 56, 57 | via, vi | 15, 21, 56, 74 |
| *flex, flect | 62 | mot | 40, 51, 59, 71 | vir | 21, 70 |
| flor | 39, 66, 82 | mut | 32, 51, 56, 61 | viv | 39, 70, 74, 82 |
| *flu | 63 | nat | 40, 56, 66 | vol | 10, 67 |
| *foli | 26 | nomi | 21, 28, 50, 66 | zoo | 48, 64 |
| form | 15, 25, 61, 73 | *norm | 69 |
* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
INDEX TO PREFIXES.
| Page. | Page. | Page. | Page. | ||||
| a (an) | 63 | contra | 11 | non | 15 | se | 60 |
| a, ab, abs | 9 | de | 52 | mono | 28 | semi | 20 |
| ad (ac, etc.) | 49 | dia | 26 | ob (op) | 57 | sub (suc, etc.) | 60 |
| ambi, amphi | 9 | dis | 13 | para | 29 | super | 20 |
| ante | 50 | en (on) | 26 | per | 15 | syn (sym) | 29 |
| anti | 25 | epi | 64 | peri | 29 | tele | 30 |
| auto | 64 | ex (e, ec) | 55 | post | 57 | trans | 61 |
| bene | 10 | extra | 14 | pre | 18 | tri | 21 |
| bi | 50 | in (im) | 56 | pro | 59 | uni | 25 |
| circum | 10 | inter | 14 | re | 20 | vice | 63 |
| con (col, etc.) | 51 | micro | 65 | retro | 60 |
INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
| Page. | Page. | Page. | Page. | ||||
| ac | 44 | ence | 67 | ion | 71 | oid | 82 |
| aceous | 66 | ent | 68 | ise | 81 | ory | 73 |
| acy | 33 | fy | 70 | vist | 82 | ous | 74 |
| al | 66 | ic | 38, 80 | ism | 45 | ulent | 75 |
| an | 33 | ics | 44 | ite | 71 | ure | 75 |
| ance | 68 | id | 39 | ity | 39 | y | 45, 75 |
| ary | 34 | ile | 70 | ive | 40 |
CONTENTS.
| Seventh Year. | |
|---|---|
| First Month. | Page. |
| Word Analysis | 9-13 |
| Elementary Sounds | 85 |
| Rule of Spelling | 100 |
| Second Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 13-18 |
| Letters, Alphabet, etc. | 87 |
| Rule of Spelling | 100 |
| Third Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 18-24 |
| Vowels | 88 |
| Rule of Spelling | 101 |
| Fourth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 25-28 |
| Consonants | 89 |
| Rule of Spelling | 102 |
| Fifth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 28-32 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 93 |
| Rule of Spelling | 102 |
| Sixth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 32-38 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 94 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 96 |
| Seventh Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 38-43 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 94 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 97 |
| Eighth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 44-48 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 95 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 97 |
| Eighth Year. | |
| First Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 49-55 |
| Syllables | 90 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 95 |
| Second Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 55-59 |
| Accent | 91 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 95 |
| Third Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 59-63 |
| Words | 92 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 95 |
| Fourth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 63-66 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 95 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 97 |
| Fifth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 66-70 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 96 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 98 |
| Sixth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 70-73 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 96 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 98 |
| Seventh Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 73-80 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 96 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 99 |
| Eighth Month. | |
| Word Analysis | 80-84 |
| Silent Letters—Principle | 96 |
| Principle of Pronunciation | 99 |
| Reference Table of Suffixes | 105 |
| Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes | 106-107 |