The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins

Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on the board):

“The y in supply is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the suffix ed is added the y is changed to i and the word is spelled, supplied.” Or,

“The y in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix ed is added the y is not changed, and the word is spelled, displayed.”

carry + ed	study + es	espy + ed	juicy + est
hurry + es	destroy + ed	deny + ing	homely + est
marry + ing	pity + ing	survey + ed	pity + ful
decay + ed	pity + less	employ + ing	rally + es
annoy + s	joy + less	noisy + est	pretty + est
copy + ed	city + es	mighty + er	pity + able

EXCEPTIONS.

y does not change before 's; as in

la´dy's

en´e my's

ba´by's

coun´try's

Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:

staid (or stayed)	slain	dry´ly	la´dy like
paid	dai´ly	dry ness	la dy bug
laid	sly ly	(but, dri´er,	la dy ship
said	sly ness	dri´est)	ba by hood
saith	shy ly	shy ness	ba by house

[Fourth and Fifth Months.]

Rule III: “Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel.” This rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.

Model for drill on this rule:

“Refer is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last syllable; it ends in a single consonant r, preceded by a single vowel e; therefore, on adding the suffix ed, beginning with the vowel e, the final consonant r is doubled, and the word is spelled, referred.”

refer + ed	gallop + ed	suspend + ed	suffer + ing
omit + ed	abhor + ence	kidnap + ed	travel + ed
cheat + ed	join + ing	admit + ing	rebel + ious
flatter + ed	benefit + ed	differ + ence	fertil + izer
prefer + ing	permit + ed	enamel + ed	quarrel + ing
remit + ance	map + ing	drug + ist	brag + art
heap + ing	connect + ing	emit + ed	unfit + ed
confer + ing	offer + ed	conceal + ed	parallel + ed
acquit + ed*	commit + ee	shelter + ed	stir + ing
root + ed	squeal + ing	intermit + ent	equal + ed
depend + ent	begin + er	cheer + ed	vigor + ous
occur + ed	shovel + ed	forgot + en	regret + ed
submit + ed	transmit + ed	drum + er	spin + ing

* After q, u is a consonant.

EXCEPTIONS.

The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, re fer´, ref´er ence.

ref´er ence	def´er ence	ref er ee´
pref er ence	in fer ence	ref´er a ble or
con fer ence	pref er a ble	re fer´ri ble

OTHER EXCEPTIONS.

gas es	(but gassy)	tranquillity
gas eous	humbug ging	trans fer able
crystallize	humbug ged	ex cellence
chagrined

Note.—There is a large class of words ending in l, and accented on some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the l is doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the language not to double the l. Such words are the following: apparel, cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal, gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel, peril, quarrel.

REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.

able, see ble
age, that which, having
ain, see ian
al, pertaining to
an, pertaining to, one who
ant, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
ary, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to
ate, act of, state of, shaped like
ble, capable of, fit to be
cle, little, that which
ed, condition of
ee, one who
ence, see ant
ent, see ant
er, one who, that which
es, see er
et, little
ful, full of, having
fy, to make
ial, see al
ian, one who
ible, see ble
ic, pertaining to

il, see ile
ile, capable of, quality of
ion, act of, state of, that which
ious, see ous
ish, act of
is, that which
ise, see ize
ism, state of, doctrine of
ist, one who
ity, that which, state of being, quality of
ive, that which, quality of
ize, act of
lent, full of
less, without
ly, state of being
ment, that which
oid, form
or, one who
ory, see ary
ous, full of, quality of, having
tic, see ic
tude, quality of
ty, see ity
ure, that which, act of
y, that which

INDEX TO ROOTS.

This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.

	Page.		Page.		Page.
act	11, 61	*fort	26	nov	20, 56
ambl	15, 18, 82	*fract, frang	27	numer	38, 74
anim	25, 35	*frater	27	opo, opt	29, 44, 64, 76, 80
*ann	11	fresh	20, 40	*pater	69
aqua	74, 80	fuse	13, 59, 61	path	25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81
arch	28, 45, 82	fy	70	*ped, pod	36
*art	12	gam	21, 28, 45	*pel, puls	35
*aster	12	*ge	47	*pend, pens	35
*aud	13	gnost	59, 63	*phon	83
bi, be	9, 64, 65, 74	gon	26, 83	ple, plen	20, 40
brev	9, 39	grad, gress	52, 54, 59, 60, 61	*polis	84
burse	13, 20	*graph	47	*pon, pos	37
*capt, caput	53	*grat, grac	65	*port	72
*ced, cess	53	*greg	65	preci	52, 74
*cent	54	hale	55, 56	roy	63, 66, 82
cept	14, 55	hypnot	45, 82	*rupt	72
*chron	46	itio, it	9, 55, 61	sal	34, 71
cep, cip	18, 50	*ject	66	scend	52, 61
*civ	55	journ	49, 82	*scop	84
clam, claim	20, 74	junct	71, 75	*scrib, scrip	72
clud, clus	16	juven	20, 70	secu	15, 40
cogn	20, 56, 81	laps	20, 51	sect	13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71
*cord, card	17	lect	51, 60, 71	soci	25, 32
*corpus, corpor	17	*leg	66	solv	9, 68
*cura, curo	18	*liber	30	son	25, 68
*curr	58	*liter	31	*spec	73
cuspid	21, 35, 50	loc	13, 40	sta, sist	11, 15, 57, 60, 71
cycl	21, 50, 64	*log, logy	48	struct	20, 57
*dent	58	loqu	51, 57, 59, 76	surrect	20, 71
*dict	58	luc	39, 61	*tang, tact	41
*doc, doct	59	luna	60, 80	*tempor	41
dors	26, 56	lut, luv	9, 50	*ten, tain	42
dote	25, 63	*manu	31	*terr	43
*duc	22	mar	61, 71	thesis	25, 29, 64
dur	32, 33	*mater	32	*tors, tort	76
*fac, fec, fic	23	matur	19, 56	*tract	77
femin	35, 71	*ment	68	trude	56, 57, 59
*fer, lat	24	meridi	50, 57	une	21, 39
*fest	24	*meter	83	use, uti	9, 32, 39
fid	39, 51, 56, 67	mingle	14, 51	vade	15, 56
*fin	62	*mit	69	*ven	78
*firm	62	moni	19, 49	*vers, vert	79
fix	19, 49, 60	mort	39, 56, 57	via, vi	15, 21, 56, 74
*flex, flect	62	mot	40, 51, 59, 71	vir	21, 70
flor	39, 66, 82	mut	32, 51, 56, 61	viv	39, 70, 74, 82
*flu	63	nat	40, 56, 66	vol	10, 67
*foli	26	nomi	21, 28, 50, 66	zoo	48, 64
form	15, 25, 61, 73	*norm	69

* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.

INDEX TO PREFIXES.

	Page.		Page.		Page.		Page.
a (an)	63	contra	11	non	15	se	60
a, ab, abs	9	de	52	mono	28	semi	20
ad (ac, etc.)	49	dia	26	ob (op)	57	sub (suc, etc.)	60
ambi, amphi	9	dis	13	para	29	super	20
ante	50	en (on)	26	per	15	syn (sym)	29
anti	25	epi	64	peri	29	tele	30
auto	64	ex (e, ec)	55	post	57	trans	61
bene	10	extra	14	pre	18	tri	21
bi	50	in (im)	56	pro	59	uni	25
circum	10	inter	14	re	20	vice	63
con (col, etc.)	51	micro	65	retro	60

INDEX TO SUFFIXES.

	Page.		Page.		Page.		Page.
ac	44	ence	67	ion	71	oid	82
aceous	66	ent	68	ise	81	ory	73
acy	33	fy	70	vist	82	ous	74
al	66	ic	38, 80	ism	45	ulent	75
an	33	ics	44	ite	71	ure	75
ance	68	id	39	ity	39	y	45, 75
ary	34	ile	70	ive	40

CONTENTS.

Seventh Year.

First Month.	Page.
Word Analysis	9-13
Elementary Sounds	85
Rule of Spelling	100
Second Month.
Word Analysis	13-18
Letters, Alphabet, etc.	87
Rule of Spelling	100
Third Month.
Word Analysis	18-24
Vowels	88
Rule of Spelling	101
Fourth Month.
Word Analysis	25-28
Consonants	89
Rule of Spelling	102
Fifth Month.
Word Analysis	28-32
Silent Letters—Principle	93
Rule of Spelling	102
Sixth Month.
Word Analysis	32-38
Silent Letters—Principle	94
Principle of Pronunciation	96
Seventh Month.
Word Analysis	38-43
Silent Letters—Principle	94
Principle of Pronunciation	97
Eighth Month.
Word Analysis	44-48
Silent Letters—Principle	95
Principle of Pronunciation	97

Eighth Year.

First Month.
Word Analysis	49-55
Syllables	90
Silent Letters—Principle	95
Second Month.
Word Analysis	55-59
Accent	91
Silent Letters—Principle	95
Third Month.
Word Analysis	59-63
Words	92
Silent Letters—Principle	95
Fourth Month.
Word Analysis	63-66
Silent Letters—Principle	95
Principle of Pronunciation	97
Fifth Month.
Word Analysis	66-70
Silent Letters—Principle	96
Principle of Pronunciation	98
Sixth Month.
Word Analysis	70-73
Silent Letters—Principle	96
Principle of Pronunciation	98
Seventh Month.
Word Analysis	73-80
Silent Letters—Principle	96
Principle of Pronunciation	99
Eighth Month.
Word Analysis	80-84
Silent Letters—Principle	96
Principle of Pronunciation	99
Reference Table of Suffixes	105
Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes	106-107