INDEX.
- Absolute—and relative Ethics, according to Spencer 72.
- Accountability—See responsibility.
- Activity—human, the subject-matter of ethics 1 ff.
- —the object of desire 21 ff.
- —the standard of pleasure 45; 50.
- —equals exercise of function 101.
- —opposed to mere possession 209; 215; 218; 220.
- —two sides of 219.
- —see freedom.
- Æsthetic feelings—may be moral 199.
- —see art.
- Agent—moral, one capable of acting from ideas 3.
- —see person.
- Alexander, S.—quoted: on idea of sum of pleasures 46.
- —referred to: 9; 46; 77; 111; 134; 158; 165; 202; 216; 221; 227.
- Altruism—how identified with egoism 59.
- —reconciled, by Spencer, with egoism 70 ff.
- —conflicts, at present, with egoism 76.
- —older moralists termed benevolence 195.
- —not necessarily moral 107.
- —not disguised selfishness 109.
- —may equal charity 125.
- Amusements—moral nature of 133.
- Approbation—nature of 161.
- Aristotle—quoted: on pleasure 18;
- on pleasure and character 29;
- on the mean 136.
- —referred to: 31.
- Art (and Science)—nature of interest in 111.
- —distinction of fine and useful 112.
- —interest in, why moral 113 ff.
- —interest in, really social 118 ff.
- —life an, 120.
- —essentially dynamic 126.
- Asceticism—means formalism 94.
- —element of truth in 95.
- —results when interest is excluded 106.
- Aspiration—involved in morality 213; 222.
- Autonomy—Kant's conception of justified 149.
- Badness—of environment a factor in right action 176; 224.
- —its source and factors 214.
- —its relation to goodness 223.
- —potential and actual 223.
- —of good people 232.
- Bain, A.—quoted: that pleasure is a self-evident criterion 16;
- his definition of utilitarianism 53;
- on obligation 140; 141.
- —referred to: 17; 66; 227.
- Barratt—quoted: that all pleasure is individual 14.
- Baseness—why badness becomes 219.
- Benevolence—see altruism.
- Bentham, J.—quoted: pleasure both criterion and motive 15;
- self-evident criterion 16;
- all motives good 34 ff.;
- hedonistic calculus 36 ff.;
- identity of individual and general pleasure 57 ff.;
- influence of law 59.
- —referred to: 53.
- Birks—referred to: 66.
- Blackie, J. S.—referred to: 66.
- Bradley, F. H.—quoted: on pleasure and desire 21;
- scientific interest not necessarily social 122;
- on merely individual conscience 189.
- —referred to: 25; 26; 42; 48; 54; 91; 124; 134; 165; 221.
- Browning, R.—referred to: 111.
- Butler—Bishop, quoted: on conscience 167.
- —referred to: 110.
- Caird, E.—quoted: on collision of moral ends 88.
- —referred to: 21; 82; 87; 91; 92; 93; 95; 109; 111; 149; 165.
- Calderwood—referred to: 158; 166.
- Capacity—its relation to environment 97.
- —increased by moral action 206.
- Carlyle, T.—referred to: 128.
- Casuistry—inevitable, if moral end is not wholly social 119.
- Character—reciprocal with conduct 9.
- —the source of motive, desire and moral pleasure 26 ff.
- —separated from conduct by hedonists 32 ff.
- —and virtues 227 ff.
- —see capacity, conduct, interests and motive.
- Charity—idea of, involves social inequality 125.
- Christianity—ethical influence of 224.
- —has no specific ethical code 231.
- Coit, S.—referred to: 28; 66.
- Commands—moral value of: 203.
- Common Good—an ethical ideal 51.
- —not furnished by hedonism 60.
- —not furnished by Kant 91.
- —why necessarily involved in morality 117; 217; 222.
- —demands reciprocal satisfaction of individual and society 127.
- —its existence postulated by moral conduct 130.
- —results from exercise of function 168.
- —constituted by activity 169 ff.
- —realized in institutions 173.
- —development of 210.
- —see institutions and society.
- Comprehensiveness—growth of, in moral end 210 ff.
- Conduct—defined 3.
- —relation to consequences 7.
- —relation to character 9.
- —an individual system 133.
- —a social system 136.
- —how related to character 163.
- —see activity, consequences, character and motive.
- Conflict—of moral ends 88 ff.
- —morality has an aspect of 151; 227.
- Conscience—Bain's idea of 141.
- —equals consciousness of action 181.
- —elements in 182.
- —not a special faculty 183.
- —kinds of 183 ff.
- —not merely individual 188.
- Conscientiousness—nature of 199.
- —does not equal introspection 200.
- —nor application of code 201.
- —a cardinal virtue 232.
- Consequences—moral value of 7 ff.; 84; 114; 160.
- —excluded from morality by Kantianism 13; 29.
- —identified with moral value by hedonism 33.
- —responsibility for 160.
- Criterion—hedonistic is pleasure 15.
- —criticism of hedonistic 31 ff.
- —two ends to be met by every 32.
- —of higher and lower pleasures 49 ff.
- —when pleasure may be a 50.
- —Mill's really social 63.
- —Spencer's really social 73.
- —Kant's nominally formal 79 ff.
- —the real 132 ff.
- —its elasticity 135.
- Darwin, C.—referred to: 78.
- Demoralization—involved in badness 220.
- Desire—pleasure as end of 16; 18 ff.
- —defined 19.
- —how spiritualized 23.
- —not purely pleasurable 27.
- —an expression of character 28.
- —excluded from moral motive by Kant 79.
- —all or no involved in morality 94.
- —relation to pleasure 83.
- —particular, an abstraction 96.
- —how distinguished from interest 103.
- —opposed to reason by Kant 147.
- —when opposed to moral action 148; 155; 213; 216.
- —how socialized, 237.
- Dewey, J.—referred to: 25; 78; 194.
- Disinterestedness—equals full interest 107.
- —an aspect of cardinal virtue 232.
- Disposition—Bentham on 35.
- Dualism—the Kantian 148 ff.
- Duty—see obligation.
- Egoism—see altruism.
- Empiricism—Spencer's reconciliation with intuitionalism 69 ff.
- End—moral: see common good; function; motive.
- Environment—defined by relation to capacity 99 ff.
- —meaning of adjustment to 115 ff.
- —moral, exists in institutions 171.
- —badness of, an element in right action 176; 190.
- —enlarged by moral action 207.
- Ethical World—discussed 167 ff.
- —nature illustrated 168.
- —relation to moral law 174.
- —see Institutions.
- Ethics—defined 1.
- —divided 3.
- —its object according to Spencer 68.
- —see theory.
- Evolution, Theory of—combined with hedonism 67 ff.
- —not really hedonistic 71 ff.
- —its real standard objective 72.
- Faith—a factor in moral progress 123; 127 ff.
- —in humanity, meaning of 129.
- —why demanded in moral action 217; 222.
- Feelings—natural and moral 5 ff.; 25 ff.; 87.
- —sympathetic relied upon by utilitarians 57.
- —necessary in moral activity 85.
- —active, equal interests 102.
- —moral, defined by end 108;
- see also motive.
- —value of 195 ff.
- —moral, not too narrowly limited 199.
- Freedom—is object of desire 24.
- —equals exercise of function 138.
- —various aspects of 158.
- —of choice defined 159.
- —of indifference discussed 161 ff.
- —actualized in rights 172; 174.
- —positive, realized in virtues 229.
- Function—union of capacity and circumstance in act 103.
- —freedom found in exercise of 164 ff.
- Gizycki—referred to: 66.
- God—an external, cannot be the source of obligation 149.
- Goethe—referred to: 128.
- Golden Rule—identified by Mill with principle of utilitarianism 59.
- —gives no directions as to conduct 204.
- —is a concrete statement of ethical postulate 205.
- Green, T. H.—quoted: on desire and pleasure 21;
- on sum of pleasures 43;
- on nature of happiness 45;
- on conscientiousness 200; 202;
- on goodness 215.
- —referred to: 9; 25; 42; 54; 110; 158; 165.
- Grote, J.—referred to: 66; 158.
- Guyau—referred to: 66; 143.
- Hedonism—defined 14 ff.
- —its paradox 25.
- —confuses feeling and idea 26; 43 ff.
- —summarized 30.
- —all motives good 33.
- —its calculus 36.
- —fails to provide laws 39 ff.
- —its contrast with Kantianism 82 ff.
- —its treatment of obligation 140 ff.
- —is correct in holding rightness to be pleasurable 228.
- —truth and falsity in 234.
- Hegel—quoted: on reflective conscience 188;
- on merely individual conscience 189.
- Hinton, J.—quoted: on altruism 109;
- on badness 216.
- —referred to: 202.
- Hodgson, S. H.—referred to: 14.
- Idealism—when feeble 128.
- Ideals—moral, progressive, 206.
- Imperative, Categorical—of Kant 147.
- —of conscience 191.
- Impulse—and pleasure 17.
- —and desire 22.
- —nature of action from 159.
- —see desire.
- Individuality—defined 97.
- —not identical with inner side alone 98.
- —evils of defining from this standpoint 110.
- —made by function 131.
- —realized is autonomy 150.
- —realized is freedom 164.
- —growth in 210.
- —see freedom and rights.
- Institutions—nature of 169 ff.
- —sovereignty, rights and law inhere in 171 ff.
- —influence of, upon conscience 184; 189.
- —movement of, the source of duties, 194.
- —see common good and society.
- Interests—are functions on personal side 102 ff.
- —classified and discussed 104 ff.
- —social, involve science and art 123 ff.
- —realized in institutions 170.
- —their relation to conscience 198.
- —pure, are virtue 228.
- —the active element of 218.
- —the freeing of, the moral goal 233.
- James, Sr., H.—referred to: 202.
- James, Wm.—quoted: on pleasure and desire 20.
- —referred to: 77.
- Kant—agrees with hedonism as to end of desire 79.
- —his end an abstraction 84.
- —his practical ideal that of Mill and Spencer 93.
- —value of his theory 93.
- —his theory of obligation 147.
- —his conception of autonomy 149.
- —his idea of duty 156.
- —his conception of practical reason 191.
- —quoted: on pleasure 47;
- on pleasure as common good 52;
- on priority of duty to good 78;
- on good will 79;
- his formula for right action 80;
- illustrations of moral law 80 ff.
- —referred to: 14; 78; 212; 221; 235.
- Kantianism—compared with hedonism 82 ff.
- —its practical breakdown 90.
- Knowledge—moral effect of advance in 207.
- —socializes wants 237.
- —see art.
- Laurie, S. S.—quoted: on happiness 66.
- —referred to: 227.
- Law—utilitarian use of 58; 61 ff.
- —Kant's moral, formal 78.
- —relation to desire 94.
- —realized in institutions 172; 174.
- —of the 'is', not merely of the 'ought' 175.
- —idea of, in general 195.
- —see obligation.
- Lawlessness—involved in morality 216.
- Leckey—referred to: 66.
- Limitation—the basis of moral strength 128.
- Lincoln, A.—anecdote regarding 28.
- Lotze—referred to: 16; 166.
- Love—the union of duty and desire 154.
- Martineau, J.—quoted: on the difficulty of the hedonistic calculus 38.
- —referred to: 42; 78; 158; 166; 227.
- Maurice, F. D.—referred to: 191.
- Merit—means social desert 225.
- Mill, J. S.—criticizes Kant 91.
- —his equivoke of pleasure and pleasant thing 20.
- —his fallacy 56.
- —introduces quality of pleasure into hedonism 42; 46.
- —quoted: pleasure self-evident criterion 16;
- end of desire 17;
- on rules of morality 39 ff;
- on moral tribunal 48;
- on utilitarian standard 53;
- on importance of law and education 59;
- on social feeling 63 ff.
- —referred to: 25; 30; 49.
- Morality—sphere of as broad as conduct 2; 154.
- —not dependent upon an individual's wish 167 ff.
- —realized in institutions 170.
- —struggle for private, bad 202.
- —in the nature of things 233.
- Motive—defined 5.
- —two elements in 10.
- —determined by character 28.
- —never bad according to hedonism 33.
- —formal and legislative according to Kant 80.
- —not a subjective mood 232.
- Norms—in philosophy 1.
- Obligation—in conflict with pleasure 76 ff.
- —how related to function 138.
- —theories regarding 139.
- —distinct from coercion 144.
- —enforced, not created by power 145.
- —Kantian idea of criticized 148.
- —does not relate simply to what ought to be, but is not 151; 174 ff.
- —relation to conscience 183.
- —how made known 190 ff.
- —practical value of sense of 196.
- —must be individualized 197; 201.
- —when opposed to desire 213; 216.
- —the union with desire the moral ideal 234.
- —see desire, law and universal.
- Pater—referred to: 66.
- Pathological—all inclination, according to Kant 86.
- —opposed to active 212.
- Paulsen—referred to: 67; 111.
- Person—is one capable of conduct 97.
- Pleasure—an element in activity 24.
- —not the moving spring to action 26.
- —sum of, dependent on objective conditions 44 ff.
- —quality of, similarly dependent 47 ff.
- —may symbolize action 51.
- —general, a vague idea 62.
- —fixed by social relations 65; 77.
- —not a sufficient guide at present 75.
- —dependent on self-realization 83.
- —all right action involves 228.
- —see desire and hedonism.
- Postulate—moral, defined 129 ff.
- —equals Golden Rule 205.
- Problem—moral 3.
- Progress—necessary in moral action 135 ff.
- —moral, nature of 209.
- Prudence—not outside moral sphere 105.
- Reason—opposed to desire by Kant 147.
- —Kant's conception too immediate 150.
- —practical, idea of 191.
- Reformation—possibility of 162 ff.
- Relativity—of morals, means what 136.
- Responsibility—nature of 160 ff.
- —of parents and children 203.
- Reverence—Kant regards as sole moral feeling 86.
- Rights—exist by common will 172.
- Rousseau—his influence upon Kant 148.
- Royce, J.—referred to: 61; 111.
- Rule—moral, not a command 204.
- —a tool of analysis 204.
- Satisfaction—moral, creates new wants 208.
- —good and bad 217.
- Science—nature of interest in 111.
- —the preëminent moral means 237.
- —see art.
- Schurman, J. G.—referred to: 78.
- Self—interest in 105 ff.
- —involves sympathy 109.
- —dualism in self, how arises 216.
- —knowledge of 237.
- Selfishness—involved in immorality 216.
- Self-sacrifice—its moral nature 222.
- Sentimentality—immoral 113.
- —escape from, only through knowledge 120.
- —results from abstract idea of duty 157.
- —refined, equals sensuality 220.
- Shakespeare—quoted: on common good 131.
- Sidgwick, H.—quoted: on the hedonistic assumption 43;
- on utilitarian standard 53;
- on intuitional utilitarianism 54.
- —referred to: 14; 16; 18; 66; 111; 227.
- Society—its moral influence 146; 157.
- —its relation to obligation 152.
- —constituted by moral relationships 175.
- —development of, changes moral ideals 207.
- —see common good, institutions.
- Socrates—author of idea of reflective conscience 188.
- —initiator of modern ethical spirit 237.
- Sorley—referred to: 78; 111.
- Sovereignty—exists in common will and good 171.
- —ultimate possessed in humanity 173.
- Spencer, H.—believes in fixed social ideal 73 ff.; 235.
- —quoted: on pleasure as a necessary effect 68;
- not immediate object of desire 69;
- egoism and altruism 70 ff.;
- on ideal man 73;
- equilibrium of functions 74;
- on obligation 142; 143.
- —referred to: 16; 67; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 111; 125; 235.
- Stephen, L.—quoted: on feeling as universal motive 27;
- on sympathy 109 ff.
- —referred to: 16; 25; 67; 68; 78; 111; 165; 227.
- Struggle—when morality is a 212.
- —changed by Christianity into movement 225.
- —see conflict.
- Sully, J.—referred to: 17.
- Theory—ethical and conduct 1.
- —ethical, sub-divided 13.
- —ethical, not casuistry 89.
- —value of 186.
- Universal—a, lacking in hedonism 37.
- —Kant's emphasis of 80.
- —Kant's, formal 80; 85; 90.
- —Kant's, leads to conflict 87.
- —true, equals organization, 88; 90; 96.
- —bad action cannot be 221.
- —means a method, not a thing 136.
- —found in movement of character 234.
- —see law.
- Utilitarianism—is universalistic hedonism 13; 53.
- —defined by Mill, Sidgwick, Bain, 53.
- —criticized 54 ff.
- —assumes social order 63 ff.
- —combined with evolution 67.
- Virtue—change in nature of 211.
- —correlative to duty 225.
- —distinguished from merit 226.
- —is an interest of character 228.
- —two types of 229.
- —cardinal 230.
- Wants—see desires.
- Wilson (and Fowler)—referred to: 67.
- Will—Kant's good will 79.