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Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal proteid requirement of the healthy man / an experimental study cover

Physiological economy in nutrition, with special reference to the minimal proteid requirement of the healthy man / an experimental study

Chapter 6: UNDERHILL.
By R. H. Chittenden
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About This Book

The author presents a systematic series of controlled human experiments aimed at establishing the minimal proteid (protein) intake required to maintain bodily health and functional efficiency. Methods for regulating diets, measuring metabolic and physical responses, and assessing mental and muscular performance are described, with attention to differing protein sources and customary dietary standards. Findings indicate that adequate health and work capacity can often be preserved with lower protein intake than commonly assumed, and the text discusses physiological economy, experimental limitations, and implications for dietary practice and further research.

UNDERHILL.

Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1903 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Oct. 11 65.4 1300 1015 10.37 0.611 1.72
12 700 1022 9.07
13 1050 1022 12.35 0.820 2.15
14 1400 1017 12.01
15 870 1020 11.48 0.671 1.76
16 1165 1013 12.09
17 840 1020 11.24
18 1150 1017 10.00 0.613 1.77
19 678 1022 7.79
20 1165 1018 10.76 0.603 1.60
21 1460 1017 11.91
22 950 1019 10.71 0.643 1.73
23 1165 1017 12.82
24 65.4 850 1025 12.49
25 850 1022 11.07 0.645 1.76
26 1025 1018 ⎫ 8.31
daily
average		 0.465
daily
average		 1.18
daily
average
27 775 1018 ⎪
28 1140 1015 ⎬
29 765 1020 ⎪
30 860 1019 ⎪
31 1150 1015 ⎭
Nov. 1 750 1020 ⎫ 7.91 0.469 1.30
2 675 1022 ⎪
3 955 1014 ⎪
4 1270 1012 ⎬
5 885 1015 ⎪
6 770 1020 ⎪
7 860 1021 ⎭
8 775 1020 ⎫ 7.86 0.537 1.40
9 890 1018 ⎪
10 1070 1018 ⎪
11 755 1020 ⎬
12 950 1023 ⎪
13 1100 1017 ⎪
14 980 1015 ⎪
15 630 1020 ⎭
16 65.0 700 1020 ⎫ 7.82 0.467 1.49
17 1000 1015 ⎪
18 940 1018 ⎪
19 770 1023 ⎬
20 770 1025 ⎪
21 790 1020 ⎪
22 770 1021 ⎭
23 590 1025 ⎫ 8.55 0.476 1.67
27 710 1024 ⎬
28 1080 1017 ⎪
29 760 1019 ⎭
30 870 1018 ⎫ 7.72 0.506 1.43
Dec. 1 860 1017 ⎪
2 1120 1015 ⎪
3 1450 1009 ⎬
4 720 1019 ⎪
5 720 1019 ⎪
6 510 1027 ⎭
7 65.1 700 1018 ⎫ 7.36 0.474 1.44
8 650 1018 ⎪
9 860 1013 ⎪
10 975 1020 ⎬
11 800 1021 ⎪
12 830 1018 ⎪
13 750 1019 ⎭
14 860 1018 ⎫ 8.11 0.497 1.35
15 870 1019 ⎪
16 880 1015 ⎪
17 820 ⎬
18 760 1021 ⎪
19 860 1017 ⎪
20 520 1023 ⎭
21 1200 1014 ⎫ 7.18 1.05
22 65.0 510 1025 ⎭
23 650 ⎫ 6.70 0.356 0.97
24 670 ⎪
25 500 ⎬
26 550 ⎪
27 850 ⎭
28 65.2 930 ⎫ 8.70 0.626 1.21
29 1200 ⎪
30 750 ⎪
31 1280 ⎬
Jan. 1 750 ⎪
2 750 ⎪
3 870 ⎪
4 1230 ⎭
5 720 1023 ⎫ 8.23 0.530 1.24
6 960 1020 ⎪
7 760 1022 ⎬
8 1000 1017 ⎪
9 720 1025 ⎪
10 65.1 730 1021 ⎭
11 700 1016 ⎫ 7.74 0.618 1.20
12 650 1020 ⎪
13 700 1024 ⎪
14 660 1025 ⎬
15 610 1025 ⎪
16 710 1024 ⎪
17 660 1022 ⎭
18 770 1016 ⎫ 7.80 0.705 1.14
19 64.8 700 1022 ⎪
20 1130 1018 ⎪
21 830 1020 ⎬
22 600 1019 ⎪
23 480 1021 ⎪
24 750 1019 ⎭
25 680 1020 ⎫ 6.85 0.500 1.07
26 800 1018 ⎪
27 800 1020 ⎪
28 700 1020 ⎬
29 64.4 1010 1014 ⎪
30 980 1018 ⎪
31 820 1015 ⎭
Feb. 1 990 1015 ⎫ 7.98 0.535 1.24
2 660 1020 ⎪
3 64.4 1060 1015 ⎪
4 980 1017 ⎬
5 970 1014 ⎪
6 790 1019 ⎪
7 1120 1015 ⎭
8 715 1021 8.11
9 64.4 1225 1014 7.49 0.450
10 64.4 770 1018 6.14 0.505
11 64.5 715 1022 8.02 0.568
12 850 1021 8.82 0.539
13 490 1028 7.17 0.505
14 64.4 795 1020 7.73 0.543
15 780 1021 ⎫ 8.27 0.558
16 920 1023 ⎪
17 660 1021 ⎪
18 640 1027 ⎬
19 730 1023 ⎪
20 840 1027 ⎪
21 700 1018 ⎭
22 440 1025 ⎫ 7.47 0.556
23 600 1023 ⎪
24 750 1022 ⎪
25 830 1017 ⎬
26 64.0 870 1021 ⎪
27 910 1015 ⎪
28 950 1014 ⎭
29 600 1021 ⎫ 7.15 0.526
Mar. 1 680 1021 ⎪
2 1120 1011 ⎪
3 640 1021 ⎬
4 1080 1016 ⎪
5 1220 1034 ⎪
6 890 1015 ⎭
7 1000 1014 ⎫ 8.18 0.682
8 650 1020 ⎪
9 750 1020 ⎪
10 850 1018 ⎬
11 950 1014 ⎪
12 1000 1016 ⎪
13 64.2 860 1019 ⎭
14 840 1020 ⎫ 7.83 0.540
15 920 1016 ⎪
16 750 1020 ⎪
17 820 1017 ⎬
18 1220 1012 ⎪
19 920 1015 ⎪
20 700 1022 ⎭
21 900 1015 ⎫ 8.04 0.733
22 980 1013 ⎪
23 990 1014 ⎪
24 750 1020 ⎬
25 820 1017 ⎪
26 700 1021 ⎪
27 910 1020 ⎭
28 930 1017
30 900 1020
31 450 ⎫ 7.87 0.530 1.44
Apr. 1 500 ⎪
2 420 ⎪
3 600 ⎪
4 950 ⎪
5 930 ⎬
6 980 ⎪
7 600 ⎪
8 980 ⎪
9 800 ⎪
10 810 ⎭
11 65.2 940 1017 ⎫ 9.46 ⎫ 0.496
12 710 1024 ⎬ ⎪
13 750 1024 ⎭ ⎪
14 740 1020 7.55 ⎬
15 590 1024 6.51 ⎪
16 900 1016 7.51 ⎪
17 1290 1009 5.11 ⎭
18 65.2 590 1017 5.96 ⎫ 0.527
19 630 1024 6.39 ⎪
20 670 1022 7.48 ⎪
21 900 1021 8.10 ⎬
22 980 1017 7.00 ⎪
23 850 1019 7.60 ⎪
24 640 1023 7.33 ⎭
25 65.0 600 1021 8.23 ⎫ 0.490
26 610 1014 5.82 ⎪
27 600 1023 7.27 ⎪
28 970 1015 7.05 ⎬
29 795 1017 5.91 ⎪
30 700 1021 6.80 ⎪
May 1 795 1016 5.72 ⎭
2 65.2 860 1017 6.50 ⎫ 0.344
3 1120 1016 6.92 ⎪
4 1090 1015 6.54 ⎪
5 580 1021 5.92 ⎬
6 700 1020 7.29 ⎪
7 895 1017 8.97 ⎪
8 800 1016 7.30 ⎭
9 65.2 895 1019 6.28 ⎫ 0.416
10 850 1019 6.27 ⎪
11 960 1019 7.26 ⎪
12 690 1022 6.29 ⎬
13 990 1017 7.96 ⎪
14 690 1022 7.21 ⎪
15 900 1015 6.15 ⎭
16 65.1 945 1014 5.10 ⎫ 0.364
17 1090 1016 6.15 ⎪
18 620 1020 5.21 ⎪
19 1110 1015 6.53 ⎪
20 895 1016 6.12 ⎬
21 810 1019 6.95 ⎪
22 1110 1016 8.72 ⎪
23 65.0 685 1020 7.07 ⎪
24 560 1021 6.78 ⎭
25 1090 1010 6.02 ⎫ 0.420
26 610 1017 5.97 ⎪
27 790 1016 6.83 ⎪
28 1100 1014 7.65 ⎬
29 650 1021 6.12 ⎪
30 65.0 630 1021 5.21 ⎪
31 660 1018 5.07 ⎭
June 1 65.1 920 1014 5.96
2 65.1 800 1013 5.81
3 65.0 950 1014 7.30
4 790 1015 6.78
5 780 1020 8.28
6 65.1 890 1015 6.89
7 720 1017 5.87
8 950 1015 5.93
9 1060 1014 4.96
10 940 1017 5.92
11 1050 1019 7.62
12 1000 1017 6.66
13 890 1021 7.26
14 1340 1016 6.91
15 1190 1015 6.86
16 720 1025 7.99
17 65.2 800 1017 7.25
18 820 1018 6.99
19 920 1014 6.18
20 890 1015 6.03
21 900 1016 6.37
22 760 1018 6.79
23 630 1020 6.06
Daily average from Oct. 26, 1903 833 1018 7.43 0.516 1.28

It will be seen by a study of the analytical data that Dr. Underhill had an average daily excretion of nitrogen through the kidneys from October 26, 1903, to June 23, 1904, of 7.43 grams. From October 26 to April 13, a period of nearly six months, the average daily excretion was 7.81 grams of nitrogen, while from the latter date to June 23 the average daily excretion amounted to 6.68 grams of nitrogen. Taking the body-weight at 65 kilos, the lower nitrogen figure would mean a metabolism of 0.102 gram of nitrogen per kilo of body-weight, closely akin to the figures obtained with the two preceding subjects.

An excretion of 6.68 grams of nitrogen corresponds to the metabolism of 41.75 grams of proteid matter, while the excretion of 7.43 grams of nitrogen implies the metabolism of 46.4 grams of proteid, being less than one-half the ordinarily accepted requirement for the healthy adult.

During this long period of eight months the body-weight was stationary, carrying with it the assumption that the body was in a condition of nitrogen equilibrium. It should be emphasized in connection with Dr. Underhill’s case, that throughout the entire period of eight months, and more, there was perfect freedom in the choice of food. Further, it will be noticed by a study of the dietary made use of in the balance experiments that Dr. Underhill did not reduce his nitrogen intake by any exclusion of meat. He practically made use of his ordinary diet, such as he had always been accustomed to, but with a decided diminution of the amount of proteid food, accompanied by a gradual reduction in the total amount of food consumed each day. His diet, therefore, was in no sense a vegetable diet. Meat was conspicuous in his daily food, but naturally in reduced quantities.

On February 9 a nitrogen balance was attempted, in which a careful comparison of the nitrogen content of all intake and output was made for a period of six days. By a study of the results of this balance period, shown in the accompanying tables, it will be noticed that not only was there no deficiency of nitrogen, but the body was laying on nitrogen at the rate of 0.158 gram per day. Further, it will be observed that the fuel value of the food per day averaged only a little over 2000 calories. Yet this amount of food, with its comparatively low fuel value, carried with it only 8.83 grams of nitrogen per day. Upon this quantity of food the body was able to maintain itself, with a little nitrogen to spare and with sufficient fuel value in the food to supply all the energy required for muscular contraction, mental effort, and the maintenance of body temperature.

Tuesday, February 9, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 22 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Macaroni 129 grams, fried sweet potato 85.5 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 15 grams, fig cake with wine sauce 115 grams, sugar 15 grams, coffee 210 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 27.9 grams, beef 48 grams, potato 207.5 grams, butter 19 grams, pie 272 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 10 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 22 + 59 + 27.9 = 108.9 × 1.61 = 1.753 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.018 = 0.026
Macaroni 129.0 × 0.87 = 1.122
Sweet potato 85.5 × 0.28 = 0.240
Butter 15 + 19 = 34.0 × 0.088 = 0.030
Fig cake 115.0 × 0.69 = 0.793
Sugar 15 + 10 = 25.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.09 = 0.207
Beef 48.0 × 2.64 = 1.267
Potatoes 207.5 × 0.36 = 0.747
Pie 272.0 × 0.49 = 1.332
Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.15 = 0.315
Total nitrogen in food 7.832 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.490
Fuel value of the food 2232 calories.

Wednesday, February 10, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 33 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 71 grams, butter 10.5 grams, apple fritters 119 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Roast pork 80 grams, bread 55.7 grams, butter 27.8 grams, cranberry sauce 150 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 33 + 71 + 55.7 = 159.7 × 1.65 = 2.635 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.075 = 0.109
Butter 10.5 + 27.8 = 38.3 × 0.088 = 0.033
Apple fritters 119.0 × 0.45 = 0.535
Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231
Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Roast pork 80.0 × 4.80 = 3.840
Cranberry sauce 150.0 × 0.04 = 0.060
Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231
Total nitrogen in food 7.674 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.140
Fuel value of the food 1694 calories.

Thursday, February 11, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 38.7 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 97.5 grams, butter 31.5 grams, sweet potato 108.7 grams, spaghetti 82.5 grams, peaches 89.4 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 75 grams, butter 21.5 grams, roast beef 116 grams, lemon pie 188.5 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 38.7 + 97.5 + 75 = 211.2 × 1.75 = 3.696 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.084 = 0.122
Butter 31.5 + 21.5 = 53.0 × 0.088 = 0.046
Sweet potato 108.7 × 0.31 = 0.336
Spaghetti 82.5 × 0.47 = 0.387
Peaches 89.4 × 0.09 = 0.080
Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.096 = 0.201
Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Roast beef 116.0 × 3.00 = 3.480
Lemon pie 188.5 × 0.61 = 1.149
Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.13 = 0.273
Total nitrogen in food 9.770 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.020
Fuel value of the food 2334 calories.

Friday, February 12, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 34 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 42 grams, butter 20 grams, codfish cake 72 grams, potato 100 grams, custard 100 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 46 grams, butter 25.5 grams, veal 53 grams, potato 75 grams, lima beans 50 grams, apple dumpling 120 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 34 + 42 + 46 = 122.0 × 1.71 = 2.086 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.045 = 0.065
Butter 20 + 25.5 = 45.5 × 0.088 = 0.040
Codfish cake 72.0 × 1.57 = 1.130
Potato 100.0 × 0.41 = 0.410
Custard 100.0 × 0.83 = 0.830
Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.078 = 0.163
Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Veal 53.0 × 5.51 = 2.920
Potato 75.0 × 0.37 = 0.277
Lima beans 50.0 × 0.90 = 0.450
Apple dumpling 120.0 × 0.72 = 0.860
Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.12 = 0.252
Total nitrogen in food 9.483 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.820
Fuel value of the food 1735 calories.

Saturday, February 13, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 35 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 57.5 grams, butter 28 grams, sweet potato 100 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams, quince 105.5 grams, apple turnovers 153 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 35.5 grams, butter 11 grams, peas 70 grams, roast beef 50 grams, pie 169 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 35 + 57.5 + 35.5 = 128.0 × 1.64 = 2.099 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.033 = 0.048
Butter 28 + 11 = 39.0 × 0.088 = 0.034
Sweet potato 100.0 × 0.37 = 0.370
Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.15 = 0.315
Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Quince 105.5 × 0.047 = 0.049
Apple turnovers 153.0 × 0.96 = 1.468
Peas 70.0 × 0.96 = 0.672
Roast beef 50.0 × 3.22 = 1.610
Pie 169.0 × 0.43 = 0.726
Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231
Total nitrogen in food 7.622 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.170
Fuel value of the food 2186 calories.

Sunday, February 14, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 31 grams, tea 146 grams.

Lunch.—Bread 70.5 grams, butter 29 grams, potato 123 grams, apple sauce 127.5 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 20.5 grams, butter 23 grams, chicken 101.5 grams, potato 80 grams, succotash 80 grams, chocolate cake 103 grams, ice cream 125.8 grams, coffee 210 grams, sugar 21 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 31 + 70.5 + 20.5 = 122.0 × 1.75 = 2.135 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.063 = 0.091
Butter 29 + 23 = 52.0 × 0.088 = 0.045
Potato 123.0 × 0.41 = 0.504
Apple sauce 127.5 × 0.029 = 0.037
Coffee (lunch) 210.0 × 0.10 = 0.210
Sugar 21 + 21 = 42.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Chicken 101.5 × 5.08 = 5.150
Potato 80.0 × 0.37 = 0.296
Succotash 80.0 × 0.57 = 0.456
Chocolate cake 103.0 × 0.75 = 0.772
Ice cream 125.8 × 0.58 = 0.729
Coffee (dinner) 210.0 × 0.11 = 0.231
Total nitrogen in food 10.656 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.730
Fuel value of the food 2231 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Underhill.

Nitrogen
Taken in.		 Output.
Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).
Feb. 9 7.832 grams. 7.49 grams. 9.5 grams.
10 7.674 6.14
11 9.770 8.02 32.0
12 9.483 8.82 9.5
13 7.622 7.17 28.0
14 10.656 7.73 24.0
103.0 grams contain
6.52% N.
53.037 45.37 + 6.715 grams nitrogen.
53.037 grams nitrogen. 52.085 grams nitrogen.
Nitrogen balance for six days = +0.952 gram.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.158 gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2068.
Nitrogen per day 8.83 grams.

On June 1, near the close of the experiment, a second nitrogen balance was attempted, with a view to seeing if under the existing conditions of life and activity it was possible to reduce the fuel value of the food, and at the same time diminish in still greater measure the quantity of proteid food taken. The results of this trial are seen in the accompanying tables, where for four days a careful comparison of output and intake is shown. It will be observed from these tables that the average fuel value of the food per day was reduced to 1785 calories, and that the average intake of nitrogen was restricted to 6.73 grams per day. The balance shown is a minus balance, although the deficiency per diem is not large. It is very obvious that both the nitrogen and fuel value of the food can be reduced considerably below the average maintained during the period of the first balance, but not to the degree attempted in the second balance, and secure nitrogen or body equilibrium. It will be noted in this last nitrogen balance, that the average daily output of nitrogen through the urine amounted to 6.46 grams, while the average nitrogen intake was 6.73 grams. The fuel value of the food, however, averaged only 1785 calories per day. It is quite evident, if the non-nitrogenous food had not been reduced quite so much, that a plus nitrogen balance would have been obtained. Still, it is obvious that under the conditions of life and activity, this subject needed to metabolize only about 40 grams of proteid per day, with the total fuel value of his food equal to about 2000 calories, in order to secure both body and nitrogen equilibrium. Here, again, we have an illustration of the possibility of physiological economy which shows itself in a reduction of the daily proteid food more than 50 per cent, with a reduction of the non-nitrogenous food fully 30 per cent, and with maintenance of health, strength and vigor equal, if not superior, to that which the subject has ever experienced.

Wednesday, June 1, 1904.

Breakfast.—Champagne wafer 21.5 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Dinner.—Bread 67.4 grams, butter 15.1 grams, beefsteak 55.5 grams, potato 128 grams, asparagus 103.5 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams, banana 83.5 grams.

Supper.—Bread 15.7 grams, butter 11.8 grams, banana and nuts 106 grams, crullers 90.2 grams, coffee 145 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Champagne wafer 21.5 × 0.64 = 0.138 gram.
Tea 146.0 × 0.015 = 0.022
Sugar 15 + 15 + 15 = 45.0 × 0.000 = 0.000
Bread 67.4 + 15.7 = 83.1 × 1.46 = 1.212
Butter 15.1 + 11.8 = 26.9 × 0.10 = 0.027
Banana 83.5 × 0.28 = 0.192
Beefsteak 55.5 × 4.72 = 2.620
Potato 128.0 × 0.32 = 0.410
Asparagus 103.5 × 0.35 = 0.362
Tea 146.0 × 0.033 = 0.048
Crullers 90.2 × 1.04 = 0.938
Banana and nuts 106.0 × 0.69 = 0.731
Coffee 145.0 × 0.060 = 0.087
Total nitrogen in food 6.787 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 5.960
Fuel value of the food 1913 calories.

Thursday, June 2, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 30 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Dinner.—Clam chowder 270.5 grams, bread 64 grams, butter 14.5 grams, lobster 36.5 grams, Saratoga chips 15 grams, caramel custard 79 grams, tea 146 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Supper.—Bread 35.2 grams, butter 13.8 grams, pineapple 148.7 grams, crullers 84.8 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 30.0 × 1.46 = 0.438 gram.
Tea 146.0 × 0.045 = 0.066
Sugar 15 + 15 + 15 = 45.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Bread 64 + 35.2 = 99.2 × 1.44 = 1.428
Butter 14.5 + 13.8 = 28.3 × 0.10 = 0.028
Clam chowder 270.5 × 0.34 = 0.920
Lobster 36.5 × 3.73 = 1.361
Saratoga chips 15.0 × 0.97 = 0.146
Caramel custard 79.0 × 0.77 = 0.608
Tea 146.0 × 0.036 = 0.053
Tea 140.0 × 0.036 = 0.050
Pineapple 148.7 × 0.054 = 0.080
Crullers 84.8 × 1.04 = 0.882
Total nitrogen in food 6.060 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 5.810
Fuel value of the food 1921 calories.

Friday, June 3, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 31 grams, tea 146 grams.

Dinner.—Fried ham 61 grams, asparagus 124.2 grams, baked potato 85 grams, bread 29 grams, butter 23.5 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams, pineapple 74.8 grams.

Supper.—Bread 34 grams, butter 17.8 grams, pineapple 158.5 grams, tomato 132.5 grams, cup cake 121 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 31 + 20 + 34 = 94.0 × 1.44 = 1.354 grams.
Tea 146.0 × 0.039 = 0.057
Fried ham 61.0 × 4.90 = 2.989
Asparagus 124.2 × 0.50 = 0.621
Baked potato 85.0 × 0.55 = 0.468
Butter 23.5 + 17.8 = 41.3 × 0.10 = 0.041
Tea 140.0 × 0.027 = 0.038
Sugar 15 + 15 = 30.0 × 0.000 = 0.000
Pineapple 74.8 + 158.5 = 233.3 × 0.065 = 0.152
Tea 140.0 × 0.054 = 0.076
Tomato 132.5 × 0.150 = 0.199
Cup cake 121.0 × 0.85 = 1.029
Total nitrogen in food 7.024 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.300
Fuel value of the food 2011 calories.

Saturday, June 4, 1904.

Breakfast.—Bread 32 grams, tea 140 grams.

Dinner.—Hash 133 grams, peas 151.5 grams, bread 61.4 grams, butter 16.1 grams, custard 150 grams, sugar 15 grams, tea 140 grams.

Supper.—Bread 62.5 grams, butter 17 grams, tea 140 grams, sugar 15 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 32.0 × 1.44 = 0.461 gram.
Tea 140.0 × 0.021 = 0.029
Hash 133.0 × 1.50 = 1.995
Peas 151.5 × 1.04 = 1.576
Bread 61.4 + 62.5 = 123.9 × 1.47 = 1.821
Butter 16.1 + 17 = 33.1 × 0.10 = 0.033
Custard 150.0 × 0.78 = 1.170
Sugar 15 + 15 = 30.0 × 0.00 = 0.000
Tea 140.0 × 0.033 = 0.046
Tea 140.0 × 0.030 = 0.042
Total nitrogen in food 7.173 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.780
Fuel value of the food 1297 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—Underhill.

Nitrogen
Taken in.		 Output.
Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).
June 1 6.787 grams. 5.96 grams. 10 grams.
2 6.060 5.81 10
3 7.024 7.30 25
4 7.173 6.78 6
51 grams contain
5.81 % N.
27.044 25.85 + 2.963 grams nitrogen.
27.044 grams nitrogen. 28.813 grams nitrogen.
Nitrogen balance for four days = -1.760 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.442 grams.