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Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius

Chapter 20: INDEX
By Samuel Dill
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History - Ancient

About This Book

A wide-ranging study of Roman social life from the excesses of early imperial autocracy to the comparatively prosperous Antonine era, focusing on moral character, civic institutions, and spiritual change. It surveys aristocratic manners under imperial pressure, the relations between Senate, emperor, and municipal towns, and the influence of later Stoic and Neoplatonic thought on legislation and private conduct. Attention is given to popular religiosity, the spread of eastern mystery cults such as Isis and Mithra, and their inability to meet mass spiritual need before Christianity's ascendancy. Literary, epigraphic, and biographical evidence are used to reconstruct manners, charities, material comforts, and reforming impulses.

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INDEX

Abascantus, secretary ab epistulis, career of, described in the Silvae, 110
Acta diurna,
regular arrival of, in the provinces, 205;
reader of, 95
Acte, mistress of Nero, cares for his burial, 115
Aelian of Praeneste,
account of his work on Providence, 456;
immense credulity, and hatred of rationalism, ib.;
the pious cock of Tanagra, 457;
last dream of Philemon, ib.
Africa,
the development of its city life, organisation of Thamugadi, 202;
of Lambesi, 208;
amphitheatres in, 201;
and bishoprics, ib.;
little touched by Mithraism, 597
Agrippina, mother of Nero,
memoirs by, used by Tacitus, 80;
sits on the tribunal with Claudius, 81;
shade propitiated by Nero, 491
Albinus, P. Caeionius, restores a temple at Thamugadi, 202
Alcantara, the bridge of, 220
Alexander of Abonoteichos,
oracle on the Marcomannic war, 451, 476;
physical and mental gifts of, 473 sq.;
skilful charlatanry, 474 sq.;
war with the Epicureans, 476;
Lucian’s treatment of, 477;
establishes new Mysteries, 476 sq.
Alexandria,
roses from, for Nero’s dinners, 32;
singing boys from, at Trimalchio’s dinner, 130 sq.;
character of its populace, 374;
Dion Chrysostom rebukes their passion for games, ib.;
a great focus of religious feeling, 397;
and eclecticism, 561
Animal-worship,
excites ridicule, 571;
philosophy justified it, ib., 395;
little noticed in Apuleius, 572
Annaeus Serenus, Seneca’s De Tranquillitate addressed to, character of, 319
Antinous, death and apotheosis of, 450, 477, 478
Antium, temple of Fortuna Primigenia at, 456
Antoninus Pius,
builds a temple to Juno Sospita of Lanuvium, 538;
to Mithra at Ostia, 591;
his country pleasures at Lorium, 537;
flattered by the Arval Brothers, 542;
Magna Mater on his coins, 549;
taurobolium for, in 160, ib., 557
Apollonius of Tyana,
involved in political conspiracy, 40;
a great preacher, effect of his sermons, 347;
early life, Pythagorean asceticism, Sun worship, and catholic ritualism, 399;
reconciled myth with a purer faith, 400;
visits all the oracles, 472;
his ideas of a future state, 518 sqq.
Apotheosis,
in the Antonine age, 386, 537;
of Antinous, 477;
of Peregrinus, 478;
of M. Aurelius, ib.;
of the Emperors, its history, 615 sqq.
Apuleius,
sensual imagination and mysticism of, 389;
weird scenes of miracle in Thessaly, 483;
lofty conception of God, 389;
description of the revels of the wandering priests of the Syrian goddess, 551 sqq.;
of other scenes in Thessaly, 552;
conception of Isis in the Metamorphoses, 563;
mystic raptures, 570, 574, 576
Aquileia, a great seat of Mithraism, 593
Ardeliones, the, life of, described, 12, 174
Aristides, P. Aelius,
picture of the Roman Empire in, 199;
general security, 205;
journey from Mysia to Rome, 206, 464;
early history and travels, 457;
long ill health and resort to temples of healing, 458 sqq.;
his rhetorical training affected his religious attitude, 458 sq.;
diseases of, lasting for thirteen years, 463;
his ordeals and vitality, 465;
visited by the gods, 466;
recovers his rhetorical power, ib.;
mingled vanity and piety of, 467
Aristotle, influence of,
on Plutarch, 412;
on Seneca, 314;
on Maximus of Tyre, 421
Army, the,
honesty and courage in, 49;
castra stativa grow into towns, 207;
Septimius Severus allows the soldier [pg 628]to live with his family, 208;
how pensions provided for, 283;
military colleges, their objects, 283;
the worship of Mithra propagated by, 591;
the legions which were most active, 595, 596
Arrius Antoninus, grandfather of Ant. Pius, Greek verses of, 166
Art,
pretence of taste for, 131, 178;
influence of, in religion discussed by Dion Chrysostom, 382;
decay of, lamented by Petronius, 125
Artemidorus,
work on Dreams by, 468;
immense industry, collections, and faith in the science, ib.;
contempt for impostors, 469;
quasi scientific method, ib.;
its absurdities, 470
Arvales Fratres, the College of,
revived by Augustus, 534;
early history, meetings and ritual of, 540 sq.;
servility to the Emperors, 541
Asclepius,
immense popularity of his worship, 459, 539;
temples of, and their routine and organisation, 460;
new oracle of, at Abonoteichos, 474
Asiaticus, freedman of Vitellius, history of, 206
Astrology,
influence of, in the early empire, a political danger, 45, 447;
astrologers banished by Claudius, Vitellius and Vespasian, 45, 448;
a Greek trade, 93;
Augustus burns books of, 446;
Tiberius believes in, 448;
Otho, 45, 448;
Titus, 449;
and M. Aurelius, 450;
Domitian, ib.;
Hadrian, ib.;
in Mithraism, 598, 602
Attis,
legend of, 549;
becomes a solar deity, 556
Augury,
decay of, 445;
abuse of, 532
Augustales, the,
Trimalchio one of, 136;
importance, organisation, social rank, and insignia in municipal towns, 216, 217;
generosity of, as patrons of colleges, 275
Augustine, S.,
defends the Cynics of his time, 352;
contempt for rites of Magna Mater, 547;
on Varro’s theology, 417, 531 n.;
on the cult of martyrs, 488;
on Plato, 523
Augustus,
his disguised power, 41;
destroys 2000 books of divination, 446;
his horoscope cast, 447;
his religious restoration, and its motive, 533;
attitude to foreign religions, 533;
restores a temple of Magna Mater, 548;
cautious acceptance of divine honours, 615
Aurelian,
his temple of the Sun, 586;
outbreak of the workmen of the Mint in his reign, 255;
legend deo et domino nato on his coins, 618;
effect of his Sun-worship on the development of imperial power, 619
Aurelius, M.,
slight interest of, in speculation, 339;
his tutors of various schools, 343;
as a boy recites the Salian litany, 385;
his gospel of renunciation, 393 sq.;
his conformity, 394;
employs diviners, 450;
relations of, with Galen, 506;
views of, about immortality, 507;
his Stoic ideal of life, 509;
his sadness and its causes, 510;
one of the Salii in his 8th year, 535;
his religious conservatism, 537;
images of, in every family in the West, 616
Balbilla, Greek verses by, 80
Birth,
respect for, in Juvenal, 69;
in D. Cassius, Suetonius, and Pliny, 70;
manufacture of genealogies, in Vit. Apollonius of Tyana, and S. Jerome, ib.;
Herodes Atticus traced his descent from the Aeacidae, 225;
Tiberius on, 70
Bithynia,
civic mismanagement in, 220;
literary distinction of, 372
Boeotia, the oracles of, 471
Brescia, high moral tone of, 147
Caenis, concubine of Vespasian, influence and intrigues of, 52, 115
Caligula,
wild schemes and profusion of, 32;
his cruelty and insolence to Senators, 51;
depraving example, 73;
consults the oracle of Fortune at Antium, 472;
apparitions at his burial, 490;
claims of divinity, 615
Calpurnia, Pliny’s wife,
character of, and his love for her, 188, 189;
literary taste of, 80
Canabae legionis, at Lambesi, 208
Canusium,
Album of, 210;
Herodes Atticus gave an aqueduct to, 225
Captation,
a regular profession, 72;
result of plebeian poverty and aristocratic vice, 96;
at Croton, in Petronius, 127;
Regulus a captator, 156
Carnuntum, in Pannonia,
a seat of Mithraism from 70 A.D., 591;
its temples, 595;
temple restored at, by the imperial house, in the fourth century, 619
Centumviral court, the,
picture of, in Pliny’s Letters, 154 sqq.;
he welcomes young aristocrats to, 187
Chaeremon, Alexandrian librarian, wrote a treatise on Isis, 568
Charity, and munificence,
provision for poor children by Trajan and later Emperors, 192, 193;
private benevolence exemplified by Pliny, 193;
his benefactions, 193 sqq.;
other examples in the inscriptions, 193, 224;
the Stertinii, 224;
Dion Chrysostom and [pg 629]his father, 225;
Herodes Atticus, enormous benefactions of, ib.;
munificence of the Emperors, Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian, 227, 228;
private examples from inscriptions, 223, 229;
ideals of the uses of wealth, 232;
men ruin themselves by generosity, 245
Cicero,
adorned by Pliny, 158;
on augury, 445;
on beneficence, 190;
on superstition, 443;
on legend, 495;
on Delphi, 471;
on immortality, 488
City life,
splendour of, in the Antonine age, 4;
weariness of life in the capital, 174;
growth of, in Gaul, Spain, Dacia, and Asia, 200 sqq.
Claudian,
connects Mithra with Bel, 588;
contempt for Greeks, 90
Claudius,
recruits the Senate from the provinces, 71, 72;
Hellenism of, 89;
his encouragement of trade, 264;
his effort to revive the art of augury, 445;
banishes the astrologers, 418;
conservative in religion, 536;
persecutes the Jewish and Druidic religions, 566
Claudius Etruscus, career of, and duties as minister, 109
Clea, a priestess of Osiris at Delphi, 424
Client, the,
in Juvenal, 93, 94;
change of the relation under the Empire, ib.;
the relation in the colleges, 273
Clients,
position in the time of Juvenal, 93 sq.;
and Martial, 61
Clodius, P., uses the colleges, 254
Colleges, the,
plebeian class in towns, 251;
pride of free artisan class, 253;
early history of Collegia, 254;
danger from, 255;
restrained by law, ib.;
an irresistible movement, 256;
wish for pious burial, 257;
evidence on, from inscriptions, 258;
funerary colleges authorised, 259;
consequences of the concession, 260;
College of Diana and Antinous, its organisation, fees, etc. 260 sqq.;
College of Aesculapius and Hygia, its regulations, 262;
colleges founded on religion, 263;
industrial colleges, great fair at Cremona, 264;
wandering traders, collegia peregrinorum, 265;
colleges at Lyons, Ostia, Arles, etc. 265 sq.;
objects of association, 266 sqq.;
favoured by masters, 267;
colleges moulded on the model of the city, names of offices, etc. 269;
gradation of rank in, its object, 270;
how the schola was provided, 271;
associations gather round it, gifts made to it, 272;
College of Silvanus at Philippi, ib.;
patrons of, and their raison d’être, 273;
colleges and their patrons of very different rank, 274;
election of a patron, ib.;
colleges founded to guard a tomb, 276;
provisions for permanent observances, 277;
college feasts and sportulae, 277 sq.;
regulations for decorum in, fines, 279;
the college a family, in which the slave is an equal, 281;
were colleges eleemosynary institutions? 282;
military colleges of Lambesi, their organisation and objects, 283 sqq.;
extinction of a college, 285
Commodus,
takes the tonsure of Isis and walks in an Isiac procession, 553;
assumes the Mithraic title of Invictus, 618
Como,
Pliny’s estates at, 145;
his gifts to, 194;
a suicide at, 184;
honorarium of its curia, 209
Conversion,
Seneca on, 34;
result of the preaching of Apollonius, 347;
conversion of Polemon, ib.;
of D. Chrysostom, 368;
in Plutarch, 413
Corellius Rufus, suicide of, 184
Cornelia, wife of Pompey, culture of, 80
Cotta, M. Aurelius, liberality of, to a freedman, 119
Country life,
growing love of, 174;
Roman country seats, their sites and architecture, 176;
extent and grounds, 178;
routine of life, 179;
purchase and management of estates, 180;
charm of the country in Roman literature, 197;
yet contempt for it, 199;
moral tone of, 2, 144, 147
Cremona,
great fair at, 263;
sack of, 264;
colleges of youth at, 265;
munificence of its citizens, 225
Curatores,
heard of first in the reign of Trajan, 222;
control of municipal finance by, 248
Curia, the,
composition of, illustrated by the roll of Canusium, 210;
numbers, and qualification of, 214;
its fate, 248
Cynics, the,
met a general demand for moral guidance, 340;
description of, in Dion Chrysostom, 349;
and in the literature of the age, 350 n.;
the Cynic in Lucian’s Banquet, ib.;
attractions of the life of, 351;
gross charges against; S. Augustine’s testimony, 352;
causes of prejudice against, ib.;
death of Peregrinus as treated by Lucian, 355;
affinity of, with Christian asceticism, 355, 361;
evidently a great popular force, 358;
a one-sided Stoicism, 359;
Cynic ideal, 359 sq.;
attitude to the Empire, 362 sq.;
and to popular religion, 363;
cultivated Cynics, 364 sqq.
Dacia,
organisation and town life of, 201;
worship of Magna Mater in, 549;
of Isis, 568;
settlement of, by Trajan, a [pg 630]seat of Mithraism, 594;
of the worship of Isis and Magna Mater, 549, 568
Daemons,
conception of, in Plutarch and Maximus of Tyre, 426;
history of, in Greek literature from Hesiod, 427;
use of the idea by Platonists, 425;
Xenocrates first taught the existence of evil daemons, 431 sq.;
employed by Plutarch to rehabilitate myth, 432;
believed in by the Fathers, 433;
a cause of oracular inspiration, 437;
mortality of, 426;
daemon of Socrates, 438;
daemon a higher self, 439;
daemonology an attempt to bridge the gulf between man and the Infinite Spirit, 603
Dea Dia, worship of, 540
Delation,
history and causes of, 35;
delators of every rank, ib.;
attractions of, wealth gained by, 36;
Regulus a delator, 37, 155;
Silius Italicus, 164;
under Domitian, 35
Delphi,
temple of Osiris at, 424;
Plutarch’s love of, 403, 435;
decay of, in first century, 434;
revival of, 435;
why oracles were given in prose, 436;
sources of its inspiration, 437;
Nero’s violence to, 472;
Hadrian tested, ib.
Demetrius, the Cynic,
life of, 361;
a cultivated ascetic, 362;
knew Apollonius of Tyana, ib.;
attitude to the Empire, beards Nero and Vespasian, ib.
Demonax,
attitude to popular religion, 363;
origin, education, and philosophic tone of, 364;
fashion of his life and teaching, 365;
epigrams and sarcasms, 365 sq.;
his personal magnetism, and reverence for him after his death, 366
Dendrophori,
dedications by, to Magna Mater, 549;
in the inscriptions, 551;
at Lyons, 557
Dion Chrysostom,
view of the Cynics, 349;
early history, exile, conversion, and preaching of, 367 sq.;
orations of, 368;
simple philosophy, and view of the time, 369, 370;
warning to Tarsus, 370;
sermon at Olbia, 371 sq.;
picture of city life in Asia Minor, its vices and jealousies, 372 sqq.;
gospel of social charity, 373;
scorn for the Alexandrian character, 374;
his prose idyll on virtuous rural life in Euboea, 375 sq.;
view of prostitution and slavery, 376;
ideal of monarchy, parable of the Two Peaks, 377 sqq.;
oration at Olympia, 379 sq.;
suggested by Olympian Zeus of Pheidias, 380;
Dion’s discussion on natural theology and anthropomorphism, 381;
makes Pheidias defend representation of the Infinite in human form, 382;
his Zeus a moral ideal and spiritual power, 383
Domitian,
delators under, 35;
his belief in astrology, 45;
secret of his reign, 52;
value of the authorities on, 52 n.;
good traits in his character, 53;
his encouragement of literature and political merit, ib.;
his Hellenism, 89;
a moral reformer, 54, 74;
causes of his unpopularity, 54;
contradictions in his character, 55;
replenishes the treasury by confiscation, 56;
his terror at the end, 56, 57, 450;
his funereal banquet, 57;
founds a quinquennial competition in literature, 171;
his superstition, 450;
a conservative in religion, 536;
celebrated the Quinquatria of Minerva, 538;
his victories, 542;
escaped from the capital in the vestments of Isis in 69 A.D., 567;
built a temple to Isis, ib.;
first called Dominus et Deus, 615
Dreams,
in temples of healing, 460;
dream-oracles, 461;
prescriptions in, 463, 464;
treatise of Artemidorus on, 467 sqq.;
his faith in, 468;
his absurdities, 470;
Pliny on, 452, 490
Education,
Vespasian endows, 148;
influence of Quintilian on, 149;
Pliny helps to endow a school at Como, 193;
culture in Asia Minor, 372;
among freedmen, 131, 134
Empire, the,
its temptations, 31;
the influence of the Emperor’s example illustrated, 31;
how waste led to cruelty and confiscation, 33;
the secret of the imperial terror, various theories, 37;
the ideal of the Empire, 39, 43;
constant danger from pretenders, 40, 41, 44;
the fiction of Augustus, the Emperor’s real power, 41;
checks upon it, 42;
its tolerance of municipal liberty, 203
Entellus, gardens of, 112
Epicharis, freedwoman, refuses to betray the Pisonian conspirators, 47
Epictetus,
his ideal of the Cynic philosopher, 359;
men the soldiers of God, 393;
gospel of renunciation in, ib. n. 5;
on augury and divination, 455;
early history of, 503;
attitude to belief in immortality, 504;
reference to female Platonists, 80;
preaching of gratitude and resignation, 393
Epicurus,
Seneca quotes, and defends to Lucilius, 306;
Aelian anathematises, 456;
Epicureans at Abonoteichos oppose Alexander, 476;
orders banquets to his shade, 456;
influence of, in last age of Republic, 530
Epidaurus,
temple of Asclepius at, 462, 539;
social life of the patients, 463
Equites,
in provincial towns, 215;
freedmen raised to the rank of, 113;
Juvenal’s [pg 631]contempt for, 70;
general low estimate of, 113;
displace freedmen as imperial secretaries, 107;
employment by Vitellius, Domitian, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, ib.
Espionage,
under the Empire, 34;
under Domitian, 56
Euboea, D. Chrysostom’s description of rural life in, 375
Euhemerus,
translated by Ennius, 530;
Plutarch on, 425
Euphrates,
Pliny’s sketch of, 151;
suicide of, 356
Evil, Plutarch’s theory of, 430
Extravagance,
of Nero, 20, 32;
of Domitian, 55, 56;
of Vitellius, 32;
of Caligula, 32;
under the Republic, 67
Fannia, widow of Helvidius Priscus, Pliny’s admiration for, 152
Finance,
profusion of Caligula, 32;
straits of Domitian, 56;
economy of Vespasian, 32, 148;
Nero’s waste and plunder, 20 sq.;
Nerva’s retrenchment, 32;
waste of Vitellius, 32;
finance of provincial towns, 220, 248
Fortuna Augusti, 618
Freedmen, the,
their rise a great movement, 100;
prejudice against, 101 sqq.;
why it was natural, 103;
contempt of literary men for vulgar wealth, 104;
yet the rise of the freedmen a promising movement, 105;
rise of, in the imperial household, 106;
become great ministers, 107;
replaced gradually by Equites, 107;
early freedmen ministers worthy of their place, 108;
career of Claudius Etruscus and Abascantus, 109 sqq.;
of Narcissus and Pallas, 110, 111;
how their wealth was gained, 112, 129;
their politic splendour, 112;
romantic career of a freedman, 113;
yet freedmen despised and ostracised, ib.;
sometimes made great marriages, 114;
doubtful position of women of this class, 114;
yet some had great influence, 115;
Panthea, mistress of L. Verus, picture of, by Lucian, ib.;
lower freedmen in the imperial service, 116;
transition from slavery to freedom, how freedmen rose, 118-120;
grossness and ostentation of their wealthy class, 129 sqq.
Freedom and Necessity,
Plutarch’s views of, 412;
Seneca’s, 311
Gaius, on the law of Colleges, 254
Galen,
early history and training of, 505;
eclecticism of, ib.;
views of immortality, ib.;
relations with M. Aurelius, 506
Genii,
invented for every corporation and scene in Roman life, 386;
tales of, in Britain and on the Indian Ocean, 420, 426;
wide-spread cult of, 479 sq.
Gladiators,
municipal shows of, in Petronius, 134;
Trajan provides 10,000 on his Dacian triumph, 234;
protests against, by Seneca and Demonax, 235;
schools of, 236, 241;
shows began in Campania, ib.;
school of, at Pompeii, 237;
notices in the inscriptions, 238;
enthusiasm for, ib.;
shows in remote places, 239;
after battle of Bedriacum, 240;
less popular in Greece, except at Corinth, 241;
various cost of, 241;
classes who furnished gladiators, attractions of the profession, 242 sq.;
organisation of a school; a college of gladiators, 243
God,
new conceptions of, 5;
in Seneca, 305;
God of the Stoics, varying conceptions of, 307;
demand for a moral God, 389;
Stoicism fades into Platonism, 391;
the Stoic god has no claim to worship, ib.;
vague higher conceptions of, 396, 603;
a transcendent Deity, 397;
Plutarch’s highest idea of, 418;
man’s relation to, according to Maximus of Tyre, 421;
relation of, to daemons, 425 sqq.