Sleeping room of the overseer near the entrance [p. 363]: Varro, R.R. I, xiii, 2.
Small open cistern [p. 366]: As the establishment was not connected with an aqueduct, rain water was carefully saved.
The villa as a country residence [p. 366]: In the farmhouses about Rome and Naples to-day rooms over the quarters of the tenant are reserved for the use of the owner.
CHAPTER XLVI. HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE
Nearly all the articles of furniture and of the toilet referred to in this chapter are figured and described, with many others, in the Real Museo Borbonico. For detailed reference, see the Index, near the end of vol. 16 (pp. 96-97, Ori; pp. 97-98, Argenti; pp. 99-112, Suppellettile), and our List of Illustrations, pp. xxi-xxiii. Most of them are reproduced by Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 7; a number are figured by Piranesi in the volume, Oggetti di uso civile, militare e religioso, trovati a Pompeia e ad Ercolano (= vol. 27 of his Opera). See also the references on the Pompeian and the Roman house [pp. 531-532], and Becker, Gallus (eighth English edition, London, 1886), pp. 285-301; Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, §§ 86-93, 97; Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 100-112, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 210-220; Marquardt, Röm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 607-768. Cf. Mau, Fornelli antichi, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1898), pp. 38-46.
Silver cups found in the Casa dell' Argenteria [p. 379]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 305.
The treasure of Boscoreale [p. 380]: Héron de Villefosse, Le trésor de Boscoreale, Monuments et Mémoires publiés par l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 5 (Fondation Piot, Paris, 1899), fasc. 1 and 2; also Michaelis, Der Silberschatz von Boscoreale, Preussische Jahrbücher, vol. 85 (1896), pp. 19-56; Winter, Der Silberschatz von Boscoreale, Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 74-87; cf. also Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. 681-682.
Shallow bowl with a representation of Alexandria [p. 380]: Two similar bowls were ornamented with realistic portrait heads of a man and a woman, which, to judge from the manner of dressing the hair, probably date from the reign of Claudius or Nero. The bowl containing the portrait of the woman had been lost, and the detached head is now in the British Museum. The other, with the rest of the collection (102 pieces) is in the Louvre.
Beside Epicurus an eager pig [p. 381]: cf. Hor. Ep. I. iv. 16, Epicuri de grege porcus.
Greek inscription [p. 382]: Héron de Villefosse, op. cit., p. 59.
| ΖΩΝ ΜΕΤΑ | ζῶν μετά- |
| ΛΑΒΕΤΟΓΑΡ | λαβε, τὸ γὰρ |
| ΑΥΡΙΟΝΑΔΗ | αὔριον ἄδη- |
| ΛΟΝΕϹΤΙ | λόν ἐστι |
CHAPTER XLVII. THE TRADES AT POMPEII. THE BAKERS
Of the trades in general: Blümner, Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern (4 vols.; Leipzig, 1875-1887); Marquardt, Röm. Privatleben, pt. 2 (Edit. 2; Leipzig, 1886).
Inscriptions relating to the trades at Pompeii: C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256, under artes et officia privata.
Signs of shops [p. 387]: Jordan, Ueber römische Ausbäugeschilder, Archäologische Zeitung, vol. 4 (1871), pp. 75 et seq. Inscription of Diogenes: C. I. L. X. 868; see the article, Aushängeschilder, by Mau, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, vol. 2. pp. 2558-2559.
Cupids as carpenters and shoemakers [p. 385]: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 804, 805; the two paintings are often reproduced, as by Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, English translation by Anderson (London, 1895), pl. 72, 1, and 73, 12. Stuccoer (tector): Bull, dell' Inst., 1879, p. 134; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, no. 655; Blümner, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 53 (1881), pp. 107-108, pl. H.
Bakers and bakeshops [p. 388]: Blümner, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 1-88; Marquardt, op. cit., pp. 414-424; Fulvio, Delle fornaci e dei forni pompeiani, Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX. pp. 273-291; de Rossi, Antichi mulini in Roma e nel Lazio, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 29 (1857), pp. 274-281; Mau, Su certi apparecchi nei pistrini di Pompei, Röm. Mitth., vol. 1 (1886), pp. 45-48, and pl. 3. Processes of bread-making: best illustrated in the reliefs of the monument of Eurysaces, Rome, shown in Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 58; cf. C. I. L. I. 1013-1015; Jahn, Sepolcro di Eurisace, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), particularly pp. 231-248. Loaves of bread represented in paintings: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1501, 1661 ff.; see, e.g., Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38, vol. 8, pl. 57. Remains of loaves found at Pompeii: Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 172.
CHAPTER XLVIII. THE FULLERS AND THE TANNERS
Appliances and processes: Blümner, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 155-178, 257-287. A fuller description of the tannery, with illustrations showing the implements discovered, is given by Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 271-275, 1875, pp. 18-25.
No soap in Pompeii [p. 393]: Hofmann, Ueber vermeintliche antike Seife, Wiener Studien, vol. 4 (1882), pp. 263-270.
Pictures illustrating the fullery [pp. 394-395]: Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. 49, 50; Helbig, Wandgemälde, no. 1502; Jahn, Abhandlungen der königl. sächsischen Gesellschaft des Wissenschaften, philologisch-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 305-311, and pl. 4.
CHAPTER XLIX. INNS AND WINESHOPS
Roman inns: Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 2, pp. 33-39, Edit. 7, vol. 1, pp. 311-325.
Inscriptions: caupones, copones, C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256; of Sittius, C. I. L. IV. 806, 807 (for the picture, see Helbig, Wandgemälde, no. 1601); of the inn, Ins. VII, XII, C. I. L. IV. 2144-2164.
Pictures illustrating the life of the wineshop [p. 403]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 204; Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. A, vol. 5, pl. 48; Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1487, 1504.
Selling of wine mixed with water [p. 404]: a stock charge against ancient innkeepers; Trimalchio (Petr. Sat. XXXIX) makes out that these were born under the sign Aquarius, 'the waterer.' For the wineshop in which the graffito was found, see Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 252-256.
CHAPTER L. THE STREET OF TOMBS
Of Roman tombs and rites of burial: Marquardt, Röm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 340-385; Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 112-123, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 220-228; Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, §§ 77, 78, 110; Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome (1892), pp. 168-208, 253-305; Vollmer, De funere publico Romanorum, Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, Supplementband 19 (1893), pp. 319-364; see the article Bestattung, by Mau, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, vol. 3, pp. 346-359.
Of the street of tombs as a whole: Mazois, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 1; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 401-419; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 381-397; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 398-422.
Tombs near the Herculaneum gate, not including the Garland tomb (excavated 1763-1764, 1769-1770): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 150-155, 234-241, pt. 2, pp. 110-118 (journal of Francesco la Vega); Piranesi, Antiquités de Pompéi, vols. 1, 2, pl. 2-5, 34-44. Sepulchral enclosure of Terentius Felix (excavation finished December 15, 1828): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 217; Bonucci, Pompéi décrite (seconde traduction de la 3e édition italienne, Naples, 1830), p. 73. The tomb nearest the gate on the right: Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 140-142.
Tombs farther from the gate, to the limit of excavation (excavated 1806-1813): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 87, 176-177, (Garland tomb), pt. 3, pp. 74-120, 223-225, 249; Millin, Description des tombeaux qui ont été découverts à Pompéi dans l'année 1812 (Naples, 1813); Clarac, Fouille faite à Pompéi en présence de S. M. la Reine des Deux Siciles le 18 Mars, 1813 (Naples, 1813). Tomb of the blue glass vase (1837): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 3, p. 132; Schulz, in his Scavi di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), pp. 194-195. Tomb of Diomedes (excavated in 1775): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 279-280. Tomb of Istacidius Helenus (1775, 1828): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist, vol. 1, pt. 1. pp. 279-280, vol. 2, p. 217. The pre-Roman graves [p. 407]: Mau and von Duhn, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 156-167; earlier finds of painted vases, Bonucci, Pompéi (1830), p. 65; and de Iorio, Plan de Pompéi et remarques sur ses édifices (Naples, 1828), p. 33.
T. Suedius Clemens [pp. 407-408; cf. also p. 488]: Clemens was now evidently a supporter of Vespasian; previously he had been in the service of Otho (Tac. Hist. I. LXXXVII, II. XII).
Blue glass vase [p. 415]: Schultz, Anforina di vetro con bassirilievi rinvenuta in Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 11 (1839), pp. 84-100.
Gladiatorial scenes on the tomb of Scaurus [p. 419]: admirably engraved by Mazois (op. cit., pl. 30, 31, 32), and frequently reproduced, as by Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (Eng. trans., 1895), pl. 30, 2-9, text, with citation of literature, p. 59; Niccolini, le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1. Inscriptions accompanying the figures: C. I. L. IV. 1182; the inscription of the tomb itself is given, C. I. L. X. 1024. In his interpretation of the reliefs Mazois incorrectly assumed (op. cit., pp. 47-48) that on account of the baiting of a bear by one of the figures with a cloth the tomb could not have been built before the time of Claudius. The passage cited by him (Plin. N. H. VIII. XVI. 54) has no bearing on the date; but the tomb of Scaurus, which belongs neither to the oldest nor to the most recent, may well have been built in the time of Claudius or of Nero.
Ship on the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche [p. 423]: Jordan, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 44 (1872), pp. 20-26; Visconti, Fronte di Sarcofago con Tritoni e navi, Bull. Com., vol. 1 (1872-1873), pp. 255-269; cf. Cic. De Sen. XIX. 71. Petronius (Sat. LXXI.) humorously represents Trimalchio as ordering 'ships under full sail' among the carvings of his tomb.
Inscription of Salvius [p. 426]: found, according to C. I. L. X. 1032, beside the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche; but we have the testimony of Bonucci (Pompéi, 1830, p. 37) to the effect that it was found in the niche where it now is, where it exactly fits the cavity. The mistake in the Corpus may have arisen from a misunderstanding of the report of the excavation, which is now unfortunately lost.
M. Alleius Luccius Libella [p. 426]: the name was originally Luccius Libella, with what praenomen is not clear; but Luccius Libella married the daughter of M. Alleius (M. Alleius Nigidius Maius?) and was adopted by him, assuming his praenomen and nomen, so that the full name took the form given in the inscription. The son dropped the original nomen Luccius, and was called simply M. Alleius Libella. In like manner the name of the son of D. Lucretius Satrius Valens became D. Lucretius Valens [p. 222].
CHAPTER LI. BURIAL PLACES NEAR THE NOLA, STABIAN, AND NOCERA GATES
Burial places near the Nola Gate [p. 429]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 594-597; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 480-483.
Graves east of the Stabian Road [p. 429]—earlier finds: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1. pt. 1, pp. 11-12, 14, 42, 46-48, 50, 51-52; C. I. L. X. 1047-1062; Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), p. 226, 7. Later finds: Not. d. scavi, 1893, pp. 333-335, 1894, pp. 15-16, 382-385, 1897, pp. 275-276; Mau, Scavi fuori porta Stabiana, Röm. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894). pp. 62-65. vol. 10 (1895), pp. 156-159.
Tombs near the Stabian Gate [p. 430]: Not. d. scavi. 1889, pp. 280-281, 368-369, 406-410, 1890, pp. 44-45, 165; Mau, Scavi fuori porta Stabiana, Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 277-284. The inscriptions are given also in Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 87-88 (nos. 318, 325, 327, 330).
Tombs near the Amphitheatre [p. 431]: Not. d. scavi, 1886, pp. 334-337, 1887, pp. 33-40, 452-458; Mau, Sepolcri della via Nucerina, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 120-149. For the inscriptions, see also Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 88-90 (320, 321, 324, 326, 328, 329, 332); advertisement of the stray horse, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3, p. 145.
Desecration of tombs near Rome [p. 436]: Lanciani, The Destruction of Ancient Rome, pp. 89-98.
CHAPTER LII. ARCHITECTURE
Doric frieze with red metopes [p. 441]: there is a similar frieze in the house VII. III. 31; see Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 97.
CHAPTER LIII. SCULPTURE
Of the sculptures found at Pompeii: Very few of the sculptures unearthed at Pompeii are treated or reproduced in the comprehensive works on ancient sculpture. The more important statues and reliefs found prior to 1865, as well as those discovered in Herculaneum, are published in the Real Museo Borbonico, with descriptive text; see the Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 8-34. They are reproduced also by Roux, with descriptive text by Barré, Herculanum et Pompéi, vols. 6 and 7 (first part). These engravings, while in many cases faulty, are often serviceable to students at a distance in the identification of photographs, which are easily obtained through the Naples dealers. The better terra-cottas are published by Von Rohden, Die Terracotten von Pompeji (Stuttgart, 1880). A somewhat fuller treatment of Pompeian sculpture is given in Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 532-563.
Heads of Epicurus, Demosthenes, and Callimachus [p. 447]: Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 242-243; Brizio, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 45 (1873), pp. 98-106; Mommsen and Robert, Archäologische Zeitung, 1880, pp. 32-36; Comparetti, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni (Torino, 1883), pp. 33-53, pl. III, nos. 4, 7, 8; Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, pp. 89-96; for other references, see Helbig, Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom (Edit. 2, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1899), vol. 1, p. 319, no. 476.
Busts of Virgil and Horace [p. 448] (found in October, 1868): Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, vol. 1 (1868), p. 133 and pl. 1; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 164; Bernoulli, Römische Ikonographie, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 127, 192; Helbig, Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom (Edit. 2), vol. 1, pp. 355-356. A further reason why Brutus cannot be represented in the Naples bust is that the similar bust in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (Helbig, op. cit., no. 536) shows a person well on in years, while the prominence of Brutus lasted only for a brief period, and it is not likely that there should be preserved to us portraits representing him at periods so entirely different. Susa mosaic: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, serie 4, vol. 24 (Paris, 1896), pp. 578-581 and pl. after p. 580; Gauckler, Les Mosaïques virgiliennes de Sousse, Monuments et Mémoires publiées par l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 4 (Fondation Piot, 1897), pp. 233-234; Fowler, Portraits of Virgil, School Review, vol. 6 (1898), pp. 598-605; Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 13 (1898), p. 114.
Aphrodite and Spes [p. 450]: Mau, Bull, dell' Inst., 1873, pp. 233-235.
Artemis [p. 450]: often reproduced, as Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 8; Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 76, 77; Brunn and Bruckmann, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, no. 356. Identification with Artemis Laphria (Paus. VII. XVIII. 9): Studniczka, Die archaische Artemis-statuette aus Pompeii, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 277-302, and pl. 10; Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), pp. 656-657.
Dancing satyr [p. 450]: Museo Borb., vol. 9, pl. 42; Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 59; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 549-551.
Silenus carrying frame with glass vase [p. 451]: Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 29; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 159; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, p. 552.
Listening Dionysus [p. 452]: Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, 1862, p. 60 and pl. 14; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 158-159; Benndorf, Sulla statua Pompeiana creduta di Narcisso, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 38 (1866), pp. 107-113; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 552-555; Hauser, Narcisso, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 113-118; Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. 451-453; Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 28; Brunn and Bruckmann, Denkmäler, no. 384. Hauser in the article cited makes it appear probable that the figure had originally a somewhat different pose; the right foot rested flat upon the base, the left only on the heel, so that the body, instead of leaning forward, was slightly bent back. The present pose, however, was given to the figure in antiquity; according to G. Patroni, the wedge of lead under the right foot was in its present place when the statuette was discovered.
Ephebus of 1900 [p. 453]: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 584-587 (7 illustrations); Sogliano, L'efebo in bronzo rinvenuto in Pompei, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 10 (1901), pp. 641-654, pl. 16-26. This statue is assigned to the Roman period by Waldstein, The Monthly Review, 1901, pp. 125-126, and Petersen, Röm. Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), p. 96.
CHAPTER LIV. PAINTING. WALL DECORATION
Technique of Pompeian painting: Donner, Die erhaltenen antiken Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung, printed as an introduction to Helbig's Wandgemälde (see Chap. LV.), pp. I—CXXVII; Mau, Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji (Berlin, 1882; with atlas of 20 plates).
Specimen illustrations: Many entire walls as well as single paintings are reproduced in color in the extensive works by Zahn, Die schönsten Ornamente und merkwürdigsten Gemälde aus Pompeji, Herkulanum und Stabiae, nebst einigen Grundrissen und Ansichten (Mit deutschem und französischem Text. Drei Abtheilungen in 30 Heften, 302 Tafeln. Berlin, 1827-1859); and Niccolini, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei designati e descritti (Naples, 1854-1901). Both works are rarely found complete, and the plates of the second in particular leave much to be desired in respect to drawing as well as coloring; it has therefore been thought best not to encumber these notes with detailed references to them. A number of walls are shown also by Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi (8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 1 (108 plates), and by D'Amelio, Dipinti Murali di Pompei, Naples, 1888. Professor Mau has in preparation a new work on wall decoration which will be illustrated by colored plates similar to those in the atlas to his Wandmalerei. The sources of the illustrations in this and the following chapter are given in our List of Illustrations, p. xxv.
Preparation of the wall [p. 456]: Vitr. VII. III; cf. also Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome (2 vols. London, 1892), vol. 1, pp. 91-103.
Decoration of the house of Lucretius [p. 457]: see references on p. 528.
The four styles of decoration [p. 457]: suggestive critical comments by Wickhoff, Roman Art (English trans. by Mrs. S. Arthur Strong, London, 1900), pp. 117 ff.; but see the review of the German original by Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 227-235.
Decoration of the second style in Rome [p. 462]—house of Germanicus on the Palatine: Mau, Due pareti d'una stanza sul Palatino, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 52 (1880), pp. 136-149, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 22-23; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 196-205 and pl. 9. House in the Farnesina garden: Not. d. Scavi, 1879, pp. 15, 40, 68, 114, 141, 179-180, 267, 314, 333, 1880, pp. 32, 127-128, 138-140, and pl. 4 (plan); Mau, Parete dipinta della casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 54 (1882), pp. 301-308; Hülsen, Fregio dipinta nella casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, ibid., pp. 309-314; Mau, Pitture della casa antica scoperta nella villa Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 56 (1884), pp. 307-322, vol. 57 (1885), pp. 302-318; Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 44-48, vol. 12, pl. 5, 5 a, 7, 7 a, 8, 17-34; Supplemento (1891), pl. 32-36; especially Lessing and Mau, Wand- und Deckenschmuck eines römischen Hauses aus der Zeit des Augustus (Berlin, 1891; with 16 plates from the same blocks as those in the Mon. dell' Inst.); Helbig, Führer durch die Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom, vol. 2, pp. 226-223, nos. 1107-1108, 1119-1122, 1124, 1129-1136, 1141-1144, 1146-1148, 1151.
CHAPTER LV. THE PAINTINGS
Of the paintings in general: the paintings discovered prior to 1868 are described, with references to the literature, by W. Helbig, Wandgemälde der vom Vesuv verschütteten Städte Campaniens (Nebst einer Abhandlung über die antiken Wandmalereien in Technischer Beziehung, von Otto Donner, Leipzig, 1868); those discovered after the publication of Helbig's work and before 1880, by Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane scoverte negli anni 1867-1879 (supplemento all' opera dell' Helbig, Naples, 1879. Published also in the volume, Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio, for which see p. 513); those that have come to light since 1879 are described by Mau in his reports (see note to Chap. IV) and in the Notizie degli scavi; cf. also Helbig, Untersuchungen über die campanische Wandmalerei (Leipzig, 1873). Besides the reproductions of paintings by Zahn and Niccolini mentioned above (p. 544), the more important examples are published in the Real Museo Borbonico (see Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 37-58); Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vols. 1-5 (Paris, 1840); Rochette, Choix de peintures de Pompéi, la plupart de sujet historique (lithographiées en couleur par M. Roux, et publiées ... par M. Raoul-Rochette; 7 livraisons in fol., Paris, 1844-1853, incomplete); Presuhn, Pompeji, Die neuesten Ausgrabungen von 1874 bis 1881 (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1882; 80 chromolithograph plates); and in other works the titles of which are easily accessible in Furchheim's Bibliografia. The colored plates presented by Niccolini, Arte Pompeiana Monumenti scelti (a selection of 55 plates from the larger work, Naples, 1888), give a false idea of the paintings reproduced.
No evidence of development in composition or technique [p. 471]: cf. Wickhoff, Roman Art, pp. 139 ff.
Hercules and Antaeus [p. 472]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 101; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, no. 495.
Mosaic pictures on the floor [p. 472]: as in the house of the Faun; see references on p. 533. For the Pompeian mosaics in general, see Gli ornati delle pareti ed i pavimenti delle stanze dell' antica Pompei, 3 vols. Naples, 1796-1808, vols. 1 and 2; Museo Borb., Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 35-37; Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 5 (latter part, 32 plates).
Group of Admetus and Alcestis in architectural framework [p. 473]: Sogliano, op. cit., no. 506.
Seafights [p. 474]: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1576-1580 (those of the Macellum are shown in a colored plate by Mazois, Les ruines de Pompéi, vol. 3, pl. 46); Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 56, nos. 113-116, and Sogliano, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 8 (1898), p. 310, fig. 33; cf. also Sogliano op. cit., nos. 669-670.
Xenia [p. 474]: Vitr. VI. VII (X) 4; Helbig, Wandegemälde, nos. 1661-1718. For fig. 266 cf. Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38; Helbig, no. 1690.
Landscapes [p. 475]: Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 3 (end; 30 plates); Helbig, Wandgemälde, pp. 385-394; Sogliano, op. cit., pp. 141-144.
Tadius, Ludius [p. 475]: Plin. N. H. XXXV. X. 116. In Mayhoff's text (vol. 5, 1897) the name is given as Studius. Cf. Helbig, Beiträge zur Erklärung der campanischen Wandbilder. Rhein. Mus., vol. 25 (1870), pp. 393-407. Decoration of the villa at Prima Porta: Brunn, Scavi di Prima Porta, Bull. dell' Inst., 1863, pp. 81-86; Antike Denkmäler des Kaiserlich deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, vol. 1 (1890), pl. 11, 24.
Group of musicians [p. 476]: Museo Borb., vol. 1, pl. 30; Helbig, Wandegemälde, no. 1442.
Paquius Proculus and his wife [p. 477]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 204; Sogliano, op. cit., no. 673.
Busts of youths with the names of Homer and Plato [pp. 477-478]: found in 1892 in the tablinum of the small house joined to the house of the Silver Wedding [fig. 146, δ]; reproduced, with fuller description, Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 19-23.
Paintings of Achilles in the house of Castor and Pollux [p. 478]: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1297, 1307.
Scenes of combat [p. 478]—Hercules, from Herculaneum: Pitture di Ercolano, vol. 3, pl. 47, p. 247; ibid., vol. 4, pl. 5, p. 27; and Museo Borb., vol. 11, pl. 9; Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1124, 1125. Meleager and the boar: Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 40, 382; Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 508, 509. Achilles and the fleeing Troilus: Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 37; Helbig, Wandgemälde, pp. 460-461; cf. also Sogliano, op. cit., no. 548. Combat between warrior and Amazon: Bull. dell' Inst., 1871, p. 204; Sogliano, op. cit., no. 547, cf. also no. 548.
Io and Argus, Io in Egypt [p. 479]: Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 12, vol. 10, pl. 2; Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 2, pl. 59; Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 131, 138. Cf. Braun, Elenco dei monumenti rappresentanti il mito di Io, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), pp. 328-330, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 59.
Hecuba [p. 479]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1877, p. 13; Mau, Ettore riportato a Troia, pittura paretaria di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 49 (1877), pp. 268-279, and pl. O, P (colored, at the end of the volume); Sogliano, op. cit., no. 579.
Narcissus, Polyphemus, Apollo, and Admetus [pp. 479-480]: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1338-1367, Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 586-592; Helbig, nos. 220-222, 1048.
Idyllic pictures [p. 480]—Selene and Endymion: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 950-962; Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 456-457. Paris and Oenone: Helbig, no. 1280. Perseus and Andromeda: Helbig, nos. 1192-1198. Bacchus and Ariadne: Helbig, nos. 1235-1240; Sogliano, no. 538; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 52-53 (no. 98, house of the Vettii). Hercules and Omphale: Helbig, nos. 1136-1140; cf. Sogliano, nos. 496, 497.
Examples of a pathetic situation [p. 480]—Aphrodite and the wounded Adonis: Helbig, nos. 335-340; Sogliano, no. 142. Cyparissus: Sogliano, nos. 109, 110; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 19 (no. 36, with illustration, house of the Vettii). Europa and the bull: Sogliano, no. 79; cf. Helbig, nos. 123-130.
Groups with figures in contrast [p. 480]—Hephaestus and Thetis: Helbig, nos. 1316-1318 c. Daedalus and Pasiphaë: Helbig, nos. 1205-1208; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11, pp. 49-51 (with illustration, house of the Vettii). Danaë cast away: Helbig, nos. 119-121; Sogliano, nos. 76-78.
Paintings in groups [p. 481]: Trendelenburg, Gegenstücke in der Wandmalerei, Archäologische Zeitung, vol. 9 (1876), pp. 1-8, 79-93. Group of three paintings, Achilles: Bull. dell' Inst., 1879, pp. 51-54 (Ins. IX. V. 2); Sogliano, nos. 572, 576, 577. Group of two, Polyphemus, Aphrodite fishing: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 49-50; Sogliano, nos. 146, 472 (Ins. VI. XIV. 28); Helbig, nos. 354, 1049 (house of Lucretius). Group of two, Europa and Pan: Sogliano, nos. 79, 196 (Ins. IX. V. 18). Double group, Hercules and Artemis, Athena and Marsyas: Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 263-269 (with illustrations), vol. 6 (1891), pp. 71-72 (Ins. V. II. 10).
CHAPTER LVI. MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS AND PUBLIC NOTICES
Publication: in the notes to the preceding chapters references have been given to the place of publication of nearly all the monumental inscriptions, both Latin and Oscan; the Latin inscriptions on stone are classified C. I. L. X. 787-1079, with a supplementary collection, Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 86-90 (nos. 311-332); cf. also Not. d. scavi, 1898, pp. 422-423. The Oscan inscriptions of all classes are published by Zvetaieff, Sylloge Inscriptionum Oscarum (with 19 plates of facsimiles; St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1878); Inscriptiones Italiae inferioris mediae (with 11 plates; Moscow and Leipzig, 1886); von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte (2 vols., Strassburg, 1892, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 499-510 (nos. 28-116); Conway, The Italic Dialects (2 vols., London, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 54-81 (nos. 39-86). The public notices are collected in C. I. L. IV. pp. 1-75 (nos. 1-1204), pp. XVI-XVII (nos. 3256-3296), and the Supplement, pt. 2, which is in press, pp. 467-499 (nos. 3341-3884).
House of Aemilius Celer [p. 486]: Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 118-119.
Election notices [p. 487]—M. Marius: C. I. L. IV. 3. Publius Furius: ibid., 67. Herennius Celsus: ibid., 299. Casellius: ibid., 223 et al., and Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. Holconius Priscus: C. I. L. IV. 157. hic aerarium conservabit: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3702. Claudius Verus: C. I. L. IV. 367, Suppl. 5229, and often between nos. 3707 and 3828.
Election notices [pp. 488-489]—Helvius Sabinus: C. I. L. IV. 787. M. Epidius Sabinus: ibid., 470. Sabinus: ibid., 635. Epidius Sabinus: ibid., 787. Vatia: ibid., 575, 576, 581. Claudius: ibid., 425.
Notices to rent—insula of Nigidius Maius [p. 489]: C. I. L. IV. 138. Property of Julia Felix [p. 490]: ibid., 1136.
Offer of reward [p. 490]: C. I. L. IV. 64.
CHAPTER LVII. THE GRAFFITI
Publication: the graffiti are collected, C. I. L. IV. pp. 76-166 (nos. 1205-2549 c), pp. XVII-XVIII (nos. 3297-3339), and Suppl., pt. 2, pp. 499-599 (nos. 3885 et seq.). Cf. Correra, Graffiti di Roma, Bull. com., 1893, pp. 245-260, 1894, pp. 89-100, and pls. II-VI, 1895, pp. 193-216.
Admiror, paries [p. 491]: found in the Large Theatre, the Amphitheatre, and the Basilica; C. I. L. IV. 1904, 2461, 2487; Bull. dell' Inst., 1867, pp. 50-53; Bull. com., 1894, p. 99; Buecheler, Carmina Latina epigraphica, no. 957 (vol. 1, Leipzig, 1895), p. 440. References to writing on walls in ancient authors: Plin. Epist. VIII. VIII. 7; Mart. Ep. XII. LXI. 7-10; Cic. In Verr. III. XXXIII. 77. Metrical graffiti: Buecheler, Die metrischen Wandinschriften, Rhein. Mus., vol. 12 (1857), pp. 250-260.
Graffiti relating to the conflict in the Amphitheatre [p. 492]: see references on pp. 529-530.
Praetorian guard [p. 492]: C. I. L. IV. 1994.
Names and greetings [p. 493]—Paris, Sabinus: C. I. L. IV. 1245, 1305. Aemilius: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 5350. Samius, Pyrrhus: C. I. L. IV. 1864, 1852.
Love [p. 494]—Quisquis amat: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 233; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4091; cf. C. I. L. IV. 1173, 3199: Buecheler, Carm. Lat. epigr., nos. 945, 946. Nemo est bellus: C. I. L. IV. 1883; Buecheler, 233; Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 45. Nam nemo flammas: C. I. L. IV. 1898; Buecheler, 948. Alliget hic auras: C. I. L. IV. 1649; Buecheler, 944. Si quis forte meam: C. I. L. IV. 1645; Buecheler, 953, 954.
Quotations and paraphrases [p. 495]: Propert. II. V. 9; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4491; Bull. dell' Inst., 1875, p. 191: Ovid, Ars Am. I. 475-476, and C. I. L. IV. 1895.
Lovers' messages [p. 495]—Victoria: C. I. L. IV. 1477. Cestilia: ibid., 2413 h. Pupa: ibid., 1234; Buecheler, no. 232. Serena: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 269; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3928-3930. Si quid amor: Not. d. scavi, 1883, p. 53; Buecheler, no. 935.
Lovers' complaints [p. 496]: Tu, dea: C. I. L. IV. 2310 k. Quoted couplets joined: ibid., 1893, 1894. Threat against Venus: ibid., 1824; Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 59 (no. 29); Buecheler, no. 947.
Records of tarrying [p. 496]—Romula: C. I. L. IV. 2060. Staphilus: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4087. Restitutus: Röm. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), p. 25; Buecheler, 355. Varus and Pelagia: C. I. L. IV. 2321. Balbus and Fortunata: Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, p. 195; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4933.
Greeting of Hirtia Psacas [p. 497]. Bull. dell' Inst., 1894, p. 201; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3905.
Memoranda [p. 497]—gambling: C. I. L. IV. 2119. Paces: ibid., 1714. Advent of young: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 202; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3890. Figures: C. I. L. IV. 1996, 2008, 2011, 2020, etc. Oleum l. a.: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4000; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, p. 59.
Catchwords, quotations, proverbs [p. 498]: Verg. Aen. I. 1: C. I. L. IV. 1282, 2361, 3198. Aen. II. 1: ibid., 2213, and often; Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 57.[5] Lucr. I. 1: C. I. L. IV. 3072. Minimum malum: ibid., 1811, 1870. Moram si quaeres: ibid., 2069.
CHAPTER LVIII. INSCRIPTIONS RELATING TO BUSINESS AFFAIRS
Tablets of Caecilius Jucundus [p. 499 et seq.]: edited by Zangemeister, C. I. L. IV. Suppl. fasc. 1 (1898); first published by de Petra, Le tavolette cerate di Pompei rinvenute a' 3 e 5 Luglio, 1875 (Rome, 1876), also in Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 3, 150-230; cf. Mommsen, Die Pompeianischen Quittungstafeln des L. Caecilius Iucundus, Hermes, vol. 12 (1879), pp. 88-141; Mommsen, Pompeianische Geschäftsurkunden, Hermes, vol. 23 (1888), pp. 157-159; Bruns, Fontes iuris Romani antiqui (Edit. 6, 1893), pp. 291-293, 314-320.
Of interest in this connection are the remains of wax tablets found in the gold mines near Verespatak (ancient Alburnus Maior) in Transylvania (C. I. L. III. pp. 921-960), and the records of transactions found on papyri of the Roman period in Egypt (cf., e.g., Schulten, Ein römischer Kaufvertrag auf Papyrus aus dem Jahre 166 n. Chr., Hermes, vol. 32, 1897, pp. 273-289).
Tablet A [p. 502]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, XXV; de Petra, no. 15.
Tablet B [p. 504]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, CXLVII; de Petra, no. 124.
Inscriptions on amphorae [p. 505]—ex fundo Badiano: C. I. L. IV. 2551. Estate uncertain: C. I. L. IV. 2552 (names of the consuls incorrectly given). fundus Satrianus, fundus Asinianus: Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96; Not. d. scavi, 1895, p. 33.
Brands of wine [pp. 505-506]—Cnidium: Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 40. Coum: C. I. L. IV. 2565. Λύττιος: Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 60. Λευκουνάριον: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 264.
Gustaticium [p. 506]: Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96.
Edibles [p. 506]—Oliva alba dulce: C. I. L. IV. 2610. Lomentum: ibid., 2597. g. f.: ibid., 2576. Liquamen: ibid., see Index, p. 243; Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 30.
Names of proprietor, consignor, consignee [p. 507]—M. Caesius Celer: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. Virnius Modestus: Not. d. Scavi, 1881, p. 195. Caecilius Jucundus: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 24. Caecili Iucundi: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3433.
Inscriptions of the Boscoreale treasure [p. 507]: published in facsimile by Héron de Villefosse, Le trésor de Boscoreale; see pp. 42 et seq.
Inscription of the Alexandria patera [p. 507]:
PHI·ET·EMB·P·P·IIS𐆐𐆐℈VI. PHI·P·P·II𐆐𐆒 · EMB·P·P·S𐆑𐆒
Stamps [p. 508]: for the stamped and other permanent inscriptions on tiles, lamps, amphorae, and different kinds of terra-cotta vessels found at Pompeii, as well as the stamps and seals, see the second part of C. I. L. X., under Instrumentum Domesticum.
Examples of stamps [p. 508]—bread: C. I. L. X. 8058, 18. Popidius Priscus: ibid., 8058, 70. Vettii: Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 3.