Pens and Types / or Hints and Helps for Those who Write, Print, Read, Teach, or Learn

INDEX.

• Abbreviated words, how punctuated, 80.
• Ab­bre­vi­a­tions, Catalogue of fishes, 68.
• Ab­bre­vi­a­tions, mischievous, 26.
• Ab­bre­vi­a­tions of States, Territories, Post-offices, 69.
• “able,” words ending in, 155–164.
• Accents, 121.
• Acute accent, 121.
• Adams’ or Adams’s, 94.
• Advertisement, Publishers’, 5–7.
• Aldus Manutius, 75.
• Alterations on Proof-sheet, 30.
• Ancient and modern methods of punctuation compared, 73–75.
• Apostrophe, 118–119.
• Attention to revising, 47.
• Authors’ proofs, 47–49.
• Authors should punctuate their MS., 71.

• Brace, The, 121.
• Brackets, 93, 94, 120.
• Briefs, Lawyers’, 24, 25.
• Bureau or Academy yet wanted to settle all difficulties in syntax orthography, punctuation, etc., 65.
• Bureau, Smithsonian, of the English Language, desiderated, 65, 127.

• Canceled words, how restored, 29.
• Capitalization, 171–194.
• Capitals and points, when to be mentioned by copy-holders, 45, 46, 55, 56.
• Capitals, Rules for use of, very flexible, 190.
• Captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., Directions for, furnished compositors and proof-readers, 37, 38.
• Caret, The, 121.
• Cedilla, The, 122.
• Chirography, Mercantile, 24, 26.
• Circumflex accent, 121.
• Close attention to revising, 47.
• Close pointing, 80.
• Colon, 97, 98.
• Comma between subject and predicate, 77–79.
• Comma, rules for use of, 100–112.
• Comma, use of, depending on taste in many cases, 80.
• Compositors and proof-readers punctuate, 36.
• Compositors and proof-readers should punctuate, if author neglects, 71.
• Compositors’ names on proofs, 46.
• Copy for printers, black ink on white paper, 31.
• Copy-holders’ duty, 41.
• Copy to be followed closely in doubtful cases, 123.
• Correcting proof-sheets, Marks used in, 43, 45.
• Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Webster style, 127–140.
• Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Worcester style, 141–154.
• Court, Records of, 51.
• Court, Transcripts of Records of, with extraneous documents, 25.

• Dash, the, 89–91.
• Dash, the, Rules for use of, 114–118.
• Dash, used too freely by writers for the press, 90.
• D.D., LL.D., M.D., 181, 182.
• Difficulty of drawing line between words “up” and words “down,” 183–189.
• “Directions” for style of any work, frequently consulted, 37.
• “Directions,” Samples of, 38–40.
• Discussion of various modes of spelling same word, 126.
• Distributing type, 33; results of error in, 34.
• Diversities of grammar and idiom—of orthography, etc., Smithsonian Institution might settle all controversies by Bureau of Language, whose rulings should be adopted in Governmental publications, 65.
• Division of words on vowels or syllables, 87, 88.
• Division of words—to be avoided or not, 89.
• Doubtful orthography; double column lists in dictionaries, 125, 126.
• Doubtful words, query to author or editor, 31.
• Dr. Johnson and proof-reader, 32.
• Duty of copy-holder, 41.

• Eccentricities of orthography, punctuation, cap­i­tal­i­za­tion, etc., recorded for reference by proof-reader, while a work is in progress, 37.
• ei and ie, Rule for, 169.
• Ellipsis, or Omission, Marks of, 121.
• Employé or Employee, 39.
• English Grammar defined, 72.
• Ensure and Insure dif­fer­en­tiated, 170.
• Enure and Inure dif­fer­en­tiated, 170.
• Erasures, to be made with ink, 29.
• Errors from mistakes in distributing, 34.
• Errors in MS. copy, corrected, or pointed out, in printing-office, 36.
• Errors,—marked in text, and correction denoted on margin, of proof-sheets, 41–45.
• Errors, rare, from printed copy, 18.
• Errors unavoidable, while present methods continue, 34.
• Esq., Jr., rules for, 181.
• Exclamation, note of, rules for use of, 113, 114.

• Fac-similes of Old Style, 200, 201.
• Faults of manuscript reappear in proof-sheets, 25.
• First letter in line of poetry, 174.
• First proof, specimen of, 44.
• Footnotes in manuscript, 30.
• Footnotes, references to, 123.
• Foreign words italic, 57, 58.
• Foreign words roman, 58.
• Full point, or period, 96.

• General remarks on incongruities of style, 66–70.
• Gods, pagan, capitalized, 180.
• Golden rule of punctuation, 77.
• Grammatical points, 72.
• Grave accent, 121.
• Greek alphabet, 54.

• Handwriting of Clergymen, 22, 23.
• Handwriting of lawyers, 23–25.
• Handwriting of mercantile and business men, 24, 26.
• Handwriting of physicians, 27.
• Heathen deities, names of, to be capitalized, 180.
• Hyphen, 118.
• Hyphens in one-half, two-thirds, etc., 87.
• Hyphens in succession at end of lines, not to exceed three, 89.
• Hyphens, use of, 84–89.

• I and J, 29.
• I and O, to be capitals, 180, 181.
• “ible,” words ending in, 165–167.
• Illegibility of the writing, no damages, on account of the, 15.
• Importance of a and the, 188.
• Initial letters put up, 172–174.
• Ink, black, on white paper, for press, 31.
• Insure and Ensure dif­fer­en­tiated, 170.
• Interrogation, note of, rules for use of, 112, 113.
• Inure and Enure dif­fer­en­tiated, 170.
• “ise,” words ending in, 168, 169.

• Junior, Esquire, rules for, 181.
• Juxtaposition influences use of capitals, 189.

• Language—“The Foundation for the Whole Faculty of Thinking”—should have the sharp oversight of those who would “diffuse knowledge among men,” 65.
• Last reading for press; careful, deliberate, etc., 49–51.
• Lawyers’ briefs, 24.
• Leaders, 121.
• Lead pencils, avoid, when writing for press, 31.
• Lead pencils, no erasure with, 28.
• Length of pause at the various points, 72, 73.
• Liberal pointing, 80.
• Ligated letters, Old Style, 195.
• Lines above and below a correction, to be compared when revising, 47.
• LL.D., D.D., M.D., 181, 182.

• Manuscript, faults of, reappear in proof-sheets, 25.
• Manuscript for the press,—black ink on white paper, 31.
• Manutii, The, 75; Manutius, Aldus, 75.
• “Mark-off,” 47.
• Marks of Ellipsis, or Omission, 121.
• Marks of Parenthesis, 120.
• Marks of Quotation, 119, 120.
• Marks used in correcting proof-sheets, 43, 45.
• Matter “off its feet,” 42.
• Meaning of “Put up” and “Put down,” 171, 172.
• M.D., LL.D., D.D., 181, 182.
• Mercantile chirography, 24, 26.
• Method of reading points, capitals, etc., 46.
• Mingling of styles, 40.

• Namely, viz., to wit, how punctuated, 82.
• Names of compositors on proofs, 46.
• Names of countries, states, ships, towns, streets, political parties, etc., capitalized, 182.
• Note of exclamation, rules for use of, 113, 114.
• Note of in­ter­ro­ga­tion, rules for use of, 112, 113.
• Note on the “etc.,” in Rule 7, on use of capitals, 183–189.
• Note-references, 123.
• Notes as to captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., to be furnished employees, 38.
• Nouns ending in o, plurals of, 167, 168.

• O and I, capitals, 181.
• O, nouns ending in, 167, 168.
• “Off its feet,” 42.
• Old Style, 195–201.
• Omission, or Ellipsis, Marks of, 121.
• One correct spelling, according to Webster, of variously spelled words, 127–140.
• One correct spelling, according to Worcester, of variously spelled words, 141–154.
• One style for Governmental publications desiderated, 127.
• Orthography, 125–170.
• Orthography, definitions of, 125.
• Orthography; the Webster list of doubtful words (1500+), in the one preferred manner of spelling, 127–140.
• Orthography; the Worcester list of doubtful words (1500+), in the one preferred manner of spelling, 141–154.
• Over-punctuated manuscript, 30.

• Pagination of MS., 29.
• Paragraph mark (¶), 122.
• Parenthesis, 92–94.
• Parenthesis, marks of, 120.
• Pauses and sense both indicated by punctuation, 75, 76.
• Period, or full point, 96.
• Personified things capitalized, 182.
• Physicians’ chirography, 27.
• Plurals, when denoted by apostrophe and s, 94, 95.
• Pointing—close, liberal, 80.
• Points, capitals, etc., method of reading by copy-holder, 46.
• Points mark sense as well as pauses, 75, 76.
• Possessive case of nouns singular ending in s, 94.
• Preambles, resolves, and provisos, how punctuated, 81.
• Preferred spelling, Webster’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, 127–140.
• Preferred spelling, Worcester’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, 141–154.
• Principal words capitalized, 175, 176.
• Printers, usually best proof-readers, 35.
• Professional men “at the case,” 36.
• Proof-reader and Dr. Johnson, 32.
• Proof-readers and compositors punctuate, 36.
• Proof-reader, to query doubtful words, etc., 31.
• Proof-reading, 33–58.
• Proof-sheets, marks used in correcting, 43, 45.
• Proof-sheets, numbered in regular sequence, 46.
• Proof-sheets of Records of Court, 51.
• Proof-sheets, second reading and revising of, 47.
• Proofs, routine in regard to, 37.
• Proper nouns, having common form, put down, 183.
• Propinquity a reason for putting up or putting down, 189–192.
• Provisos, preambles, and resolutions, how punctuated, 81.
• Punctuation, 71–124; a modern art, 73.
• Punctuation, ancient and modern methods of, 73–75.
• Punctuation by compositor and proof-reader, 36.
• Punctuation, by one reader only, 47.
• Punctuation of viz., namely, to wit, 82.
• Punctuation, rules of, not fixed, 75.
• Punctuation, uniformity of, not attainable, 123.
• “Put down” and “Put up,” meaning of, 171, 172.

• Quantity, marks of, 121, 122.
• Quotation marks, 119, 120.

• Reading final proof before printing, 49–51.
• Reading Greek, 53–56.
• Reading points and capitals, 46.
• Recapitulation of rules for right use of capitals, 192–194.
• Recipes—Greek and Latin, 27, 28.
• Records of Court, no alterations in, allowable, except clerical errors in punctuation, 51.
• Records of Court, transcripts of, with extraneous documents, 25.
• Records of Court, uniform style in, not to be sought at expense of departing from copy, 51.
• Reference marks to footnotes and sidenotes, 123.
• Resolutions, preambles, and provisos, how punctuated, 81.
• Restoring canceled words, 29.
• Revising, 47.
• Revising, in, great care required, 47.
• Rhetorical points, 72.
• Rules of punctuation, 96–118.
• Rules of punctuation not fixed, 75.
• Rules for cap­i­tal­i­za­tion very bendable, 190.

• Samples or directions and notes to printers, 38–40.
• Second proof, 46.
• Second reading of proof by copy, 47.
• Second, third, etc., revision of proof-sheets, 48.
• Section mark (§), 123.
• Semicolon, 98–100.
• Semicolon before as, when particulars follow a general statement, 82.
• Sense and pauses, both indicated by points, 75, 76.
• Sentences difficult and involved, compositor and proof-reader to follow copy carefully, 123, 124.
• Separation of words in manuscripts, 74.
• Size of type; captions; form of tables, etc., directions for, to be supplied, 38.
• Slips of proof, numbered in sequence, 46.
• Space before and after dash, 91.
• Spanish ñ, 122.
• Specimen of first proof, 44.
• “Spectator” of 1711 wished for an Academy to settle differences between grammar and idiom, 65.
• Spelling, errors in, silently corrected, 36.
• “Stet,” 29.
• Style, 59–65.
• Style of the office, 40.
• Style of writing in the fifth century, 74.
• Style, peculiarities of, to be noted by proof-reader, for reference, 37.
• Styles, mingling of, 40.
• Styles; Worcester, Webster, and Office, 61.
• Subject and predicate, no comma between, except to prevent ambiguity, 77–79.
• Suggestions to writers for press, 28.
• Supreme Being, names, etc., of, capitalized, 176–180.
• Syllabication, 87–89.

• Tables, form of; size of type; style of captions, etc., sometimes furnished to compositors and proof-readers, 38.
• Technical terms used in this book, 202–204.
• Tout-ensemble survey of a proof-sheet, 40.
• To wit, namely, viz., ending paragraph, how punctuated, 82.
• Two “Chapter V.’s,” 30.
• Type, how distributed, 34.

• Umlaut, 122.
• Uniformity—very important in some works, of no consequence in others, 52.
• Use of comma, in many cases, depends upon taste, 80.

• Varieties of style, 61–63.
• Various marks used in writing and printing, 118.
• Various sizes of type—modern, 205.
• Various sizes of type—old style, 205.
• Viz., namely, to wit; ending paragraph, how punctuated, 83.
• Viz., namely, to wit; how punctuated, 82.

• Webster’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, 127–140.
• Worcester’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, 141–154.
• Words connected with a No. of designation, 182.
• Words doubtful, query, 31.
• Words ending in able, 155–164; in ible, 165–167.
• Words ending in ise, 168, 169.
• Words from dead and foreign languages, 56–58.
• Words ending in cion, 169.
• Words l. c. when spelled in full, u. c. when contracted, 181.
• Words, not English, to be printed in italics, 57, 58.
• Words, not English, to be printed in roman, 58.
• Write plain English, 26.
• Writers for press should understand technics of proof-reading, 42.
• Writing, bad, robs compositors, 21–23.
• Writing becomes automatic, 19.
• Writing for the press, 15–32.
• Writing legibly, imperative, 21.
• Writing, illegibility of the, protects printers in suits for damages, 15.