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Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal proteid requirement of the healthy man / an experimental study cover

Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal proteid requirement of the healthy man / an experimental study

Chapter 20: LOEWENTHAL.
By R. H. Chittenden
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About This Book

The author presents a systematic series of controlled human experiments aimed at establishing the minimal proteid (protein) intake required to maintain bodily health and functional efficiency. Methods for regulating diets, measuring metabolic and physical responses, and assessing mental and muscular performance are described, with attention to differing protein sources and customary dietary standards. Findings indicate that adequate health and work capacity can often be preserved with lower protein intake than commonly assumed, and the text discusses physiological economy, experimental limitations, and implications for dietary practice and further research.

COHN.

Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1903 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Nov. 15 65.0 1140 1019 11.22
16 65.1 840 1024 ⎫ 10.86
daily
average		 0.605
daily
average		 1.60
daily
average
17 65.6 1280 1024 ⎪
18 65.5 1420 1022 ⎪
19 65.1 1500 1020 ⎬
20 65.9 1540 1021 ⎪
21 66.2 1340 1012 ⎪
22 65.6 840 1026 ⎭
23 65.5 1040 1018 ⎫ 8.85 0.542 1.26
24 65.9 1260 1021 ⎪
25 66.1 1500 1016 ⎪
26 65.8 800 1027 ⎬
27 65.3 840 1022 ⎪
28 65.4 940 1016 ⎪
29 65.7 1200 1023 ⎭
30 65.6 1480 1016 ⎫ 9.89 0.621 1.51
Dec. 1 64.8 740 1024 ⎪
2 65.3 600 1026 ⎪
3 64.8 920 1023 ⎬
4 65.0 940 1020 ⎪
5 64.8 680 1029 ⎪
6 64.8 1460 1016 ⎭
7 64.9 940 1027 ⎫ 8.60 0.392 1.32
8 65.0 900 1023 ⎪
9 65.0 1040 1018 ⎪
10 64.9 960 1021 ⎬
11 64.0 580 1033 ⎪
12 64.8 860 1026 ⎪
13 64.0 660 1028 ⎭
14 64.0 1060 1021 ⎫ 7.29 0.424 1.29
15 63.9 880 1019 ⎪
16 63.9 470 1031 ⎪
17 63.9 760 1026 ⎬
18 64.3 1180 1020 ⎪
19 64.4 1760 1011 ⎪
20 64.0 1100 1017 ⎭
21 64.4 615 1025 ⎫ 7.50 0.424
22 64.0 1050 1018 ⎪
23 64.0 860 1019 ⎪
24 64.2 1420 1019 ⎬
25 64.2 1690 1017 ⎪
26 64.0 740 1026 ⎪
27 63.9 1370 1017 ⎭
28 63.7 690 1025 ⎫ 7.70 0.358 0.90
29 63.6 1065 1024 ⎪
30 64.0 960 1024 ⎪
31 64.0 700 1026 ⎬
1904 ⎪
Jan. 1 63.4 1630 1017 ⎪
2 63.5 460 1030 ⎪
3 63.0 970 1031 ⎭
4 63.4 1365 1012 ⎫ 8.03 0.498 1.12
5 63.5 980 1021 ⎪
6 64.0 1175 1022 ⎪
7 64.1 1250 1017 ⎬
8 64.0 1500 1018 ⎪
9 63.3 920 1027 ⎪
10 63.3 1250 1019 ⎭
11 63.3 880 1022 8.08
12 62.8 510 1026 6.49 0.510
13 63.0 900 1024 9.10 0.679
14 62.8 630 1026 7.33 0.523
15 62.4 950 1025 8.04 0.497
16 62.6 1300 1018 8.58 0.473
17 62.4 905 1026 7.44 0.431
18 62.0 835 1026 ⎫ 8.97 0.552 1.43
19 62.7 1510 1020 ⎪
20 63.0 980 1023 ⎪
21 62.4 935 1026 ⎬
22 62.6 1610 1019 ⎪
23 62.7 970 1024 ⎪
24 62.2 1275 1020 ⎭
25 63.0 1600 1017 ⎫ 7.34 0.539 1.30
26 62.3 770 1025 ⎪
27 62.2 940 1023 ⎪
28 62.4 980 1021 ⎬
29 62.0 705 1025 ⎪
30 62.9 890 1024 ⎪
31 63.4 1560 1020 ⎭
Feb. 1 63.5 1040 1028 ⎫ 8.15 0.532 1.37
2 63.4 960 1026 ⎪
3 63.0 1500 1022 ⎪
4 63.2 1430 1023 ⎬
5 63.6 1890 1018 ⎪
6 63.0 730 1025 ⎪
7 63.0 920 1026 ⎭
8 63.3 935 1027 ⎫ 8.00 0.522
9 64.0 1625 1016 ⎪
10 63.5 1615 1017 ⎪
11 64.0 1325 1020 ⎬
12 64.0 1275 1021 ⎪
13 64.0 770 1024 ⎪
14 63.4 940 1023 ⎭
15 63.5 1300 1027 ⎫ 8.59 0.510
16 63.1 1430 1020 ⎪
17 63.6 1280 1024 ⎪
18 63.3 870 1025 ⎬
19 63.2 1250 1026 ⎪
20 63.1 1250 1017 ⎪
21 63.5 900 1016 ⎭
22 63.3 1345 1026 ⎫ 8.45 0.633
23 63.5 1185 1019 ⎪
24 63.3 1560 1020 ⎪
25 63.4 1200 1015 ⎬
26 63.0 750 1029 ⎪
27 63.5 1140 1019 ⎪
28 63.4 1220 1020 ⎭
29 63.6 1160 1023 9.74
Mar. 1 63.5 900 1025 6.86
2 63.5 1030 1020 7.29
3 62.7 920 1021 6.40 0.480
4 62.7 1225 1014 5.59
5 62.5 1170 1026 9.55
6 62.6 940 1025 6.77
7 62.5 900 1026 ⎫ 8.41 0.608
8 63.0 1230 1020 ⎪
9 62.7 1260 1020 ⎪
10 62.5 980 1019 ⎬
11 62.4 1150 1024 ⎪
12 62.4 830 1027 ⎪
13 62.4 1500 1020 ⎭
14 62.0 825 1025 ⎫ 7.59 0.488
15 62.5 1200 1017 ⎪
16 62.5 1490 1018 ⎪
17 62.5 1145 1021 ⎬
18 63.7 975 1021 ⎪
19 63.0 825 1023 ⎪
20 63.5 1450 1020 ⎭
21 63.6 1480 1018 ⎫ 7.74 0.654
22 63.0 1100 1025 ⎪
23 62.6 1050 1023 ⎪
24 62.7 1050 1025 ⎬
25 62.0 900 1027 ⎪
26 62.4 750 1025 ⎪
27 62.6 1530 1016 ⎭
28 62.0 1060 1023 6.61 ⎫ 0.399
29 62.4 1460 1020 6.48 ⎪
30 62.4 1020 1023 6.36 ⎬
31 62.6 1730 1022 7.47 ⎪
Apr. 1 62.4 895 1022 4.35 ⎭
2 62.4 1465 1014 5.11
3 62.6 1165 1023 9.37
Daily average from Nov. 22 1092 1022 8.05 0.512 1.28

LOEWENTHAL.

Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1903 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Oct. 4 60.1 960 1025 15.78 0.606 1.78
5 60.1 780 1025 10.90
6 60.3 820 1024 11.23 0.576 0.96
7 60.0 980 1022 14.99
8 60.0 1080 1019 11.34 0.351 1.55
9 60.0 990 1025 13.07
10 60.0 1120 1021 12.37
11 59.8 930 1019 10.83 0.389 1.05
12 60.4 1580 1022 17.06
13 60.2 1380 1017 13.00 0.516 2.13
14 61.0 640 1026 7.41
15 61.2 1220 1026 15.66 0.674 1.68
16 60.8 1060 1024 15.01
17 60.5 1130 1021 13.63
18 60.4 1580 1016 12.70 0.520 1.59
19 60.0 1350 1022 17.82
20 59.8 1250 1019 ⎫ 13.72 daily av. 0.489 daily av. 1.95 daily av.
21 60.0 1120 1024 ⎪
22 60.4 1060 1025 ⎬
23 61.0 1800 1020 ⎪
24 61.2 1320 1021 ⎪
25 61.4 1620 1015 ⎭
26 62.4 1160 1024 ⎫ 9.80 0.430 1.40
27 62.6 1520 1021 ⎪
28 62.6 860 1022 ⎪
29 63.4 660 1024 ⎬
30 62.5 1200 1023 ⎪
31 62.2 920 ⎪
Nov. 1 62.4 1050 1019 ⎭
2 62.6 1330 1023 ⎫ 8.23 0.401 1.60
3 62.0 1020 1022 ⎪
4 61.8 920 1020 ⎪
5 62.4 580 1029 ⎬
6 62.4 1400 1016 ⎪
7 62.0 780 1022 ⎪
8 61.9 760 1021 ⎭
9 61.8 840 1031 ⎫ 8.28 0.390 1.34
10 60.5 440 1028 ⎪
11 61.0 1060 1028 ⎪
12 61.2 880 1027 ⎬
13 61.4 320 1023 ⎪
14 61.4 660 1023 ⎪
15 61.2 1020 1023 ⎭
16 61.4 960 1025 ⎫ 8.62 0.349 1.30
17 61.0 680 1028 ⎪
18 61.0 940 1023 ⎪
19 60.9 880 1024 ⎬
20 61.5 1540 1018 ⎪
21 61.7 1220 1022 ⎪
22 61.2 1120 1022 ⎭
23 61.1 1440 1014 ⎫ 8.36 0.392 1.43
24 60.2 840 1024 ⎪
25 60.3 680 1026 ⎪
26 60.8 900 1022 ⎬
27 60.5 860 1025 ⎪
28 60.3 800 1023 ⎪
29 60.3 1040 1025 ⎭
30 60.8 1040 1021 ⎫ 7.59 0.408 1.26
Dec. 1 60.4 1120 1017 ⎪
2 60.0 660 1027 ⎪
3 59.9 900 1022 ⎬
4 59.5 1120 1025 ⎪
5 59.0 400 1028 ⎪
6 58.6 480 1033 ⎭
7 58.2 960 1027 9.03 ⎫ 0.379 1.49
8 58.0 800 1020 8.78 ⎪
9 58.6 700 1028 10.04 ⎪
10 60.0 1000 1019 9.06 ⎬
11 60.0 800 1025 8.71 ⎪
12 60.0 680 1032 7.51 ⎪
13 59.5 620 1030 7.74 ⎭
14 59.5 940 1022 ⎫ 6.90 0.408 1.14
15 59.0 920 1019 ⎪
16 59.6 690 1027 ⎪
17 59.3 800 1020 ⎬
18 59.7 1145 1020 ⎪
19 59.7 1110 1016 ⎪
20 59.0 840 1020 ⎭
21 59.0 775 1025 ⎫ 6.29 0.275
22 58.4 510 1027 ⎪
23 59.2 700 1026 ⎪
24 59.0 890 1015 ⎬
25 58.3 900 1027 ⎪
26 59.0 930 1015 ⎪
27 58.4 990 1018 ⎭
28 58.5 672 1028 ⎫ 6.92 0.515 1.17
29 58.4 795 1023 ⎪
30 59.0 870 1025 ⎪
31 58.8 920 1027 ⎬
1904 ⎪
Jan. 1 58.7 1340 1022 ⎪
2 58.2 1232 1019 ⎪
3 58.6 842 1025 ⎭
4 58.8 1030 1017 ⎫ 7.27 0.344 0.97
5 58.6 1020 1026 ⎪
6 58.8 890 1024 ⎪
7 59.0 1350 1016 ⎬
8 57.7 900 1026 ⎪
9 58.0 735 1033 ⎪
10 57.9 760 1024 ⎭
11 58.0 795 1021 6.68
12 58.2 1110 1017 7.33 0.383
13 58.1 1190 1015 7.64 0.379
14 57.0 620 1027 6.21 0.415
15 57.2 825 1028 8.18 0.409
16 57.8 1100 1019 7.92 0.305
17 57.5 1185 1021 7.26 0.338
18 57.3 630 1019
19 57.5 525 1030 ⎫ 6.84 0.321 0.99
20 58.0 1050 1026 ⎪
21 57.7 790 1027 ⎬
22 57.7 850 1030 ⎪
23 57.4 605 1024 ⎪
24 57.4 800 1030 ⎭
25 57.9 1050 1020 ⎫ 6.83 0.312 1.14
26 58.0 850 1026 ⎪
27 58.2 1270 1018 ⎬
28 59.0 1255 1013 ⎪
29 58.0 615 1028 ⎪
30 58.0 1025 1029 ⎭
31 58.6 1120 1026 ⎫ 7.27 0.411 1.57
Feb. 1 58.4 1025 1029 ⎪
2 58.7 1300 1023 ⎪
3 58.4 1170 1024 ⎬
4 58.4 1350 1029 ⎪
5 59.0 1250 1026 ⎪
6 58.8 1160 1019 ⎭
7 58.4 825 1029 ⎫ 7.61 0.416
8 58.5 830 1028 ⎪
9 58.5 1095 1025 ⎪
10 59.0 1140 1027 ⎬
11 59.2 1330 1020 ⎪
12 58.5 1020 1029 ⎪
13 59.0 1075 1025 ⎭
14 59.0 1030 1024 ⎫ 8.00 0.336
15 58.3 1150 1027 ⎪
16 58.4 1270 1024 ⎪
17 58.6 1490 1020 ⎬
18 59.0 1060 1027 ⎪
19 58.8 620 1026 ⎪
20 58.9 930 1029 ⎭
21 59.1 885 1029 ⎫ 6.84 0.449
22 59.3 1320 1023 ⎪
23 59.4 1490 1016 ⎪
24 59.4 1195 1019 ⎬
25 59.4 2100 1011 ⎪
26 58.4 860 1023 ⎪
27 58.4 955 1027 ⎭
28 58.4 1045 1027
29 58.2 1000 1027 7.38 ⎫ 0.348
Mar. 1 58.6 1040 1024 7.05 ⎪
2 58.5 880 1028 7.07 ⎪
3 58.7 890 1026 7.85 ⎬
4 58.5 965 1026 7.35 ⎪
5 58.6 730 1022 4.29 ⎪
6 58.7 1170 1027 8.07 ⎭
7 58.3 920 1026 ⎫ 6.97 0.333
8 58.9 970 1026 ⎪
9 58.8 940 1026 ⎪
10 58.9 1600 1017 ⎬
11 59.0 1290 1020 ⎪
12 59.0 820 1029 ⎪
13 58.9 990 1026 ⎭
14 59.5 1620 1019 ⎫ 7.34 0.265
15 59.0 1250 1023 ⎪
16 59.0 1360 1018 ⎪
17 59.1 1160 1021 ⎬
18 59.0 1450 1019 ⎪
19 59.1 1650 1018 ⎪
20 59.0 1350 1021 ⎭
21 59.0 1110 1024 ⎫ 6.37 0.427
22 58.8 1250 1021 ⎪
23 58.6 1150 1021 ⎪
24 58.6 760 1025 ⎬
25 59.0 1100 1025 ⎪
26 58.6 990 1028 ⎪
27 58.5 1150 1026 ⎭
28 58.6 1175 1024 6.27 ⎫ 0.341
29 59.0 1295 1025 7.54 ⎪
30 59.0 1570 1018 7.07 ⎬
31 59.2 1120 1024 5.24 ⎪
Apr. 1 59.0 1260 1022 6.43 ⎭
2 59.0 1550 1020 6.33
3 59.0 1710 1022 9.85
Daily average from Nov. 2 1007 1024 7.83 0.372 1.28

ZOOMAN.

Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1903 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Oct. 4 54.0 540 1026 8.88 0.434 0.56
5 54.0 940 1027 15.28
6 53.6 1140 1024 16.42 0.730 2.21
7 54.5 1640 1016 17.52
8 54.4 930 1017 10.10 0.275 1.21
9 54.4 1160 1022 15.80
10 54.3 1080 1019 15.24
11 54.5 1340 1014 13.65 0.450 1.73
12 54.8 1080 1022 11.73
13 55.4 1140 1022 13.48 0.839 1.70
14 55.7 1020 1018 9.85
15 55.2 1560 1021 20.40 0.779 2.92
16 56.0 1240 1024 17.33
17 55.6 1070 1025 16.11
18 55.6 1730 1017 20.86 0.736 2.26
19 55.4 1370 1020 18.57
20 55.6 1290 1024 ⎫ 15.38
daily
average		 0.683
daily
average		 1.87
daily
average
21 55.6 1120 1025 ⎪
22 55.8 1140 1023 ⎬
23 55.9 1120 1025 ⎪
24 56.2 1600 1020 ⎪
25 56.5 1620 1015 ⎭
26 56.6 1140 1024 ⎫ 11.70 0.583 1.56
27 56.6 1770 1015 ⎪
28 56.6 960 1021 ⎪
29 57.3 1120 1019 ⎬
30 56.8 1160 1019 ⎪
31 57.0 820 ⎪
Nov. 1 56.9 1730 1016 ⎭
2 56.5 750 1026 ⎫ 10.01 0.564 1.39
3 57.1 1380 1018 ⎪
4 57.1 1040 1019 ⎪
5 56.6 900 1018 ⎬
6 56.6 1220 1016 ⎪
7 56.2 640 1026 ⎪
8 55.8 900 1020 ⎭
9 56.1 1100 1021 ⎫ 8.76 0.512 1.33
10 56.2 680 1024 ⎪
11 56.4 660 1016 ⎪
12 56.7 1320 1024 ⎬
13 56.7 420 1024 ⎪
14 56.0 920 1029 ⎪
15 56.0 1540 1015 ⎭
16 55.7 1080 1022 ⎫ 7.79 0.398 1.02
17 54.4 700 1027 ⎪
18 54.6 700 1025 ⎪
19 54.8 700 1025 ⎬
20 55.4 940 1021 ⎪
21 55.2 740 1025 ⎪
22 54.7 720 1023 ⎭
23 54.5 740 1014 ⎫ 7.44 0.420 1.06
24 54.0 860 1025 ⎪
25 54.3 620 1025 ⎪
26 54.4 980 1023 ⎬
27 54.5 940 1024 ⎪
28 54.3 460 1026 ⎪
29 54.4 1000 1018 ⎭
30 54.0 980 1022 ⎫ 10.26 0.494 1.45
Dec. 1 54.2 1120 1020 ⎪
2 54.2 940 1017 ⎪
3 54.0 1200 1018 ⎬
4 54.0 1080 1024 ⎪
5 53.9 640 1031 ⎪
6 54.0 960 1026 ⎭
7 54.1 880 1028 ⎫ 10.15 0.423 1.39
8 54.6 680 1029 ⎪
9 54.6 680 1030 ⎪
10 55.0 1220 1019 ⎬
11 54.7 920 1028 ⎪
12 55.1 780 1028 ⎪
13 54.7 1140 1020 ⎭
14 54.4 840 1021 ⎫ 7.66 0.389 1.20
15 54.0 1200 1016 ⎪
16 54.0 860 1021 ⎪
17 54.5 1140 1018 ⎬
18 54.0 820 1022 ⎪
19 54.1 980 1018 ⎪
20 54.0 885 1023 ⎭
21 54.0 660 1027 ⎫ 8.26 0.401 0.78
22 53.5 570 1025 ⎪
23 54.0 770 1028 ⎪
24 54.0 920 1025 ⎬
25 54.3 1320 1018 ⎪
26 54.7 1075 1020 ⎪
27 54.5 1240 1018 ⎭
28 54.1 880 1022 ⎫ 8.00 0.440 0.88
29 54.0 1080 1019 ⎪
30 54.3 775 1029 ⎪
31 54.4 1010 1023 ⎬
1904 ⎪
Jan. 1 54.0 900 1022 ⎪
2 53.6 625 1026 ⎪
3 53.9 730 1026 ⎭
4 53.0 1030 1019 ⎫ 7.24 0.379 1.15
5 53.4 1100 1022 ⎪
6 54.0 980 1020 ⎪
7 54.0 860 1022 ⎬
8 54.0 960 1026 ⎪
9 53.5 695 1025 ⎪
10 54.0 980 1016 ⎭
11 53.5 930 1020 8.98 0.632
12 53.8 1030 1023 11.31 0.657
13 53.6 980 1024 11.63 0.445
14 53.5 1150 1017 9.38 0.443
15 53.0 700 1030 8.44 0.442
16 53.4 920 1020 8.89 0.381
17 53.5 1270 1019 8.99
18 53.5 1180 1020 ⎫ 7.78 0.428 1.27
19 53.6 755 1026 ⎪
20 53.6 1190 1015 ⎪
21 53.0 800 1030 ⎬
22 53.2 660 1030 ⎪
23 53.4 770 1025 ⎪
24 53.4 1035 1017 ⎭
25 53.6 1250 1013 ⎫ 6.87 0.302 1.18
26 54.0 1140 1024 ⎪
27 54.2 1170 1018 ⎪
28 54.6 1120 1018 ⎬
29 54.5 690 1026 ⎪
30 54.5 1020 1025 ⎪
31 54.8 1320 1019 ⎭
Feb. 1 54.3 1060 1026 ⎫ 8.15 0.405 1.31
2 54.5 1170 1019 ⎪
3 54.5 1350 1022 ⎪
4 54.3 1280 1022 ⎬
5 54.0 1015 1025 ⎪
6 54.6 1610 1014 ⎪
7 54.3 1010 1028 ⎭
8 54.6 1065 1026 ⎫ 8.37 0.497
9 55.0 925 1027 ⎪
10 55.0 1195 1023 ⎪
11 55.0 880 1024 ⎬
12 55.0 960 1016 ⎪
13 55.2 1565 1020 ⎪
14 55.0 1415 1023 ⎭
15 55.0 1060 1029 ⎫ 9.34 0.408
16 54.8 1130 1025 ⎪
17 55.0 1910 1019 ⎪
18 55.2 1260 1020 ⎬
19 55.0 970 1027 ⎪
20 54.4 670 1031 ⎪
21 54.7 1070 1022 ⎭
22 54.4 760 1025 ⎫ 7.38 0.559
23 54.6 1225 1020 ⎪
24 55.2 1050 1026 ⎪
25 55.2 730 1027 ⎬
26 55.4 1145 1019 ⎪
27 55.0 990 1021 ⎪
28 54.9 985 1026 ⎭
29 55.0 765 1027 7.02 ⎫ 0.401
Mar. 1 55.3 810 1024 6.66 ⎪
2 55.0 880 1027 7.26 ⎪
3 54.8 1020 1020 7.59 ⎬
4 54.5 955 1025 7.51 ⎪
5 54.0 1035 1020 7.08 ⎪
6 54.0 880 1027 6.81 ⎭
7 54.7 885 1023 ⎫ 8.24 0.428
8 55.0 970 1017 ⎪
9 54.6 940 1025 ⎪
10 54.7 1460 1022 ⎬
11 55.0 1340 1017 ⎪
12 54.7 1180 1023 ⎪
13 55.0 1040 1021 ⎭
14 55.0 1270 1016 ⎫ 7.90 0.455
15 54.8 900 1023 ⎪
16 55.0 1145 1019 ⎪
17 55.0 1155 1018 ⎬
18 53.0 1480 1016 ⎪
19 55.2 1355 1023 ⎪
20 54.6 1000 1023 ⎭
21 54.7 750 1026 ⎫ 7.57 0.586
22 55.0 1270 1018 ⎪
23 55.0 1090 1016 ⎪
24 55.0 1080 1025 ⎬
25 54.8 1080 1028 ⎪
26 55.0 980 1021 ⎪
27 55.2 1110 1020 ⎭
28 55.2 1270 1019 7.47
29 55.2 1160 1024 7.80
30 55.0 1140 1018 5.40
31 55.3 1340 1024 8.04
Apr. 1 55.0 1480 1019 8.44
2 55.1 1300 1023 7.10
3 55.0 1445 1018 8.15
Daily average from Nov. 2 1008 1022 8.25 0.457 1.19