Religion and ceremonies of the Lenape

INDEX

Aʹckas or attendants of Annual ceremony, duties of, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105, 107.
See Attendants.
Adams, R. C., on Annual ceremony, 118-122;
on Buffalo dance, 182-183;
on dreams or visions, 80;
on Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-156;
on Skeleton dance, 183-184.
Air, mannitto of, 30.
See Thunder Beings
Alder, dye from bark of, 141
Alphabet used for Lenape words, 15-16
Altar at Annual ceremony, 115
America, prophecy of whites’ coming to, 121
American Anthropologist, account of Minsi ceremony in, 138-143
American Museum of Natural History, Doll in collection of, 46, 168-169;
Tefft collection in, 15, 38
American tribes, concept of Great Spirit among, 19-20
Animals, as guardian spirits, 49-50, 65, 70, 77, 80, 121, 195;
ceremonies of, 171-183;
spirits of, 118, 125, 194;
thanks to, 134.
See Wild animals
Anima mundi compared with Great Spirit, 22
Annual ceremony, authorities on:
Adams, 118-122;
Indian comments, 111-115;
Penn, 115-116;
Zeisberger, 116-118;
Bear ceremony resembling, 171;
carved faces in, 31;
chant of Pokiteʹhemun at, 67-69;
chants of visions at, 66, 73-76, 195;
compared with Minsi ceremony, 127-145;
Four winds in ritual of, 26;
native name for, 109;
penalties of omitting, 113-116;
rites of Mask in, 36, 146, 151;
thanks given to Earth in, 29;
Unami rites of, 81-111;
variants of, 122-126;
worship of Great Spirit in, 19;
worship of Mask Being in, 35.
See Minsi
Anthony, Michael, acknowledgment to, 14, 139
Ants as guardian spirits, 78
Arapaho, Ghost dance of, 191
Arrow, ceremonial use of, at Peyote rite, 187-188;
arrows of Thunder Beings, 29
Ashes, ceremonial removal of, 101, 131-132;
prevention of disease by, 160
Aⁿsiptaʹgŭn or paint-dish of bark, 105
A‛ʹtcigamuʹLtiⁿ, native name for Otter ceremony, 176.
See Otter ceremony
Attendants, at Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105-111, 117-118, 120;
at Bear ceremony, 172-173;
at Feast of first fruits, 144;
at Minsi ceremony, 132-133, 137;
at Otter ceremony, 179;
at Peyote rite, 188.
See Aʹckas
Axe, Tornado threatened with, 47
Bad luck, caused by neglect of rites, 113-116
Bag, full of snakes, 35, 153;
mask worn in, 42;
of Mask impersonator, 34;
of tobacco offered: to bear, 172;
to otter, 177
Bark, boiled for making dyes, 141;
ceremonial bowls and spoons of, 131, 137;
ceremonial paint-dish of, 105-106;
first Big House of, 148;
roof of Big House of, 83
Beads of wampum, as invitation to dance, 142-143;
payment in, 110-111, 135;
used in Minsi ceremony, 141-143.
See Wampum
Beans, offering of, 144;
thanks to, 134;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Bear, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;
ceremony of, 171-176, 199;
fat of, burned, 117-118, 134;
flesh of, offered to Corn Goddess, 44;
hair of Mask Being like, 33;
head of, fastened to mask of Mask impersonator, 34;
provision of, for feast, 117
Bearskin, bag of Mask impersonator, 34, 155;
cap of Mask impersonator, 42;
coat of Mask impersonator, 41;
dress of Mask impersonator, 56, 152-153;
leggings of Mask impersonator, 34, 41;
worn by members of Mask society, 159
“Beautiful town” or Heaven, 56-57.
See Happy Hunting Ground
Belief: in Doll Being, 162-171;
in dream or vision, 61-80;
in Great Spirit, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193;
in immortality, 52-60, 195-196;
in supernatural beings, 17-51
Bergen, New Jersey, information from Indians at, 20
Big-Deer, Naniʹtis given up by, 170-171
Big House or Xiʹngwikan, Annual ceremonies in, 35, 82-122;
common to both tribes, 129-133, 196-197;
construction of, 82-83, 119, 148-150;
Elkhair on significance of, 113-115;
Mask impersonator present in, 98-99;
MuxhatoLʹzing in, 123;
of Bear cult, 173;
of Minsi, 127-145;
origin of, 147-152;
prayer in, 112-113;
preparation of, for Ceremony, 85-87, 117;
return of hunters to, 100-101;
rites of Mask in, 151-152;
seating of congregation in, 93;
serving of meals in, 110;
turtle rattles of, 181;
visions recited in, 75-76.
See Annual ceremony, Meeting-house
Bilberries, at Annual feast, 118;
in Happy Hunting Ground, 58
Birds as guardian spirits, 78, 80, 121, 195
Black, and red: carved faces painted with, 83, 119;
Mask painted with, 33, 41, 150, 155;
and white duck, as guardian spirit, 67, 140;
hog, offering of, 173;
symbolizing men, 140-141
Blanket, ceremonial waving of, 145;
blankets spread over sweating-oven, 125
Blessing granted by guardian spirits, 65-67, 77, 194-195
Blood, luminous ball of, 53-54
Body, luminous form of, 53-54
Bones, burning of, at Annual ceremony, 118
Bowl, and dice game of manĭʹtowŭk, 25-26;
ceremonial, in Bear cult, 173-174;
bowls, bark, in Minsi ceremony, 131, 137
Bows and arrows of Thunder Beings, 29
Box-tortoise rattle in Annual ceremony, 94-96, 118, 120.
See Rattles
Box-turtle rattle of Planting dance, 143.
See Rattles
Boys, dreaming of, for power, 54;
initiation of, 63-64, 78-80;
pet of, 172;
vision of Mask Being by, 147-152;
visions of, 62-63, 72-75, 92, 140, 194-195
Brainerd, David, on animal spirits, 50;
on Annual ceremony, 151-152;
on carved faces in Big House, 42;
on concept of soul, 56;
on dream or vision, 77;
on Evil Spirit, 25;
on Four Directions, 27;
on Great Spirit, 22-23;
on impersonator of Mask Being, 41-42;
on sun, 28
Brainerd, John, on idol image or Doll, 46-47
Brass eyes of Miziʹnk, 158
“Bringing in” the meeting, 81, 92-94, 104, 122, 135, 174
Brown, William, acknowledgment to, 14
Brush house of Bear cult, 173-174
Buck, chant referring to, 69;
prayer to, 126;
ridden by Mask Being, 33, 148;
women’s share in, 106
Buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, 184
Buffalo, as guardian spirit, 78;
dance of, 182-183
Bunches of wampum, symbolism of, 141-143
Burial, Wolf clan rites of, 183-184
Burning, of bones, 118;
of cedar leaves, 105;
of fat, 117-118, 134, 173-175;
of hemlock-boughs, 133, 144-145;
of hog’s head, 175;
of moccasins, 47;
of tobacco, 29, 98, 126, 151.
See Offering
Cactus called peyote, 186.
See Peyote rite
Caddo, Peyote cult originating among, 185
Canada, Lenape now resident in, 13-14, 170.
See Ontario
Canoe, coming of white men in, 121;
over river to Spirit land, 54
Cantico, Penn’s term for ceremony, 115-116
Cap, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, 42
Carved drumsticks, in Annual ceremony, 101-103, 150;
in Minsi ceremony, 130-131, 139-140, 197
Carved faces, on drumsticks, 101, 130-131, 197;
on posts of Big House, 42-43, 83, 88, 106, 119, 148, 150;
on posts of Minsi Big House, 129-130, 151;
representing Keepers of the Heavens, 31.
See Mask, Masks, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Catfish, James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73
Cattle, Mask Being guardian of, 35, 157
Cayuga, False Face company of, 161;
long-house, thanksgiving of Lenape in, 139;
Planting dance of, 143
Cedar-leaves, burning of, at Annual ceremony, 105
Central post, carved faces on, 83, 119, 151;
ceremonial of: in Annual ceremony, 94, 106, 119-120;
in Feast of first fruits, 144;
in Minsi Big House, 129-130, 135;
in MuxhatoLʹzing, 123
Central West, Peyote cult in, 185
Ceremonies, directed by guardian spirit, 65;
extinction of, 63;
in honor of dead, 55, 191, 195-196;
minor, 198-199;
of Big House, 75-76, 82;
of Lenape, paintings of, 14;
of Minsi Big House, 127-145;
of Minsi to Mother Corn, 43;
of Unami and Minsi, compared, 196-200;
thanks given to Great Spirit in, 18, 145, 196.
See Annual ceremony, Ceremony
Ceremony, of Bear, 171-176;
of Buffalo, 182-183;
of Doll Being, 46, 162-171;
of First fruits, 144-145;
of Mask Being, 35, 198-199;
of Mask society, 37, 159-161;
of Otter, 176-183;
of Peyote, 185-191;
of Skeleton dance, 183-184;
of Thanksgiving, 139-143.
See Annual ceremony, Ceremonies
Chant, at Otter ceremony, 180-181;
of Pokiteʹhemun, 67-68;
referring to Mask Being, 69;
referring to visions, 66-74, 136, 174-175, 195;
Unami examples of, 67-72.
See Singers, Singing, Visions
Charm, opiʹna or blessing as, 65-66;
charms: from Great Horned Serpents, 49;
miniature masks as, 36, 42.
See Fetishes
Charts of Heaven drawn on deerskin, 57
Chastity of boys, 62-63
Chief, of the gods, Great Spirit as, 19;
hunter of Annual ceremony, 85, 97.
See Leader
Chief Waubuno, description of Minsi ceremony by, 143-145;
on Great Spirit, 21-22
Children, cared for by Mask Being, 34-35, 153, 155-156;
Doll Being revealed to, 162-163;
Little People hunted by, 49, 193;
meeting of, with parents in Heaven, 53, 91;
no longer piʹlsŭⁿ, 63, 112-114;
part of, in Annual ceremony, 108-109;
prayers for, 115.
See Boys, Girls
Cholera checked by False Face company, 161
Christ, tomb of, at Peyote rite, 186-187.
See Jesus Christ
Christianity, concepts of, in Peyote rite, 186-190;
idols given up for, 38;
Naniʹtis given up for, 169;
visions given up for, 72.
See Devil, Missionary, Whites
Clans, see Phratries
Clothing of Naniʹtis, 167.
See Costume
Coat of bearskins of Mask impersonator, 34, 41
Colors, dyes for, 141.
See Black, Red
Comet, attributes of, 48-49
Cones, copper, adorning Miziʹnk, 158
Confederacy of the Lenape, 13
Conjurer, information of, in regard to Great Spirit, 22-23
Copper adorning Miziʹnk, 158
Corn, beans and vegetables, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;
called Lenape food, 70;
in rattle of Mask impersonator, 42;
offering of, 144;
soul likened to, 59;
spirit, duties of, 193;
thanks for, 145;
thanks to, 134.
See Mother Corn
Corn-bread at Minsi ceremony, 137
Corn Goddess, see Mother Corn
Corn-mush, see Hominy, Säʹpan
Costume, of impersonator: of Mask Being, 33-34, 41-42, 56, 152-153, 155, 158;
of Otter, 177-182;
of members of Mask society, 159;
of Naniʹtis, 169-170;
of Sun, 27;
worn at Annual ceremony, 93;
worn at Ghost dance, 191
Cranes or singers of Annual ceremony, 85.
See Singers
Crayfish, James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73
Creator, see Great Spirit
Cripples, injunction to help, 91-92
Crooked nose of Miziʹnk, 158
Crops, prayer for, 44, 134;
ruin of, 113;
supernatural control of, 194;
watered by Thunder Beings, 193
Cross, drumsticks marked with, 101;
spirit road represented by line on, 187-188.
See Crucifix
Crow as guardian spirit, 69-70
Crucifix at Peyote rite, 187
Cult, see Ceremony, Ceremonies
Dance, at Thanksgiving ceremony, 142-143;
in honor of Great Spirit, 88;
native terms for, 115-116;
of Buffalo, 182-183;
of Doll Being, 164-165;
of First fruits, 128;
of guardian spirits, 73;
of Ghost, 190-191;
of Mask impersonator in Big House, 42, 99;
of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 152-156;
of Skeleton, 183-184;
of Weopĕʹlakis, 36;
Planting, 143;
Strawberry, 128, 197;
dances connected with Mask society, 160.
See Dancing
Dance songs accompanying chants, 66.
See Chant, Singers, Singing
Dancing, at Annual ceremony, 42, 95, 99, 103, 106, 115-116, 118-122;
at Feast of first fruits, 145;
at Minsi ceremony, 135-136, 140;
in ceremonies of Naniʹtis, 168, 171;
in Happy Hunting Ground, 56, 58.
See Dance
Dankers, Jaspar, and Sluyter, Peter, on Great Spirit, 20
Day, clothing the Great Man, 23;
god of, 28.
See Great Spirit
Dead, beliefs concerning, 52-60;
ceremonies in honor of, 55, 191;
dance in honor of, 183-184;
food offered to, 52, 195-196;
food taken by, 71;
going west, 132;
spirits of, as guardians, 71-72, 194-195.
See Ghosts, Immortality
Death, propitiation to prevent, 199
Deer, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;
ceremonial hunting of, 97-101;
for Annual ceremony, 117;
for Doll dance, 163-164, 168-169;
for Feast of first fruits, 144;
for Minsi ceremony, 132;
herded by Mask Being, 33, 148, 150, 156
Deer-hoofs adorning Miziʹnk, 158
Deerskin, charts of Heaven drawn on, 57;
clothing Sun, 27;
drum at Annual ceremony, 85, 94-95, 100, 106, 115-116, 120;
drum at Buffalo dance, 182-183;
drum at Doll dance, 165;
drum at Minsi ceremonies, 130, 135, 139;
drum at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155;
drum at Peyote rite, 188;
giving away of, at Annual ceremony, 108-109;
stuffed with grass, 123;
suspended from pole, 144;
taken by hunters, 108;
worn by members of Mask society, 159
Delaware, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13
Devil, a Christian concept, 24-25, 57, 194.
See Evil Spirit
Devil dance, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance so called by whites, 156
Dewey, Oklahoma, Big House near, 82
Dictionary, Indian, Zeisberger, author, 43
Disease, caused by neglect of rites, 116;
ceremony of expelling, 37;
cured by Mask Being, 159, 161;
cured by Pabookowaih, 168-169;
prevention of, by ashes, 160.
See Sickness
Dish of bark used in Annual ceremony, 105-106
Doe offered to Naniʹtis, 168-169
Dogs, forbidden in Big House, 121;
prevented from eating bones, 118
Doll Being, belief in, 45-47, 162-163, 193, 199;
Unami dance of, 163-166.
See Naniʹtis
Dolls, see Fetishes
Dream helper, see Guardian spirit
Dreams, see Visions
Drink, ceremonial, at Bear cult, 175-176;
of Minsi ceremonies, 128, 134
Drum, at Annual ceremony, 85, 95-94, 100, 103, 106, 115-116, 120, 197;
at Buffalo dance, 182-183;
at Doll dance, 165, 168;
at Feast of first fruits, 144;
at Ghost dance, 191;
at Minsi ceremony, 130, 135, 139-140, 197;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155;
at Peyote rite, 188-189
Drummers, at Annual ceremony, 95, 100, 110, 150;
at Doll dance, 165
Drumsticks, at Annual ceremony, 101-103, 106, 150;
at Minsi ceremony, 130-131, 139, 197;
at Peyote rite, 188
Duck as guardian spirit, 67-69, 140
Dyes for red and black, 141
Eagle-feathers, fan of, 188
Earth, concept of, 28-29;
created by Great Spirit, 18, 21;
duties of, 193;
thanksgiving to, 89-90;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Earthquake caused by abandoning rites, 149, 151
East, ceremonial significance of, 74, 83, 85, 98, 100-101, 108-109, 119, 121-122, 131, 137, 144-145, 149, 155, 182, 186-187;
Grandfather at, 26;
home of Great Spirit in, 109;
thanksgiving to, 89
Elauʹnato or Comet, attributes of, 48-49
Elder brother, title, of moon, 28, 193;
of sun, 28, 193;
of Thunder Beings, 29, 193
Elements, as guardian spirits, 77;
worship of, 29-31.
See Thunder Beings
Elkhair, Chief Charley, acknowledgment to, 14;
Annual ceremony explained by, 112-115;
myth of Mask related by, 146-152;
speaker of Annual ceremony, 85;
speech of, at Annual ceremony, 87-92
Elkire, see Elkhair
Emetics, purification by, 57, 79;
visions induced by, 64
Endalŭn towiʹyŭn, title of Four Directions, 26
English settlements on Susquehanna, 41
Europeans, concept of Devil introduced by, 25, 57, 194.
See Christianity, Whites
Evil, exclusion of, from Heaven, 53, 56-59
Evil Spirit, native concept of, 24-25
Evil spirits, driving out of, 133, 145, 188;
ghosts as, 59;
Giant Bear one of, 49;
Great Horned Serpents as, 29, 49, 193;
placation of, 194;
Tornado one of, 47-48
E-ye-he-ye-ĕ, cry concluding chant, 136
Faces, carved: by children on sticks, 162;
in Big House, 31, 42, 83, 88, 119, 148, 150;
in Minsi Big House, 129-130, 151;
on drumsticks, 101, 150, 197;
on Minsi drumsticks, 130-131;
ceremonial painting of, 105-106;
painted by sun, 76;
painted, of Mask Being, 33, 41-42, 150, 155;
painted, of sun, 27.
See Mask, Masks
Fairies, Little People like, 49
Fall, Annual ceremony celebrated in, 81, 116, 119-120;
ceremony of Naniʹtis in, 171;
Thanksgiving in, 139
False Face Company of Iroquois, 198-199;
compared with Minsi mask, 161
Family, keepers of: Bear, 172;
Doll, 163-164;
Mask, 33-35, 151;
Naniʹtis, 166-171;
Otter, 177-182;
sacrifice by, 116-117
Fans, eagle-feather, at Peyote rite, 188;
turkey-wing, ceremonial sweeping with, 133
Fasting, visions induced by, 60, 64, 79, 194
Fat, drinking of, 176;
thrown on fire, 117-118, 134, 173-175
Feast, at Annual ceremony, 85, 96-97, 107, 109;
at Bear ceremony, 173-176;
at Buffalo dance, 182;
at Doll dance, 166-167;
at Minsi ceremony, 137;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 152-156;
at Peyote rite, 190;
ceremonial, Zeisberger on, 116-118;
of the Dead, 195-196;
of First fruits, 144-145;
of hunters, 97-98, 100-101;
of Machtuzin, 126;
of Otter ceremony, 177, 179, 182;
to Naniʹtis, 169, 171
Feasting in Happy Hunting Ground, 56
Feathers, adorning Miziʹnk, 158;
fan of, 188;
Peyote placed on, 187;
red, worn by sun, 27
Feeding, of dead, 52, 71;
of Naniʹtis, 167;
of Otter, 179, 182
Female deities: Doll Being, 46, 162-171;
Earth, 28, 89-90, 193;
Grandmother at the South, 26;
Great Spirit, 20;
Mother Corn, 43-44, 70, 195
Festival of Machtuzin, 125-126.
See Ceremonies, Ceremony
Fetishes or dolls, 45-46, 162.
See Charm, Doll Being
Fire, ceremonial making of: at Annual ceremony, 85-88, 101, 132-133, 196;
at Buffalo dance, 182;
at Otter ceremony, 179;
ceremonial use of: at Annual ceremony, 98-100, 105, 107, 117-121, 134, 160;
at Bear cult, 173-175;
at Doll dance, 165-166;
at Feast of first fruits, 144-145;
at Otter ceremony, 180-181;
at Peyote rite, 187, 189;
festival in honor of, 125-126;
gift of Great Spirit, 18;
tobacco offered to, 126
Fire-drill used in Annual ceremony, 86.
See Pump-drill
Fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, 101.
See Pump-drill
First fruits, offering of, 115, 144-145, 197.
See Strawberry dance
Fish as guardian spirit, 72-73, 78
Flint, and steel, ceremonial fire-making with, 179;
fire springing from, 18
Flying Wolf, vision of, 73-76
Food, ceremonial purity of, 62-63;
distribution of, at Annual ceremony, 121;
hunters provided with, 97;
offered to dead, 52, 195-196;
procured by dead, 71.
See Feast
Foot-log across river to Spirit land, 54
Forest, boys driven into, for vision, 63-64
Forks on drumsticks, 130, 141
Four, attendants: at Annual ceremony, 118;
in Minsi ceremony, 132;
drumsticks in Minsi ceremony, 139;
musicians in Minsi ceremony, 140
Four Directions or Four Winds, manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-27, 29, 88, 112-113, 193;
prayers to, 51.
See Winds
Four Powers, Brainerd on, 22.
See Four Directions
Fouts, see Fox
Fox, Julius, acknowledgment to, 14;
explanation of Annual ceremony by, 111-113
Fox, Minnie, acknowledgment to, 14
Fruits, prayer for, 113.
See First fruits
Full moon, Annual ceremony held in, 119-120;
Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152
Future, controlled by guardian spirit, 62;
foretold by visions, 61-62, 79-80, 121;
prayers for, 115.
See Immortality
Game, Mask Being guardian of, 150
Gaʹmuing, native name for Annual ceremony, 109.
See Annual ceremony
General thanksgiving, see Thanksgiving
Genii of places, 51
Ghost dance, rites of, 190-191
Ghosts, as guardian spirits, 54;
bewitchment by, 59
Giant Bear, an evil manĭʹto, 49.
See Great Bear
Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong or Great Spirit, 88.
See Great Spirit
Gickonĭkiʹzho or Gĭckokwiʹta, Unami name of sun, 27.
See Sun
Girls, sacred otter of, 176-179;
vision of Doll Being by, 162-163
Gitctlaʹkan or Thanksgiving ceremony, 139-143
God of day, 28.
See Sun
God of light, 23-24.
See Great Spirit
Goodness, attribute of Great Spirit, 17, 23-24;
definition of, 58;
reward of, 53, 56, 58, 90-92
Gourd rattle at Peyote rite, 188
Grandfather, at the East, 26;
at the North, 26, 48;
at the West, 26;
title of: Four Directions, 193;
Mask, 112;
Tornado, 47;
Fire, 125
Grandmother, at the South, 26;
Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, 20;
title of Doll Being, 164;
title of one of Four Directions, 193
Grandparents at the Four Directions, 26-27
Grand River, Ontario, drumsticks collected at, 130-131;
Mask collected at, 158, 160-161;
Naniʹtis collected at, 168;
version of Minsi ceremony at, 138-143;
worship of Corn Goddess at, 43
Grass, deerskin stuffed with, 123;
drum stuffed with, 154, 165;
strewn for seating guests, 117
Grasshoppers, plague of, 113
“Graven image” of Mask Being, 33.
See Mask, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Grease, annointing with, in Annual ceremony, 105-106
Great Bear, a lesser manĭʹto, 49, 193
Great Father, see Great Spirit
Great Horned Serpents, evil manĭʹtowŭk, 49;
protection against, 29, 193
Great Man, attributes of, 23.
See Great Spirit
Great Spirit or Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong, concept of, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193;
early writers on, 20-24;
goodness of, 23-24;
guardian spirit sent by, 80, 121;
home of, in east, 109;
home of, in Twelfth Heaven, 19, 31, 52-53, 196;
masks the messengers of, 31, 88, 112-113;
Minsi concept of, 127-128, 133-134;
prayer to, 18, 31, 88-90, 112-113, 136-138, 196;
relation of Mask Being to, 32-33;
remote from individual, 62;
thanks to, at Annual ceremony, 18, 120, 138, 196;
thanks to, at Feast of first fruits, 145;
thanks to, in Peyote rite, 190;
Thunder Beings ministers of, 29;
wampum given by, 122;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;
worship of, at Annual ceremony, 118.
See Pa‛ʹtŭmawas
Guardian spirit, animals as, 49-50, 70, 77, 80;
ants as, 78;
birds as, 78, 80;
buffalo as, 78;
chants explanatory of, 66;
courage derived from, 78-79;
crows as, 69-70;
dead as, 54, 71-72;
ducks as, 67-69, 140;
elements as, 77;
fish as, 78;
given by Great Spirit, 80, 121;
given in visions, 65-66, 194-195;
Mask Being as, 69, 151, 197;
moon as, 78;
Mother Corn as, 70;
owl as, 78;
periodic ceremonies of, 199;
prayer to, in sweathouse, 123-124;
serpent as, 78;
sun as, 76, 78;
supernatural helpers as, 61-63;
Thunder Being as, 74-75;
title of Mother Corn, 43;
vision of, 174-175.
See Thunder Beings, Visions
Ha-a-a, variant of prayer-cry, 108.
See Ho-o-o
Hair, of Mask Being, 33, 158;
of Sun, 27;
of Tornado, 47
Halfmoon, Sun spirit guardian of, 76
Hank, Eunice, Naniʹtis given up by, 169
Happy Hunting Ground or Land of Spirits, 20-21, 52-59, 88, 90-92.
See Heaven
Head, bear’s, ceremonial offering of, 173-175;
of family, duties of, 117;
heads: annointed with red paint, 105;
carved on drumsticks, 101, 139-140, 150, 197;
dropping of, by Comet, 48-49;
stone, of Mask Being, 40-41
Health, Bear cult preserving, 172;
fetishes preserving, 45-46;
Otter cult preserving, 177-179;
god of, 168;
Mask restoring, 34, 36-37, 156-157, 159, 161;
Naniʹtis guardian of, 163-164, 166-171;
prayer for, 134;
supernatural control of, 194.
See Sickness
Heaven, concept of, 20-21, 52-59;
duration of journey to, 88;
Milky Way to, 58;
Peyote road to, 187;
sweeping way to, 88, 107;
visited by preachers, 57;
visited during visions, 189-191.
See Happy Hunting Ground
Heavens, keepers of, 31;
return of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas to, 127-128.
See Happy Hunting Ground, Twelfth heaven
Heckewelder, John, on dreams or visions, 78-80;
on Great Spirit, 21;
on Thunder Beings, 30;
on Unala‛ʹtko, 124
Hell, extraneous concept of, 57
Hemlock-boughs, ceremonial burning of, 133, 144-145
Herb, passed at Peyote rite, 188-189;
herbs: prayers in gathering, 26, 51;
thanks to, 134
Heye Museum, see Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation
Hill, home of Mask Being, 158
Hog, feast of, at Otter ceremony, 176-179;
offering of, 173-175
Hoⁿ-hoⁿ-hoⁿ or cry of Mask Being, 149, 153
Holm, Thomas Campanius, on Evil Spirit, 25;
on Great Spirit, 21
Hominy, at Buffalo dance, 182;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153-154;
offered to Doll Being, 163-164, 166;
offered to Mask Being, 150;
preparation of, for Annual ceremony, 85, 96-97
Ho-o-o, a prayer-cry, at Annual ceremony, 95, 97, 99-100, 103-104, 106-108, 136-138;
at Bear ceremony, 175;
origin of, 112-113
Horses, Mask Being guardian of, 35, 157;
tobacco offered to recover, 35
Hu-hu-hu, cry at Bear ceremony, 174-175
Hu-hu-hu-hu, cry at Otter ceremony, 181
Human heads carved on drumsticks, 101, 139-140, 150, 197
Human skeleton dance, see Skeleton dance
Hunt for Naniʹtis, 171
Hunter at Doll dance, 164
Hunters, Buffalo dance of, 182-183;
of Annual ceremony, 97-101, 108, 110, 117;
of Minsi ceremony, 132, 137;
of MuxhatoLʹzing, 123
Hunting, help of impersonator of Mask Being in, 158;
in Happy Hunting Ground, 56;
prayer before, 134, 137;
supernatural control of, 62, 194;
tobacco offered before, 35, 157
Hweisk-queem, Minsi term for corn, 144.
See Corn
Idol or Mĕsinkʹ, 43.
See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Illegitimacy disregarded in family rites, 116
Images possessing life, 45-47.
See Doll Being, Fetishes
Immortality, belief in, 20-21, 52-60, 195-196
Impersonator, of Mask Being, 34-36, 41-42, 45, 56, 98-99, 138, 150, 152-159;
of Otter, 177-182
Indian corn, see Corn
Indian dictionary, Zeisberger, author, 43
Indians, comments of, on Annual ceremony, 111-115;
United States Census report on, cited, 80
Initiation of boys, 63-64;
Heckewelder on, 78-80.
See Boys, Visions
Iroquois, ceremonial fire-drills of, 86;
masks of, compared with Minsi, 36, 138, 160-161, 198-199;
Planting dance of, 143;
primitive skirt among, 169;
Strawberry dance of, 128, 197
Jesus Christ, Naniʹtis given up for, 170;
road of, 187.
See Christianity, Peyote rite
Jones, Peter, on Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, 46, 168-169;
on Minsi masks, 37-38, 158
Journal of a voyage to New York in 1679-1680, Dankers and Sluyter, authors, 20
June, Minsi Big House ceremony in, 128
Kacheh Munitto, see Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans
Kansas, celebration of Annual ceremony in, 122-124;
Lenape now resident in, 13
Kaʹpyŭ‛hŭm, native name of Isaac Monture, 14, 161
Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans or Kacheh Munitto, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, 22.
See Great Spirit
Keeper of Mask, general duties of, 34-36, 151;
notification of dance by, 152;
stray stock returned through, 157
Keepers of Four Directions, see Four Directions
Keepers of the Heavens, 31.
See Carved faces, Four Directions
Kĕ‛ʹtanĭtoʹwĕt, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, 19, 127.
See Great Spirit
Kickeron or Kickerom, recorded name of Great Spirit in New Jersey, 20
Kĭʹnĭkä or Kĭʹntika, native terms for dance, 115-116
Kiowa, Ghost dance of, 191
Kiʹzho or Kiʹzhox, Minsi name of sun, 27.
See Sun
Kokŭlŭpoʹw‛ʹe, native name of Chief Charley Elkhair, 14.
See Elkhair
Kunuⁿʹxäs, native term for otter-skin, 179.
See Otter ceremony
Kwi, or whoop, concluding dance, 136
Lakes, home of Great Horned Serpents, 49
Lameness caused by ghosts, 59.
See Cripples
Land of Spirits or Tschipeghacki, 58.
See Happy Hunting Ground, Heaven
Leader, of Annual ceremony, 81-82, 92-94, 117, 120;
of Bear cult, 174-175;
of Doll dance, 165;
of Feast of first fruits, 145;
of Minsi ceremony, 133-134;
of Peyote rite, 188-190;
leaders, favored with visions, 195
Leaves, strewn for seating guests, 131
Legend, of Annual ceremony, 111-112;
of Comet, 48-49;
of coming of whites, 121-122;
of Mother Corn, 43.
See Myth
Leggings of Mask impersonator, 34, 41
Lesser manĭʹtowŭk: animal spirits, 49-50;
Bear, 172-176;
Comet, 48-49;
Doll, 45-47, 162-171;
Earth, 28, 89-90;
Great Bear, 49, 193;
Great Horned Serpents, 29, 49, 193;
Keepers of the Heavens, 31;
Mask Being, 32-43, 146-161;
ministers of Great Spirit, 18, 21, 193-194;
Moon, 28;
Mother Corn, 43-44;
of Four Directions, 25-27;
Otter, 50, 176-182;
Snow boy, 48;
Sun, 27-28;
Thunder Beings, 29-31;
Tornado, 47-48
Light, Brinton on concept of, 23-24
Lightning, Flying Wolf’s love of, 75-76;
prayer to avert, 30
Little Caney river, Oklahoma, Big House on banks of, 82
Little People hunted for by children, 49, 193
Living Mask, see Mask, Mask Being
Living Solid Face, see Mask, Mask Being
Logan family, mask delivered up by, 38
Logs, Big House built of, 82;
foot-log to Spirit Land, 54;
seats for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153
Loskiel, George Henry, on dreams or visions, 78;
on earth, 29;
on Four Directions, 27;
on Great Spirit, 25;
on moon, 28;
on sun, 28;
on twelve gods, 31
Machtuzin, festival in honor of fire, 125-126.
See MuxhatoLʹzing
Maize, see Corn
Manĭʹtowŭk or spirits, belief in, 17-44;
offerings to, 144-145;
thanksgiving to, in Annual ceremony, 89-90.
See Great Spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk
Mannittōs, Heckewelder on, 21.
See Lesser manĭʹtowŭk
Maple, dye from bark of, 141
Marble-like object given to Pokiteʹhemun by guardian spirit, 67
Marsh, Cutting, account of Naniʹtis by, 169-171
Mask, absent from Bear ceremony, 171;
annointing of, 105-106;
as guardian spirit, 151;
called Weopĕʹlakis, 35-36;
carved faces of, in Big House, 42, 83, 88, 148, 150;
healing power of, 34, 37, 156-157, 159, 161;
keeper of, 34-36, 151-152, 157;
painting of, 33-34, 41, 150, 155;
society of Minsi, 36-37, 138, 159-161, 198-199;
Unami myth of, 146-152.
See Mask Being, Masks, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Mask Being or Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, as guardian spirit, 195;
ceremonies of, 197;
cult of, 32-43, 198;
deer herded by, 33, 99;
diseases cured by, 34-35, 156-157, 159, 161;
general duties of, 193;
impersonator of, 34-36, 41-42, 45, 56, 98-99, 138, 150, 152-159;
masks the symbol of, 33, 42, 45, 83, 88, 99, 148, 150;
myth of, 147-152;
relation of Keepers of Heavens to, 31;
vision concerning, 69.
See Mask, Masks, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Masks, of stone, found in New Jersey and vicinity, 38-41;
painting of, 83, 119;
prayer-cry carried by, 31, 112-113;
representing Keepers of the Heavens, 31;
symbols of Mask Being, 33, 42, 45, 83, 88, 99, 148, 150.
See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Master of Ceremonies, see Leader
May, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152
Meals served by aʹckas, 110-111, 118
Medicine, from tooth of Great Bear, 49;
prayer to Four Directions in making, 26
Medicine-man, see Shaman
Mediumship, belief in, 54-55, 196
Meeting-house of Mask society, 159
Men, black symbolizing, 140-141;
drumsticks representing, 101, 130-131
Menses, women in, taboo, 62-63, 88, 133, 197
Mĕsinkʹ or idol, 43.
See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Messengers of Great Spirit, 31, 88.
See Four Directions
Messingq, Adams on dance of, 155-156.
See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Me Zeengk, name given by Peter Jones to Miziʹnk, 38.
See Miziʹnk
Milky Way, the road to Heaven, 58
Miniature masks or charms, 36, 42-43
Minsi or Muncey, a tribe of the Lenape, 13;
archaic heaven of, 54;
belief of, in Great Spirit, 19, 127, 133-134;
belief of, in plant spirits, 51;
Big House of, 128-132;
Mask impersonator absent from, 138;
carved faces in, 129-130, 151;
ceremonies of, compared with Unami, 127-145, 196-200;
ceremonies of, to Mother Corn, 43;
chants of, referring to visions, 72-77;
Doll Being of, 45-47, 162, 166-171;
Feast of first fruits of, 144-145;
guardian spirits of, 72-77;
kĭʹntika or dance of, 116;
Mask of, 36-38, 158-161;
Mask society of, 138, 159-161, 198-199;
mediumship among, 54-55;
proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125;
Thanksgiving ceremony of, 138-143
Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, dance of, 152-156.
See Mask, Minsi mask
Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, Unami name for Mask Being, 32.
See Mask Being
Mĭsingkĭʹnĭkä, Unami name for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 152.
See Mĭsiʹngʷ‛
Missionary teaching, concept of Great Spirit not due to, 19-20.
See Christianity
Miziʹnk, Minsi form of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 158.
See Mask society, Minsi mask
Mizinkhâliʹkŭn, Minsi form of Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, 36.
See Mask Being
Mizinkĭʹntĭka or dance of Mask society, 159
Mkäähiʹgŭn, Minsi term for painted sticks, 140.
See Sticks
Moccasins, burned to deflect Tornado, 47;
made for Naniʹtis, 167;
made of ceremonial deerskins, 108
Monture, Chief Nellis, acknowledgment to, 14
Monture, Isaac, acknowledgment to, 14;
Minsi mask bought from, 161
Moon, or mound, at Peyote rite, 186-187;
or Piskeʹwenikiʹzho: as guardian spirit, 78;
concept of, 28;
duties of, 193;
wailing to, 145;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142.
See Full moon
Moral code, at Annual ceremony, 58, 90-92;
at Feast of first fruits, 144;
at Minsi Annual ceremony, 133-134, 137;
at Peyote rite, 186-190
Mortar made of mud, 85
Mortar, peyote crushed in, 188
Mother, title of earth, 28, 89-90, 193;
title of Naniʹtis, 170-171
Mother Corn, as guardian spirit, 70, 195;
attributes of, 43-44, 51
Mound, ceremonial, in Peyote rite, 186-187
Mountains, home of Mask Being, 33, 147;
home of Thunder Beings, 30
Moxhomsaʹ Eliosiʹgak or Grandfather at the West, 26
Moxhomsaʹ Lowaneʹyŭng‛ or Grandfather at the North, 26
Moxhomsaʹ Wähänjioʹpŭng‛ or Grandfather at the East, 26
Mud, ceremonial mortar made of, 85
“Muncey devil idol” or mask, 38.
See Mask
“Muncey John” Henry, Sun spirit guardian of, 76
Munceytown, Ontario, drowning near, 55;
masks of, 158;
Minsi ceremony at, 127-138
Munsey, see Minsi
Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, masks in, 36;
paraphernalia of Otter ceremony in, 176;
researches of, 15
Music, see Drum, Singers, Singing
Musselshells used as spoons at feast, 97
MuxhatoLʹzing form of Annual ceremony, 123-124.
See Machtuzin
Myth, of Bear ceremony, 172;
of Doll Being, 162-163;
of Minsi Annual ceremony, 127-128;
of Otter, 176-179;
of Thunder, 30.
See Legend
Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, Peter Jones on, 168-169.
See Naniʹtis
Naniʹtis, account of, by Rev. Cutting Marsh, 169-171;
ceremonies of, 166-171;
feeding of, 167-168;
in E. T. Tefft collection, 168-169;
Minsi term for Doll Being, 45-47, 162.
See Doll Being
Na‛nkŭmaʹoxa, native name of Michael Anthony, 139, 140.
See Anthony, Michael
Nanticoke, proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125;
Skeleton dance of, 183-184
Nature, how regarded, 17, 23.
See Great Spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk, Offering, Prayer
Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun or Ween-da-much-teen, Minsi term for Feast of first fruits, 145
New fire, ceremony of, 196;
making of, 101.
See Fire
New Jersey, early writers on Lenape in, 20;
Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13;
Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41
New York, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13
’Ngammuin, or feast, described by Zeisberger, 109.
See Annual ceremony
Niagara gorge, home of Thunders, 30
Nicholas, Joe, Mask delivered up by, 38
Night sun, see Moon
No‛ʹoma Cawaneʹyŭng‛ or Grandmother at the South, 26
North, ceremonial significance of, 93, 103, 108, 119, 147;
manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-26;
thanksgiving to, 89
North American tribes, belief in visions among, 61
October, Annual ceremony held in, 81, 119-120
O‛ʹdas, Unami term for Doll Being, 46, 162.
See Doll Being
O‛ʹdas-kĭʹnĭkä, Unami term for Doll dance, 163.
See Doll Being
Offering, of bear’s fat, 117-118, 134;
of bear’s flesh to Corn Goddess, 44;
of deer to Doll Being, 163;
of doe to Naniʹtis, 168-169;
of first fruits, 115, 144-145;
of food to dead, 52, 195-196;
of hog to Otter, 173;
of hominy to Doll Being, 163-164, 166;
of hominy to Mask Being, 150;
of moccasins to avert tornado, 47;
of tobacco: on behalf of hunters, 98-99;
to Bear, 172;
to fire, 126;
to Four Directions, 26;
to Mask, 34, 35, 151, 157;
to Mask impersonator, 153, 156;
to Otter, 177;
to Thunder Beings, 29;
of wampum to deer, 123;
offerings: at Annual ceremony, 117-118;
to genii, 51;
to guardian spirit, 62;
to Mask, 43;
to Naniʹtis, 45-46;
to Snow boy, 48.
See Propitiation, Sacrifice
Officers of Annual ceremony, 84-85;
payment of, 110-111, 121
Ohio, Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41
Oklahoma, ancestry of Lenape now in, 124-125;
Annual ceremony celebrated in, 81-111, 119-122, 130, 138;
Lenape now resident in, 13;
primitive skirts worn in, 169;
worship of Corn Goddess in, 43
One‛ʹtko or Nanticoke, 183.
See Nanticoke
Ontario, Canada, Lenape now resident in, 13;
mediumship reported in, 55;
Minsi ceremonies in, 43, 127-145.
See Grand River, Munceytown
Oⁿ-oⁿ-oⁿ, prayer-cry of Mask society, 159
Opiʹna or blessing granted by guardian spirits, 65-66.
See Blessing
Orientation, as to fire, 101, 119-120;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;
in offerings, 98;
in Peyote rite, 186-187;
in praying, 100, 108, 109, 122, 137;
in visions, 74, 147, 149;
of carved faces, 83;
of ceremonial cooking, 85, 182, 187;
of entrance and exit, 119, 131-132, 144-145;
of heaven, 54, 56;
of rattles, 103, 120;
of seating, 93, 119, 131;
of thanksgiving, 89.
See East, North, South, West
Origin, of Bear ceremony, 172;
of Mask, 33, 146-152;
of Minsi Annual ceremony, 127-138;
of Naniʹtis, 166-167;
of Otter ceremony, 176-179;
of Peyote rite, 185, 199
Otter, ceremony of, 176-183, 199;
power from, 50
Otter-skin, regalia of, 177-182
Our Mother, title of Earth, 28
Owl as guardian spirit, 78, 195
Pabookowaih, god of health, 168-169
Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, 20
Paint, on carved faces, 83, 119;
on drumsticks, symbolism of, 140, 141;
on face of Mask Being, 33, 41, 150, 155;
on face of Muncey John, 76;
on face of Sun, 27;
on sticks used in Minsi ceremony, 131, 139-141.
See Black, Red
Paint-dish of bark in Annual ceremony, 105-106
Paintings by Ernest Spybuck, 14
Pakŭⁿdiʹgŭn or carved drumsticks, 101.
See Drumsticks
Pantheon of the Lenape, 17-44.
See Great Spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk, Manĭʹtowŭk
Papasokwi‛ʹlŭn, Unami name for Bear ceremony, 171.
See Bear ceremony
Paradise, see Happy Hunting Ground
Parents, kindness to, rewarded, 57;
meeting with, in Heaven, 53, 91
Partridges, Thunders in form of, 30
Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, Minsi name for Great Spirit, 19, 127;
Minsi worship of, 133-134.
See Great Spirit
Payment of officers and attendants at ceremonies, 97, 99, 104, 106-111, 118, 121, 152-154, 164, 172-173, 179.
See Wampum
Peacemaker, Mask Being so considered, 156
Pebbles in tortoise-shell rattle, 118, 120
Penn, William, on Annual ceremony, 115-116;
on concept of soul, 56;
on Great Spirit, 20-21
Pennsylvania, Annual ceremony in, 130;
Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13;
Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41
Petaʹnĭhink, native name of Julius Fox, 14.
See Fox, Julius
Pethakoweʹyuk or Thunder Beings, 29.
See Thunder Beings
Pets, cult of, 198;
spirits of, 172, 176
Peyote, rite, 185-196, 199;
road, 187, 189-190
Pheasant, Monroe, acknowledgment to, 14
Phratries or totemic groups: prayers of, 104;
rituals among, 81-82, 108-109, 119-120;
Turkey, in Bear cult, 175;
Wolf: Bear cult of, 172;
Skeleton dance of, 183-184
“Picking berries” or wampum, 100
Pileʹswak or Pileʹsoak, Minsi name of Thunder Beings, 30.
See Thunder Beings
PileʹswaL pewaʹlatcil or in league with Thunders, 76
Piʹlsŭⁿ or pure, otter, 176-177;
visions vouchsafed to, 62-63, 112-114
Piskeʹwenikiʹzho or night sun, 28.
See Moon
Placation of spirits, 194.
See Offering, Prayer
Places, genii of, 51
Plants, as guardian spirits, 195;
spirits of, 17, 51, 118, 125, 194;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Poisons, fare of wicked, 58-59
Pokiteʹhemun or George Wilson, vision of, 67-69
Poles, deer hung on, 100-101, 164;
deerskin hung on, 129-130, 144;
in Fire festival, 125;
in Minsi Big House, 131, 140;
meat hung on, 173;
representing twelve manĭʹtowŭk, 125;
used in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;
venison hung on, 121.
See Four Directions, Posts
Pontifical garb of impersonator of Mask Being, 41.
See Costume
Poor, deerskins given to, 108-109
Posts, of Big House, carved faces on, 31, 42, 83, 106, 119, 148;
of Minsi Big House, 129-130.
See Central post, Poles, Sticks
Potatoes, offering of, 144
Power, derived from guardian spirit, 50, 66, 78-79;
from vision, 54, 140, 147-148, 175, 194-195.
See Blessing
Powŭniʹgŭn or deerskin drum, 94-95.
See Drum
Prayer, at conclusion of Annual ceremony, 106-109, 122, 197;
at Minsi ceremony, 133-134, 136-138, 197;
at Thanksgiving ceremony, 142;
carried by Masks, 112;
for hunters, 99-100;
of Bear ceremony, 174;
of phratry, 104;
to buck, 126;
to Corn Goddess, 43-44;
to Doll Being, 164-165;
to Earth, 29;
to Four Directions, 26;
to Great Spirit, 18, 31, 88-90, 196;
to guardian spirits, 62, 124;
to Mask, on behalf of hunters, 98;
to Mask Being, 149;
to Thunder Beings, 29-30;
to Tornado, 47;
universal benefit of, 113-115;
while gathering herbs, 26, 51.
See Prayer-cry
Prayer-cry, at Minsi ceremony, 136-137;
carried by Masks, 31, 88, 112-113;
of women, 175.
See Ho-o-o
Prayer-meeting of the ducks, 67
Prayer-men at Annual ceremony, 99-100, 104
Prayer sticks or ma‛tehiʹgun at Annual ceremony, 103;
annointing of, 106
Preachers, native, reported by Zeisberger, 57
Prince of Darkness, 25.
See Evil Spirit
Prophecy of coming of white men, 121.
See Future, Visions
Propitiation to prevent misfortune, 199.
See Offering, Prayer
Pump-drill, ceremonial fire made with, 86, 101;
in Minsi ceremony, 131-132
Pumpkins, offering of, 144
Purification, by emetics, 57, 64, 79;
by sacrifice, 144-145;
by smoke, 105, 133, 144-145, 197;
by stripes, 58;
necessary to vision, 194.
See Piʹlsŭⁿ
Purple and white beads, 141
Pw‛awaheʹgŭn, Minsi term for drum, 140.
See Drum
Pw‛awaheʹgŭnŭk, Minsi term for drumsticks, 140.
See Drumsticks
Rain, charms for bringing, 49;
caused by Thunder, 89;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Rattles, of box-tortoise shell: at Annual ceremony, 92, 94-96, 103-104, 106, 118, 120;
at Bear ceremony, 174-175;
at Feast of first fruits, 145;
at Minsi ceremony, 131, 135-136;
at Otter ceremony, 180-181;
at Planting dance, 143;
at Thanksgiving ceremony, 143;
of gourd, at Peyote rite, 188;
of Mask impersonator, 34, 38, 42, 150, 155, 159
Red, and black, faces painted with, in Big House, 83, 119;
and black, Mask painted with, 33, 41, 150, 155;
ceremonial painting with, 105-106;
feathers in Sun’s hair, 27;
symbolizing women, 140-141
Red alder, bark of, used as dye, 141
Religion, see Belief
Road-man or speaker of Peyote rite, 188
Road to heaven, in Peyote rite, 187, 189-190;
Milky Way, 58;
sweeping of, 88, 107
Rocks, home of Mask Being, 36-37, 158
River, dividing earth from Spirit country, 54;
James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73
Rivers, home of Great Horned Serpents, 49
Sacrifice, by family, 116-118;
cleansing by, from sin, 144-145.
See Offering
Sand, tracks of Little People in, 49
Säʹpan or mush, repast of, at Annual ceremony, 96
Sarcoxie, John, Annual ceremony conducted by, 122-124
Seating, at Annual ceremony, 93, 117, 119;
at Doll dance, 164;
at Minsi ceremony, 131;
at Peyote rite, 188
Secondine, guardian spirits of, 71-72
Seneca, Planting dance of, 143
Serpent as guardian spirit, 78
Sexiʹkiminsi, Minsi name of soft maple, 42
Shaman, originator of Naniʹtis cult, 166-167
Shawnee, concept of Great Spirit among, 20;
Ernest Spybuck, a native, 14
Shooting by hunters, 100, 117
Shooting star, see Comet
Sickness, caused:
by ghosts, 59;
by loss of bear, 172;
by neglect of rites, 171;
by otter, 177-179;
cured:
by Mask Being, 34-35, 156-157;
by Naniʹtis, 166-167;
propitiation to prevent, 199.
See Disease
Silver brooches worn by Naniʹtis, 170
Sin, cleansing from, by sacrifice, 144-145.
See Evil
Singers, at Annual ceremony, 85, 94-96, 100, 115, 118, 120;
at Bear cult, 175;
at Buffalo dance, 182-183;
at Doll dance, 164;
at Feast of first fruits, 144;
at Minsi ceremony, 130;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155;
at Skeleton dance, 184.
See Chant
Singing, at festival of Machtuzin, 126;
at Ghost dance, 191;
at Peyote rite, 189;
at Otter ceremony, 180-181;
in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;
of vision: at Annual ceremony, 95-96;
in Big House, 148;
in Minsi ceremony, 140.
See Chant
Sister Corn, see Mother Corn
Six months, purification at end of, 144-145
Six Nations’ reserve, Thanksgiving ceremony on, 139-143
Skeleton dance, rites of, 183-184
Skirt, primitive, 169
Sky, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Sluyter, Peter, and Dankers, Jaspar, on Great Spirit, 20
Smoke, purification by, 105, 133, 144-145, 197
Smoking, at Annual ceremony, 95-96
Snakes, bag full of, 35, 153
Snow Boy, attributes of, 48, 193
Society of mask owners, 37.
See Mask
Soft maple, bark of, used as dye, 141
Son of God, concept of, 57.
See Jesus Christ
Songs, see Chant, Singers, Singing
Sorrow inducing visions, 64-65
Souls, immortality of, 52-60, 195-196;
nature of, 90;
of animals, 50;
transmigration of, 59
South, ceremonial significance of, 93, 108, 119-120, 122, 147;
manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-26;
significance of, in vision, 74;
thanksgiving to, 89
Southeast, ceremonial significance of, 120
Southward, the direction of Heaven, 54, 56
Southwest, Heaven of Minsi located in, 54
Speaker, at Annual ceremony, 85, 87-92, 98, 107-108, 110, 120;
at Doll dance, 164-165;
at Minsi ceremony, 133-134;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153-154;
at Peyote rite, 188;
at Thanksgiving ceremony, 141-142
Speech, at Annual ceremony, 87-92, 98;
at Doll dance, 164;
at Feast of first fruits, 145;
at Minsi ceremony, 133-134
Spirit, of corn, 43;
of light, 23-24;
of otter, 50, 176;
of peyote, 187, 189-190;
of sun as guardian, 76;
within earth, 28-29
Spirit road, see Peyote road
Spirits, animal, as guardians, 49-50;
land of, 52-54;
lesser, 194;
of animals, 118, 125;
of dead, as guardians, 71-72;
of plants, 17, 51, 118, 125;
of stones, 17, 51;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;
wigwams of, 54.
See Guardian spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk, Souls
Spoons, of bark in Minsi ceremony, 131, 137;
musselshells as, 97
Spring, ceremony of Mask Being in, 35;
Minsi ceremony in, 128, 197;
Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152-156;
thanksgiving in, 89, 139;
thunder in, 29
Spring dance of Weopĕʹlakis, 36.
see Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance
Spring Flying Things, See Thunder Beings
Spybuck, Ernest, acknowledgment to, 14
Squashes, offering of, 144;
thanks to, 134
Staff at Peyote rite, 187, 189
Stamp or Stomp dance, 119.
See Annual ceremony
Stars, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Steam carrying prayers, 124
Stick, of Mask impersonator, 34, 150, 155;
sticks: as invitations to ceremony, 132;
at Peyote rite, 187;
beating by, 58;
carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128;
transformed into fetishes, 162;
used in Minsi ceremony, 131, 139-141
Stockbridge Mission, documents of, 170
Stockings, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, 41.
See Leggings
Stone masks found in New Jersey and vicinity, 38-41
Stones, spirits of, 17, 51
Strachey, William, on concept of Four Winds, 26-27
Strawberries, ceremonial drink of, 134;
in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;
Minsi ceremony in time of, 128
Strawberry dance of Iroquois, 128, 197
Streams and waters, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Strings of wampum, symbolism of, 141-142
Stripes, purification by, 58
Sumach sticks, carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128;
in Minsi ceremony, 131
Sun or Gĭckokwiʹta, as guardian spirit, 76, 78, 195;
Brainerd on concept of, 22;
concept of, 27-28;
duties of, 193;
Peyote road toward, 187, 190;
salutation of, 190;
souls in, 59;
turning toward west, 132;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Supernatural helpers or guardian spirits, 61-63.
See Guardian spirit
Supreme Being, see Great Spirit
Survival of the soul, see Immortality
Susquehanna river, rites of Annual ceremony on, 152;
rites of Mask Being on, 41-42
Sweathouse, described by Zeisberger, 125-126;
of MuxhatoLʹzing, 123-124
Sweating-oven, see Sweathouse
Sweeping, ceremonial, of Big House, 87-88, 107, 120, 133, 197;
around fires, 121
Taboos prescribed to be piʹlsŭⁿ, 62-63
Taleʹgunŭk or singers at Annual ceremony, 85.
See Singers
Taxoʹxi cowŭniʹgŭn or tortoise-shell rattle, 94.
See Rattles
Tayenoʹxwan, native name of Chief James Wolf, 14.
See Wolf, Chief James
Tefft, E. T., ethnological collection of, 15;
Naniʹtis in, 168-169;
Minsi mask in, 38
Temple, see Big House
Thames river, Ontario, locating a body in, 55
Thanksgiving, at Minsi ceremony, 134;
carved heads symbolic of, 140;
Minsi ceremonies of, 115, 139-145, 197;
to Great Spirit at ceremonies, 18, 120, 138, 145, 190, 196;
to manĭʹtowŭk, 89-90;
to Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 152-156;
to Mother Corn, 43
Thirteen ceremonial wampum strings, 141-142
Three, bands of thunders, 30;
days, women interdicted during, 120;
phratries, rituals of, 119-120;
tribes of Lenape, 13
Thunder and rain, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Thunder Beings or Pethakoweʹyuk, as guardian spirits, 74-75, 195;
attributes of, 29-31, 193;
thanksgiving to, 89
Thunders-in-league-with or PilesʹwaL pewaʹlatcil, 76
Timothy, Chief Nellis F., account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, 127-138;
acknowledgment to, 14;
on Mask society, 159
Tipi, use of, in Peyote rite, 186, 188
Tobacco, ceremonial begging of, 160;
offered: on behalf of hunters, 98-99;
to bear, 172;
to fire, 126;
to Four Directions, 26;
to impersonator of Mask Being, 153, 156;
to Mask, 34, 35, 151, 157;
to otter, 177;
to Thunder Beings, 29;
to Tornado, 47;
smoked at Annual ceremony, 95-96
Tomapemihiʹlat, native name of Chief Nellis F. Timothy, 14.
See Timothy, Chief Nellis F.
Tomb of Christ at Peyote rite, 186-187
Tooth of Great Bear, medicine made from, 49
Tornado, attributes of, 47-48
Tortoise-shell rattle, at Annual ceremony, 94-96, 118, 120;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;
of Mask impersonator, 42.
See Rattles
Totemic groups, see Phratries
Toys, cult of, 198.
See Doll Being, Fetishes
Transmigration of souls, 59
Trees, Mask Being akin to, 112;
gift of the Great Spirit, 18;
shattered by Thunder Beings, 29;
thanks to, 134
Tschipeghacki or Land of Spirits, 58.
See Happy Hunting Ground
Tuⁿdaʹi wäheⁿʹji manĭʹtowŭk or fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, 101
Turkey phratry at Annual ceremony, 82, 104, 119;
part of, in Bear cult, 175
Turkey-wings, Big House swept with, 87, 120, 133
Turtle phratry, leader of Annual ceremony, 82, 104, 119-120
Turtle-rattles, at Annual ceremony, 92, 94-96, 103-104, 118, 120;
at Feast of first fruits, 145;
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;
at Otter ceremony, 180-181;
at Thanksgiving ceremony, 143;
in ceremonies of Mask society, 159;
in Bear cult, 174-175;
in Minsi ceremony, 131, 135-136;
of Mask impersonator, 34, 38, 150, 155, 159.
See Rattles
Twelfth, day, soul reaches heaven, 196;
heaven, home of Great Spirit, 19, 31, 52, 107, 112, 192, 196;
night in Annual ceremony, 105-106;
prayer-cry reaching Great Spirit, 136-138;
stick, dropping of, by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128
Twelve, benefactors, Corn Goddess among, 43;
carved faces, 83, 88, 106, 112;
celebrants, 125-126;
ceremonial sweepings, 107;
ceremonial use of, 197;
concluding prayers, 106-107;
days, before burial, 184;
days, duration of ceremonies, 82, 119-120, 128;
days, ghosts linger near earth, 52, 54;
days, period of boys’ fast, 64;
deer at Feast of first fruits, 144;
deer for Minsi ceremony, 132;
emetics, as purification, 57;
gods or masks, 31;
heavens, 31;
in Fire festival, 125-126;
members of Mask society, 159;
months, duration of earthquake, 149;
nights, duration of Annual ceremony, 88, 107;
offerings of tobacco, 98;
pipes, in Fire festival, 126;
prayer-cries, 97, 104, 136;
prayersticks at Annual ceremony, 103;
repetitions of dance, 154, 165;
repetitions of prayer, 19, 108-109, 136-138;
sticks, penance of beating by, 58;
sticks used in Minsi ceremony, 131;
stones, altar laid on, 115;
stones in sweating-oven, 125;
sumach sticks of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128;
sweepings of ceremonial fire, 88;
years, age of initiation for boys, 63;
years before reaching Heaven, 88
Unalachtigo, see Unala‛ʹtko
Unala‛ʹtko, a Lenape tribe, now merged, 13;
proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125
Unami, a Lenape tribe now mainly resident in Oklahoma, 13;
ceremonies of, compared with Minsi, 196-200;
chants of, referring to vision, 67-72;
cult of Mask Being among, 32-43, 146-158, 198;
Doll Being of, 45-47, 162-166;
form of Annual ceremony, 81-111;
proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125
United States Census report on Indians, cited, 80
Vegetables, offering of, 144;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142
Vegetation controlled by Corn spirit, 193
Venison, feast of, at Doll dance, 166;
feast of, at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;
feast of, at Minsi ceremony, 137;
provision of, for Annual ceremony, 85, 121;
women’s share in, 106
Virginia, concept of Four Directions in, 26-27
Visions, Adams on, 80;
as prophecies, 121;
Brainerd on, 77;
chanting of, at Otter ceremony, 181;
communication by, with Spirit world, 59-63, 194-195;
decline of, 112-113;
fortuitous, 64-65;
Heaven visited in, 189-191;
Heckewelder on, 78-80;
induced by peyote, 186, 188-190;
initiation of boys to induce, 63-64, 92;
leaders blessed with, 132;
Loskiel on, 78;
Minsi examples of, 72-77;
of Doll Being, 162-163;
power given by, 54;
recital of: at Annual ceremony, 95-96, 118, 121, 196;
at Feast of first fruits, 145;
at Minsi ceremony, 135-136, 139-140;
at MuxhatoLʹzing, 123-124;
at various rites, 148, 199;
referring to Skeleton dance, 184;
Unami examples of, 67-72;
Zeisberger on, 77-78.
See Chant, Guardian spirit
Vomiting, 176.
See Emetics
Wampum, adorning leader at Otter ceremony, 174;
buried, at Feast of first fruits, 144;
given by Great Spirit, 122;
given to vision teller, 135;
giving of, at Annual ceremony, 109;
offered to deer, 123;
owners of rattles paid in, at Annual ceremony, 104;
payment in, at Doll dance, 164;
payment of attendants in, at Annual ceremony, 106-109, 118, 121, 172-173, 179;
payment of impersonator in, 152-154;
payment of officers in, at Annual ceremony, 97, 99-100, 110-111, 121;
symbolic use of, 141-143;
valuation of, 111
Wampum, John, see Chief Waubuno
War, comet a presage of, 48-49;
success in, due to guardian spirit, 62
Washita river, Oklahoma, Caddo on, 185;
Ghost dance from region of, 190-191
W‛aʹtekan or Minsi Big House, 128.
See Minsi Big House
Water-drum, at Ghost dance, 191;
at Peyote rite, 188
Water monsters, see Great Horned Serpents
Waters, gift of Great Spirit, 18
Ween-da-much-teen, see Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun
Wemĕĕleʹxkwĕ, native name of Minnie Fox, 14.
See Fox, Minnie
Weopĕʹlakis, name for mask of Unami, 35-36.
See Mask
West, ceremonial significance of, 83, 85, 93, 98, 100, 101, 121-122, 131-132, 137, 145, 155, 182, 187;
Grandfather at, 26;
thanksgiving to, 89
Whiskey introduced by the whites, 24
White, and black duck as guardian spirit, 67, 140;
and purple beads, 141;
buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, 184
Whites, devil and whiskey introduced by, 24;
fairies and elves of, 49;
Lenape children reared like, 63, 112-113;
Lenape first encountered by, 13;
religious concepts derived from, 57;
vision or dream regarding, 121
Whoop, concluding dance, 136;
in recital of vision, 95
“Wife,” corn spoken of as, 44
Wigwams of the spirits, 54
Wild, animals: Mask Being guardian of, 33, 99, 193;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;
things, Powers Above guardians of, 177
Wilson, Ghost dance introduced by, 190-191
Wilson, George, see Pokiteʹhemun
Wilson, John, Peyote cult introduced by, 185
Wind, prayer-cry derived from, 112
Winds, attributes of, 193;
manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-27;
wampum string symbolizing, 141-142.
See Four Directions
Wings, of Thunder Beings, 29, 193;
of Tornado, 47;
used to sweep Big House, 87, 120, 133
Winter, Minsi Big House ceremony in, 128
Wisconsin Historical Collections, account of Naniʹtis in, 169-171
Wisconsin, Lenape now resident in, 13
Witchcraft, dreams revealing, 77-78;
of ghosts, 59
Wito‛ʹpi, Minsi term for red alder, 141
Wolf as guardian spirit, 195
Wolf, Chief James, account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, 127-138;
acknowledgment to, 14;
dream-vision of, 72-73;
mediumship of, 55;
on Evil Spirit, 24;
on Mask Being, 36;
on Naniʹtis, 166-168;
on sun, 27;
on thunder myth, 30
Wolf men, see Wolves
Wolf phratry, at Annual ceremony, 94, 104, 119;
Bear cult of, 172;
Skeleton dance of, 183-184
Wolves, Flying Wolf’s vision of, 73-75
Women, drumsticks representing, 101, 130-131;
forbidden in Bear cult, 174;
in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;
in menses, 62-63, 88, 133, 197;
intercourse with, forbidden, 120;
keepers of Naniʹtis, 46;
night of, in Annual ceremony, 105-106;
part of: in Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 108-109, 117-118;
in ceremony of Naniʹtis, 167-168;
in Doll dance, 165;
in Feast of first fruits, 144;
in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;
in Otter ceremony, 179;
prayer of, at Bear ceremony, 175;
prayer of, for crops, 44;
red symbolizing, 140-141;
separate seating of, in Annual ceremony, 93;
share of, in venison, 106;
visions granted to, 65
Worship, of Corn Goddess, 43-44;
of elements, 29-31;
of Mask Being, 35;
of sun, 28.
See Annual ceremony, Offering, Prayer
Wounds, medicine for healing, 49
Wry mouth of Mask Being, 42
Wsinkhoalican, Zeisberger’s term for Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, 42.
See Mask Being
Xiʹngwikan or Big House, 82, 148.
See Big House
Zeisberger, David, on Annual ceremony, 116-118, 130;
on Bear ceremony, 175-176;
on concept of soul, 57-59;
on Corn Goddess, 44;
on dreams or visions, 77-78;
on Evil Spirit, 25;
on Great Spirit, 21;
on Masks, 42-43;
on prayer, 109;
on Thunder Beings, 30;
on variant of Annual ceremony, 125-126

Religion and ceremonies of the Lenape

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INDEX