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Siwa

Chapter 16: BIBLIOGRAPHY
By Sir Charles Dalrymple Belgrave
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About This Book

The narrative combines a coastal and desert travelogue with close, practical observation of life in a remote oasis, describing routes, camps, and the hazards of crossing arid country. It records local manners, ceremonies, trade relations and the routines of household and tribal life as seen by the author, including notes on hunting, fishing and market interactions. The account paints the landscape through springs, palms, salt pans, cliffs and mirages and notes seasonal flora and fauna. A historical section traces the sanctuary's ancient cult, visits by classical figures, later conversion to Islam and successive administrative and military episodes up to more recent rule. Sketches, photographs and archaeological notes accompany the text.

THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT

(Large-size)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books consulted in compiling the “History of Siwa”:—

  • Anonymous History of Siwa (Arabic).
  • Arrian. Expeditio Alexandri.
  • Bates, Oric. The Eastern Libyans.
  • Blochet. History of the Arab Conquest.
  • Bovary. Letters from Egypt.
  • Breasted. History of Egypt.
  • Browne, W. G. Travels in Africa (1792-6).
  • Budge. Life of Alexander.
  • Butler, A. J. Arab Conquest.
  • Cailliaud. Travels in the Oases.
  • Cameron. Egypt in the Nineteenth Century.
  • Corripus, F. C. Johannides.
  • Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca. History of Egypt.
  • Edmonstone’s Journey. (1822).
  • Ermann. Handbook of Egyptian Religion.
  • Falls, Ewart. Three Years in the Libyan Desert.
  • Forbes, Rosita. The Secret of the Sahara, Kufara.
  • Gwatkin Williams, R. S. In the hands of the Senussi.
  • Gwatkin Williams, R. S. Prisoners of the Red Desert.
  • Hamilton, J. Wanderings in North Africa.
  • Hareem. Ancient Commerce of Africa.
  • Herodotus. Egypt.
  • Hohler, T. B. Report on Oasis of Siwa (1904).
  • Hornemann, F. C. Journal, from Cairo to Mourzouk.
  • Hoskins, S. A. Visit to Libyan Desert (1837).
  • Juvenal, Satires.
  • Lane, E. W. Arabian Nights.
  • Langles. Memoires sur les oases d’après les auteurs Arabes.
  • Leo, Johannes. Africae Descriptio.
  • Mercier, Ernest. Histoire de l’établissement des Arabes dans l’Afrique Septrionale.
  • Nelson’s History of the Great War.
  • Okley. History of the Saracens.
  • Petrie, Flinders. History of Egypt.
  • Pindar. Hymns to Deities.
  • Pliny. Geography of the World.
  • Plutarch. Life of Alexander.
  • Quintius Curtius. Alexander.
  • Rollins. Ancient History.
  • R. E. Journal. Vol. 37, No. 2.
  • St. John, Bayle. Adventures in the Libyan Desert (1849).
  • Sale. The Koran.
  • Silva White. From Sphinx to Oracle.
  • Smith. Classical Dictionary.
  • Stanley, Captain. Report on Siwa Oasis.
  • Strabo. Geography.
  • Virgil. Ænid.
  • Wilkinson, Sir J. S. Manners and Customs of Ancient Egypt.

Translations, mostly French, of the following Arab Historians and Geographers:—

  • Ibn Abdel Hakim Khaldoun. History of the Berbers.
  • Mohammed ben Ayas.
  • El Makrizi.
  • El Masoudi.
  • Ibn el Wardi.
  • Abulfeda.
  • El Idrisi.
  • Schemfedden Mohammed Abdel Furur.

INDEX

  • Abbas Helmi, 3
  • Abbas Pasha, 108
  • Abdel Arti, smuggler, 115, 117
  • Abdel Gader, sheikh of travellers, 54
  • Abdel Moneim, cruiser, 34, 35
  • Abdel Rahman, Sheikh, 66
  • Abdel Sayed, 180
  • Abdulla Homeid, Sheikh, 66, 247
  • Abdulla Mansur, 112
  • Abu Zeyed, 54
  • Actium, battle of, 9
  • Aeroplanes, 125
  • African Association, 101
  • Agagia, battle of, 126
  • Age of Siwans, 196
  • Aghourmi, 69, 71, 83, 86, 87, 96; sheikh of, 67; spring, 81; temple, 78
  • Agriculture, 260
  • Ahmed Fazi, 119
  • Ahmed Hamza, 112
  • Ahmed Idris, 111
  • Ain el Hammam, 81
  • “Akaba incident,” xiv
  • Alexander the Great, 84, 85, 176
  • Alexandria, 3, 5, 6, 34, 35; summer resort, 8; Alexander buried at, 85
  • Algeria, 10
  • Ali Balli, 102, 104
  • Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur, 132, 190
  • Almsgiving, 243
  • Amaryllis, 10
  • Ammon, god, 76; legends of, 77, 79, xix
  • Ammonia, 7, 79
  • Ammonians, 76, 77, 79, 80
  • Amrou, 89
  • Animals at Siwa, 202
  • Antony, 9
  • Appetites of Siwans, 168, 239
  • Arabia, 93
  • Arabs, 5, 14, 17; carrying arms, 18; clothes, 20; characteristics, 209; conversation, 24; dance, 44; horses, 27; hospitality, 22; invasion, 5, 89, 94; at Maragi, 185; refugees, 201; songs, 256; tents, 19; wealth, 26; wells, 43; welcome rains, 32; wives, 39; women, 21
  • Arasieh, lake, 103
  • Architecture, Siwan, 133, 134
  • Areg, El, oasis of, 183, 184
  • Argoul, 158, 244
  • Arms, seizing, 73
  • Arusia, sect, 151
  • Assiut, 184
  • Athanasius, St., 88
  • Athenians, 79
  • Atlantic, 94
  • Atlantis, 191
  • Augerin, Bir, 43
  • Augustus, 88
  • Australian Light Horse, 125
  • Awlad Ali, 6
  • Azhar university, 119
  • Bachelors, custom of, 98
  • Bagbag, 15
  • Bahrein oasis, 115, 183, 184
  • Bairam, Kurban, feast of, 246
  • Baird, Miss, xxi, 201
  • Bakhr-Wahash, wild ox, 202
  • Bakshish, 176
  • Bangles, rolling the, 235
  • Barley, 6
  • Barrani, 13, 14; evacuation, 124; reoccupation, 126
  • Bashu Habun, 176
  • Basket making, 199
  • Bates, Oric, 75, 76
  • Bathing, 61, 63; bride, 216; at Matruh, 8
  • Bazaars, 141
  • Beda, el, 120
  • Behera, 110
  • Beit el Mal, 244
  • Ben Ayas, historian, 90
  • Ben Soleim, tribe of, 93
  • Bequests, religious, 235
  • Berbers, 2, 88, 91, 94, 95, 209; from Europe, 20, xvii; dialect, 146; sacrifices, 234
  • Berseem, custom of, 162
  • Bikaner, Maharajah, xxiv
  • Bilad el Kelab, 57
  • Bir Hakim, 123, 131
  • Birds, 31, 203; eggs, 204
  • Birth-rate at Siwa, 2
  • Bisharin trackers, 53
  • Blossoms, 202
  • Booba, story of, 173
  • Booza camp, 40
  • Bramley, Captain Jennings, xxii
  • Bread, on trek, 52
  • Bride, customs of, 213, 216
  • Browne at Siwa, 100
  • Budget, economy on, 34
  • Butin, Colonel, 103
  • Byzantines, 89
  • Cairns, rock, 52
  • Calamis, statue by, 80
  • Cambyses, lost army of, 80
  • Camel Corps, 2, 15, 26, 37, 38; barracks, 49; exploring with, 195; as garrison, 131, 135; soldiers, 41; songs of, 54; wives of, 62, 100
  • Camels, 25; riding, 48; fly, 202; in rain, 32; stories of, 36; drinking, 45; as transport, 260
  • Camp, in the desert, 49
  • Canaanite migration, xvii
  • Canal, Suez, 123
  • Caravans, 56, 86, 120
  • Carpets, 189; leather, 91; makers of, 201
  • Cars, 11
  • Carthage, 80
  • Cats, 170
  • Causeway, 104
  • Caves, at Kasr Hassuna, 119
  • Cemeteries, 223
  • Chess, 241
  • Childbirth preventives, 211
  • Children, 146, 200, 211, 213; festival, 237; murder of, 173
  • Christianity at Siwa, 88
  • Cimon, 81
  • Cisterns, 17, 43, 44
  • Civil War in Siwa, 99, 100
  • Clearchus, King, 78
  • Cleopatra, 9
  • Clerk, Coptic, 67
  • Climate, 263
  • Coastal belt, 5
  • Coastguards, 3, 4, 34, 37, 124; fight with Abdel Arti, 117; officers of, 124
  • Coffee, 67
  • Constantinople, 122, 189; Sayed Ahmed retires to, 131
  • Cooks, 44, 60
  • Corippus, 75
  • Cows, 203
  • Crime, 172
  • Crœsus, 76
  • Crops, 155, 156
  • Customs, 188
  • Cyprus, 81
  • Cyrene, 84
  • Cyrenians, 78
  • Daftar el Ain, 154
  • Dak bungalows, 13
  • Dakhla oasis, 128
  • Dakrur, Gebel, 83, 93
  • Danaus, 77
  • Dancing, 46, 253, 254, 257, 258; Arab, 45
  • Darfur, 56, 132, 190
  • Dartmoor, 14
  • Dates, markets, 137, 138; harvest, 152; palms, 156; cultivation, 157; at El Areg, 184
  • Decorations, Turkish, 127
  • Delphi, 87
  • Derna, 105
  • Desert plateau, 57
  • “Devil’s Country,” 189
  • Diodorus Siculus, 77
  • Dionysius, 76, 78
  • District Officer’s house, 59, 60
  • Divorce, among Siwans, 172, 173, 214, 215; Arabs, 21
  • Doctor, Syrian, 67
  • Dodona, oracle of, 77, 79
  • Dogs, Arab, 23; country of, 57; as food, 169, 170; “Howa,” 47, 163
  • Doré, Gustave, 57
  • Dorset Yeomanry, 126
  • Doves, 77
  • Dreams, interpretation of, 232
  • Drinking, 150, 249
  • Drums, 252, 255
  • Ear-rings, 148
  • Earthquakes, 195
  • Easterners, 99, 100
  • Egyptian Army, 38
  • Egyptian Government, 2, 114; representative, 64
  • Emeralds, 86, 91, 93, 261
  • Enver Pasha, xxv
  • Ethiopia, 80, 77
  • Evening at Siwa, 240
  • Evil Eye, 25, 209, 223; charms against, 224, 225
  • Exabia oasis, 185
  • Excavations, 93, 178, 191, 192, 261
  • Ex-Khedive, 3, 4, 93, 178, 261
  • Falls, Ewart, 3
  • False dawn, 47
  • Fantasias, 239
  • Farafra oasis, 203
  • Farag Khasaf, 104
  • Fasting, 244
  • Fénelon, 88
  • Ferik, 83
  • Fever, 160, 189, 263
  • Fezzan, 101
  • Fikis, 194, 209; charms of, 224
  • Fish, 212; destroy mosquitoes, 160; as food, 97
  • Flies, 248
  • Flowers, 32
  • Flying Corps, 124
  • Forbes, Mrs., xxvii, 262
  • Fortune-telling, 233
  • Fossils, 88, 183
  • Fostat, 92
  • Fountain of the Sun, 81
  • French in Algeria, 119
  • Frogs, 164
  • Frontier Districts Administration, xiv, xv, 2, 37, 201
  • Fruit, 156, 158; at Siwa, 202, 248
  • Fuca, Bir, 6
  • Funerals, 149, 222
  • Furniture, 144
  • Gabreen, Haj, 194
  • Gaffar Pasha, 125, 126
  • Gagub, oasis, 185; spring at, 186; wild oxen, 202
  • Gallipoli, 123
  • Gara, oasis, 102, 179; legends about, 180, 181
  • Gardens, 154, 156, 158
  • Gawazi Arabs, 203
  • Gazelle, 30, 49, 184
  • Gebel Dakrur, 83, 93
  • Geography, Strabo’s, 87
  • Germans, 4, 6, 101; in N. Africa, 118; in Tripoli, 122
  • Ghaffir, 253; El Ain, 154
  • Ghouls, 208
  • “Ghrula,” 221
  • Girba, battle of, 129; evacuation of, 130
  • Goats, 24; quarrel about, 111
  • God of Siwa, 76
  • Governor’s House, 7
  • Governor, Western Desert, 37
  • Gramophone, 164
  • Graves, 223
  • Greece, 77
  • Greeks, 5, 58, 79; colonists, 7, 13, 10, 263
  • Gum trees, 182
  • Gun-running, 38, 190
  • Gurzil, 76
  • Haboob, 72
  • Habun, Bashu, 175, 176
  • Habun, Osman, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117
  • Hakim, Bir, 123, 131
  • Halfia Pass, 127
  • Ham, 77
  • Hamed, Bir, 44
  • Hamilton, 105, 106, 107
  • Hannibal, 79
  • Hanoui, 198
  • Hares, 28
  • Harimat, 39, 62
  • Hashish, 241
  • Hassan Mitnana, 98
  • Hassanein Bey, xxvi, 262
  • Hassein Bey, 102, 103, 104
  • Hassuna Mansur, 110, 111
  • Hassuna, Kasr, 119, 129
  • Hawking, 27, 28
  • Hedjaz, 119
  • “Helga,” 241
  • Henna, 20, 226, 210
  • Hens, 175
  • Hephistion, 85
  • Herodotus, 77, 78
  • Hidden cities, 92
  • Hilal tribe, 93
  • Hill of the Dead, 68, 94, 104
  • History, Arabic, 3, 74, 80
  • Holy war, 118
  • Hornemann, 101
  • Horses, 27
  • Hounds, 29
  • Houses, 33; Siwan, 133; interior of, 142
  • Hunter, Colonel G. G., xv, 37
  • Hunting, 29, 30
  • Husband, to obtain, 228
  • Iblis, 208; to summon, 230
  • Ibrahaim el Bishari, 56
  • Idris, Sidi, 132
  • Immorality, 101
  • Inheritance, 155, 172
  • Interpreters, 98
  • Ireland, 18
  • Iron, 91
  • Irrigation, 153, 154
  • Islands of the Blessed, 1
  • Italians, in Tripoli, 15, 118, 122, 132; British alliance with, 123
  • Jackals, 31
  • Jalo, 56, 96; Senussi at, 120
  • Jerabub, 56, 96, 110; the Senussi at, 121; view of, 186
  • Jewels, 91, 188
  • Jews, 10
  • Jinns, 136, 194
  • Johannides, 265
  • “Joy Riders,” 35
  • Jupiter, 77
  • Juvenal, 87
  • Kareished, 178
  • Karnak, 80
  • Kasr Hassuna, 103, 119; caves at, 120; shaft, 193
  • Keimat en Nus, 53
  • Kerdassa, 148
  • Khadria confraternity, 119
  • Khamissa, 83, 88, 185
  • Khamsin, 7
  • Khargeh oasis, 80
  • Khartoum, 36
  • Khedival road, 7
  • Kingfishers, 8
  • Kitchener, Lord, 6
  • Kom Ombo, 38
  • Koran, 94; used by Fikis, 209; quotations from, 245
  • “Kreish,” 18
  • Kufra oasis, 56, 96, 177, 190, 191, 262
  • Labour, cost of, 261
  • Lagoons at Matruh, 8, 9
  • Lake, magic, 90
  • Language, 2, 101, 146
  • Lapis lazuli, 91
  • Level, sea, 1, 57
  • Libyans, ancient, xvii, 4, 5, 76
  • Light cars, 16, 31
  • Lions, 204
  • Liquor, 255
  • Loneliness, 263
  • Lotophagi, lotus eaters, 4
  • “Lover, the,” magic stone, 91
  • Lubbok, 115
  • Lubki, 242; drinkers of, 249
  • Lucky Days, 43
  • Luncheon, garden, 162, 165
  • Luxor, 38; snake charming at, 206
  • Lybis, king, 78, 79
  • Lysander, 79
  • Macdonnel, Colonel, 37
  • Magic, 207, 209
  • Mahdi, Sudanese, 122
  • Mahdi Abdel Nebi, sheikh of Aghourmi, 67, 69
  • Mails, 34, 42
  • Malaria, 160, 161
  • Mamur, 13, 59, 67; at Siwa, 109; Arab, 118; killed by Habun, 116
  • Manshia, suburb, 97, 108
  • Maragie, 185
  • Marids, 208
  • Marissa, 41
  • Markaz, 59, 65, 128
  • Markets, date, 137, 138
  • Marriage, Arab, 21; Englishmen, question of, 172; oldest inhabitant, 197; customs, 214; money, 213
  • Mashrabs, 52; El Abd, 53
  • Maspero, M., 44, 75
  • Mat making, 157, 198
  • Matruh, Mersa, 3, 11, 79, 84; town, 7; bay, 8; water supply, 9; pack, 29; as base, 125
  • Meat, 169
  • Mecca, 95, 96, 101, 119, 234, 236
  • Mediæval historians, 90
  • Medinia, sect, 112, 151; revolt of, 128; “zikr,” 249, 250
  • Mediterranean, 1, 3, 14
  • Megahiz, spring, 58, 107
  • Mejberry Pass, 182
  • Melfa, oasis of, 185, 186
  • Memphis, 80
  • Meneclush, King, 82, 83
  • Merchandise, from Jerabub, 188
  • Mesamia, 104
  • Mice, 169
  • Michael’s Mount, 133
  • Midwives, 211
  • Mihrab, 119
  • Military Administrator, 37
  • Mines, 91
  • Ministry of Health, 160
  • Mirage, 14, 51, 189
  • Mitnana, Hassan, 98
  • Mogabara Arabs, 56
  • Mohammed Ali, 75, 102, 108
  • Mohammed el Mahdi, 120, 121
  • Mohammed el Sherif, 121
  • Mohammed Effendi Saleh, 126, 129, 130, 131
  • Mohammed el Senussi, 118, 119, 120, 121
  • Mohammed Hamman, 69, 70
  • Mohammed Ithneini, of Jerabub, 187
  • Mohammed Said, 112
  • Mohammedan invasion, 5, 94
  • Moorina, survivors of, 130
  • Morals, Siwan, 150
  • Morocco, xviii, 119
  • Mosques, 139, 242
  • Motors, 11, 127, 261
  • Moussa Ibn Nosseir, 90
  • Mud pans, 51
  • Muezzins, 69, 155
  • Mulids, 246
  • Mummies, 192
  • Music, 255, 256
  • Nabis, 79
  • Naming children, 212, 213
  • Napoleon, 101
  • Nasamonians, 4
  • Natrun Wadi, 102
  • Negb Mejberry, 182
  • Niger, river, 79
  • Night life, 241
  • Nile, river, 79
  • Noah, 77
  • Nomads, 17
  • Oases, xix, 1, 75, 78, 177
  • Occupations at Siwa, 170
  • Officials, Egyptian, 67
  • Old age, Siwan, 197
  • Oldest inhabitant, 197; his wedding, 198
  • Olives, 178; press for, 179; oil, 178, 260
  • Omm Beyda, 82
  • Opium, 241
  • Orange tree, fabulous, 91
  • Painting, 171; mural, 184
  • Palms, date, 156; cultivation, 157
  • Pan-Islamic possibilities, 4
  • Parætonium, 7, 84
  • Partridges, 31
  • Peyton, General, xxiv
  • Persia, 81
  • Persians, 5
  • Pharaoh, 85
  • Phœnicians, 77
  • Photography, 171; photo of Siwa, 4
  • Pigeons, 31; carrier, 204
  • Pilgrimage, 234, 235, 236
  • Pindar, 79
  • Plague, 95
  • Pliny, 76
  • Police, Siwan, 65, 100, 253
  • Polygamy, 21
  • Population, 2
  • Postman, Senussi, 198
  • Pottery, 199
  • Pumice stone, 13
  • Puttees, worn by Senussi, 127
  • Quail, 31
  • Quarrel of East and West, 98, 99
  • Quinine, 160
  • Qur el Beid, 47
  • Rabbits, 145
  • Raid, rifle, 72
  • Rains, 5, 32, 33, 125
  • Ram-headed divinity, xix, 75, 78, 85, 86
  • Ramadan, 244, 245
  • Rameses, 75
  • Rasheed, gunboat, 124
  • Rashwan, King, 94
  • Rats as food, 169
  • Ravens lead Alexander, 85
  • Rest houses, 13
  • Revolt of Siwans against Senussi, 128
  • Ritual of temple, 85, 86
  • Rodd, Francis, xxiii
  • Rollins history, 77
  • Romans, 9, 44, 88; road, 17
  • Roofs, 144
  • Roses, 165
  • Routine, daily, at Siwa, 63
  • Royal Artillery, 8
  • Royle, Major, 124
  • Sacrifice of bull, 234
  • Sahara, 191
  • St. John, Bayle, 105
  • St. Menas, xxii, 4
  • Said Pasha, 108
  • Sakhit Amouou, 78
  • Saleh Said, Sheikh, 65
  • Salt, 91; lakes, 159; tribute, 159
  • Samovars, 189
  • Sand-storms, 80
  • Santarieh, 90
  • Sayed Ahmed, 122, 123; at Siwa, 126; goes to Dakhla, 128; flight from Siwa, 129; retires to Turkey, 131; character, 132
  • Sayed Mohammed, xxv
  • Scarp, 14, 16, 17, 29, 31; in spring, 32; ascent of, 47
  • School, 139
  • Scorpions, 205
  • Sebukh, 97, 159, 182
  • Semna, 24
  • Senagra tribe, 4
  • Senussi, xxiv, 8; rebellion, 18, 38; brethren, 52; power of, 109, 110, 111; peace made by, 114; operations against, 117; history of, 118, 119, 120, 121; at outbreak of war, 122; campaign against British, 123-132
  • Serpents, 91
  • Servants, 61, 245
  • Shaigis, 44
  • Sharks, 12
  • Sheep, 25
  • Sheikhs, Siwan, 65; in fiction, 243
  • Shells, 87
  • Sheytan, 208
  • Shops, 139, 140, 141
  • Shyata, 185
  • Sightseers, 135
  • Sikhs, 125
  • Silius Italicus, 79
  • Silugis, 29, 47
  • Sinai, xiv, 37
  • Singer, 4
  • Siwa, whereabouts, 1; arrival at, 58; first impressions, 61; view from, 68; history of, 74-132; town of, 133; population of, 150
  • Slaves, 95, 96
  • Slave-woman’s story, 70, 71
  • Smoking, 241
  • Snakes, 28, 205; charmers, 206
  • Snow, 88; Colonel, 124
  • Solitude, 171
  • Sollum, 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 14; camp of, 16; houses at 33; Camel Corps camp at, 40; departure from, 42; garrison of, 123; evacuated, 124; recaptured, 127
  • Soud, Sheikh, 176
  • Sparta, 79
  • Sponge fishers, 12
  • Springs, 152, 153, 161
  • “Stables,” 68
  • Stanhope, Lady Hester, 201
  • Stars, shooting, 227
  • Stolen property, 230, 231
  • Stone, sacred, 76, 91
  • Stove, story of, 39, 40
  • Strabo, 87
  • Submarines wrecked on coast, 123
  • Sudan, 6, 26, 36, 44, 56, 61; rest houses, 13; recruiting in, 38; trade, 96; caravans from, 87; invasion of, 102; rebellion in, 132
  • Sudanese, 38; conversation, 57; views of, 26; wives, 39
  • Sugar, 142
  • Suitors, to obtain, 227, 228
  • Suliman, Haj, 197
  • Suliman, Sidi, 96, 98; legends of, 97, 212; Mulid of, 246, 249; tomb of, 110, 114, 138, 233, 234
  • Sulphur spring, 186
  • Sultan of Turkey, 118, 131; excommunicated by Senussi, 121
  • Sultan Mousa, 162
  • “Sultan” of tea ceremony, 167
  • Sunset at Siwa, 69
  • Sun worship, 75
  • Sweets, 237
  • Table manners, 249
  • Talbot Mission, xxiv
  • Tamousy, spring, 215
  • Tara, torpedoed, 123; rescue of crew, 130
  • Tea-drinking, 167, 248, 250
  • Tebu, lost army from, 81
  • Telemachus, 88
  • Telephone, 181
  • Temperature, 50, 61
  • Temple of Jupiter, 77
  • Temple of Jupiter Ammon, 32, 77
  • Temple of Thebes, 80
  • Tharic Ben Sayed, 90
  • Thebes, 76
  • Theft, discovery of, 230
  • Thieves, 137
  • “Thirty, The,” 95
  • Thomi, Sheikh, 66, 163
  • Thorn, camel, 183
  • Thousand and One Nights, 210
  • Timasius, 88
  • Title-deeds, 155
  • Tombs, of kings, 196; of sheikhs, 246, 247; inhabited, 192
  • Town-crier, 221
  • Toy-maker, 200
  • Trade, 10, 120, 261
  • Transport difficulties, 260
  • Treaty of Lausanne, 118
  • Trees, 202
  • Tripoli, 1, 15, 71, 93, 96, 101, 105, 151, 187; smugglers, 115; Arabs of, 18, 118; blankets, 184; Italians, 122, 123; Senussi, 120
  • Tunis, 10
  • Tunnels in Gebel Hassuna, 193
  • Turks, 102; in Tripoli, 118, 122
  • Typhoid, 160
  • Uganda, 57
  • Viceroy of Egypt, 107
  • Wadai, 96, 120
  • Wadi Natrun, 102
  • Wær, Bir, 127
  • Wahabi confraternity, 151
  • Wakf, 95, 235
  • Watchmen, 253
  • Water supply in Siwa, 152; rights, 154, 155
  • Weddings, Arab, 45; customs, 217, 218, 219; presents, 214, 220; procession, 216
  • Wells, 18; in Siwa, 136; courting at, 240; at Gara, 179
  • Westerners, 99, 100
  • Westminster, Duke of, 127, 130, 131
  • Whitewashing custom, 137
  • “Widow’s War,” 111
  • Widow, custom of, 221
  • Wind, 72-107
  • Windows, 143
  • Witches, 208, 225; tea with, 226; invoking demons, 229; practices of, 230
  • Witnesses, female, 174
  • Wives, “taking over,” 62; Siwan, 213
  • Wreckage, 13
  • Yeomanry, 125
  • Yom el Ashur, 237
  • Yusif Ali, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
  • Zafr el Medina, 151
  • Zealand, New, Brigade, 125
  • Zebras, 93
  • Zeitoun, 177
  • Zeus, 85
  • Zigale, 98, 106
  • Zikr, 248, 249, 250
  • Zouias, 120