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Religion and ceremonies of the Lenape

Chapter 95: NOTES
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About This Book

The work documents Lenape religious beliefs and ritual practice, surveying the pantheon—supreme being, spirits, sun, moon, earth, thunder, and corn—alongside lesser deities, animal and plant spirits, and local genii; it treats concepts of soul survival, spirit-land, ghosts, mediumship, and visionary experiences that produce guardian spirits. It provides detailed descriptions of annual Unami ceremonies, Minsi Big House rituals, the masker tradition and mask society, and various minor rites such as the Doll, Bear, Otter, Buffalo, Peyote, and Ghost dances, with notes on ceremonial organization, paraphernalia, songs, and regional variations, concluding with a comparative summary of beliefs and rites.

NOTES

[1] Handbook of American Indians, Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology, part I, p. 386, Washington, 1907. Indian Population in the United States and Alaska, 1910, p. 73, Washington, 1915. Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for 1913, Ottawa, 1913.

[2] Dankers, Jaspar, and Sluyter, Peter. Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80. Translated from the original manuscript in Dutch for the Long Island Historical Society, pp. 266-267, Brooklyn, 1869.

[3] Penn, William. A Letter from William Penn, Proprietary and Governour of Pennsylvania in America to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders of that Province, Residing in London, p. 6, London, 1683.

[4] Holm, Thomas Campanius. Short description of the Province of New Sweden, now called Pennsylvania. Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa., vol. III, p. 139, Phila., 1834.

[5] David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians. Edited by Archer Butler Hulbert and William Nathaniel Schwarze. Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. XIX, nos. 1 and 2, p. 128, Columbus, 1910.

[6] Heckewelder, John. An Account of the History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighboring States. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. I, p. 205, Phila., 1819.

[7] Waubuno, Chief (John Wampum). The Traditions of the Delawares, as told by Chief Waubuno. London [n.d.]. This little pamphlet contains some original material on the Minsi and some purporting to apply to the Minsi, but copied from Peter Jones’ “History of the Ojebway Indians.”

[8] Brainerd, David. Memoirs of the Rev. David Brainerd, Missionary to the Indians ... chiefly taken from his own diary, by Rev. Jonathan Edwards, including his Journal, now ... incorporated with the rest of his diary ... by Sereno Edwards Dwight, pp. 344, 349, New Haven, 1822.

[9] Brinton, Daniel G. The Lenape and their Legends, p. 65 et seq., Phila., 1885.

[10] Loskiel, George Henry. History of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians in North America, p. 34, London, 1794. Zeisberger, op. cit., pp. 128-129. Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 205.

[11] Loskiel, op. cit.

[12] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 130.

[13] Brainerd, op. cit., p. 238.

[14] Holm, op. cit., p. 139.

[15] Strachey, Wm. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia. Hakluyt Soc. Pub., vol. VI, p. 98, London, 1849.

[16] Brainerd, op. cit., p. 344.

[17] Loskiel, op. cit., p. 43.

[18] Brainerd, op. cit.

[19] Loskiel, op. cit.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Ibid.

[22] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 147.

[23] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 205.

[24] Loskiel, op. cit., p. 43.

[25] Jones, Rev. Peter. History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 83, London, 1861.

[26] Skinner, Alanson, and Schrabisch, Max. A Preliminary Report of the Archæological Survey of the State of New Jersey, Bulletin 9 of the Geological Survey of New Jersey, p. 32, Trenton, 1913.

[27] Skinner, Alanson. The Lenape Indians of Staten Island, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. III, p. 21, New York, 1909. Idem. Two Lenape Stone Masks from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Indian Notes and Monographs, 1920.

[28] Brainerd, op. cit., p. 237.

[29] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 141.

[30] Ibid., op. cit., p. 139.

[31] Brainerd, John, quoted by Abbott in Idols of the Delaware Indians, American Naturalist, Oct. 1882.

[32] Jones, op. cit., pp. 87, 95.

[33] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 344.

[34] Penn, William, op. cit.

[35] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 238.

[36] Ibid., p. 346.

[37] Zeisberger, op. cit., pp. 133-134.

[38] Ibid., p. 131.

[39] A similar vision of a black and white duck was reported by the Lenape at the Grand River reserve in Ontario. See Harrington, M. R., Vestiges of Material Culture among the Canadian Delawares, American Anthropologist, n.s., vol. X, no. 3, p. 414, July-Sept., 1908.

[40] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 347.

[41] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 132.

[42] Loskiel, op. cit., p. 40.

[43] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 238 et seq.

[44] Adams, R. C. Notes on Delaware Indians, in Report on Indians Taxed and Indians not Taxed, U. S. Census 1890, p. 299.

[45] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 138.

[46] Ibid. pp. 136, 137.

[47] Harrington, M. R. A Preliminary Sketch of Lenape Culture, American Anthropologist, vol. XV, no. 2, April-June, 1913.

[48] Adams, loc. cit.

[49] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 138.

[50] Harrington, Canadian Delawares, pp. 414, 415. See note 39.

[51] Waubuno, op. cit., p. 27.

[52] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 237.

[53] Adams, loc. cit.

[54] Harrington, Canadian Delawares, p. 416.

[55] Ibid. p. 417.

[56] Marsh, Rev. Cutting. Documents Relating to the Stockbridge Mission, 1825-48, Wisconsin Historical Collections, vol. XV, pp. 164-165.

[57] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 138.

[58] Adams, loc. cit.

[59] Ibid.