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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books consulted in compiling the “History of Siwa”:—

• Anonymous History of Siwa (Arabic).
• Arrian. Expeditio Alexandri.
• Bates, Oric. The Eastern Libyans.
• Blochet. History of the Arab Conquest.
• Bovary. Letters from Egypt.
• Breasted. History of Egypt.
• Browne, W. G. Travels in Africa (1792-6).
• Budge. Life of Alexander.
• Butler, A. J. Arab Conquest.
• Cailliaud. Travels in the Oases.
• Cameron. Egypt in the Nineteenth Century.
• Corripus, F. C. Johannides.
• Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca. History of Egypt.
• Edmonstone’s Journey. (1822).
• Ermann. Handbook of Egyptian Religion.
• Falls, Ewart. Three Years in the Libyan Desert.
• Forbes, Rosita. The Secret of the Sahara, Kufara.
• Gwatkin Williams, R. S. In the hands of the Senussi.
• Gwatkin Williams, R. S. Prisoners of the Red Desert.
• Hamilton, J. Wanderings in North Africa.
• Hareem. Ancient Commerce of Africa.
• Herodotus. Egypt.
• Hohler, T. B. Report on Oasis of Siwa (1904).
• Hornemann, F. C. Journal, from Cairo to Mourzouk.
• Hoskins, S. A. Visit to Libyan Desert (1837).
• Juvenal, Satires.
• Lane, E. W. Arabian Nights.
• Langles. Memoires sur les oases d’après les auteurs Arabes.
• Leo, Johannes. Africae Descriptio.
• Mercier, Ernest. Histoire de l’établissement des Arabes dans l’Afrique Septrionale.
• Nelson’s History of the Great War.
• Okley. History of the Saracens.
• Petrie, Flinders. History of Egypt.
• Pindar. Hymns to Deities.
• Pliny. Geography of the World.
• Plutarch. Life of Alexander.
• Quintius Curtius. Alexander.
• Rollins. Ancient History.
• R. E. Journal. Vol. 37, No. 2.
• St. John, Bayle. Adventures in the Libyan Desert (1849).
• Sale. The Koran.
• Silva White. From Sphinx to Oracle.
• Smith. Classical Dictionary.
• Stanley, Captain. Report on Siwa Oasis.
• Strabo. Geography.
• Virgil. Ænid.
• Wilkinson, Sir J. S. Manners and Customs of Ancient Egypt.

Translations, mostly French, of the following Arab Historians and Geographers:—

• Ibn Abdel Hakim Khaldoun. History of the Berbers.
• Mohammed ben Ayas.
• El Makrizi.
• El Masoudi.
• Ibn el Wardi.
• Abulfeda.
• El Idrisi.
• Schemfedden Mohammed Abdel Furur.

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INDEX

• Abbas Helmi, 3
• Abbas Pasha, 108
• Abdel Arti, smuggler, 115, 117
• Abdel Gader, sheikh of travellers, 54
• Abdel Moneim, cruiser, 34, 35
• Abdel Rahman, Sheikh, 66
• Abdel Sayed, 180
• Abdulla Homeid, Sheikh, 66, 247
• Abdulla Mansur, 112
• Abu Zeyed, 54
• Actium, battle of, 9
• Aeroplanes, 125
• African Association, 101
• Agagia, battle of, 126
• Age of Siwans, 196
• Aghourmi, 69, 71, 83, 86, 87, 96; sheikh of, 67; spring, 81; temple, 78
• Agriculture, 260
• Ahmed Fazi, 119
• Ahmed Hamza, 112
• Ahmed Idris, 111
• Ain el Hammam, 81
• “Akaba incident,” xiv
• Alexander the Great, 84, 85, 176
• Alexandria, 3, 5, 6, 34, 35; summer resort, 8; Alexander buried at, 85
• Algeria, 10
• Ali Balli, 102, 104
• Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur, 132, 190
• Almsgiving, 243
• Amaryllis, 10
• Ammon, god, 76; legends of, 77, 79, xix
• Ammonia, 7, 79
• Ammonians, 76, 77, 79, 80
• Amrou, 89
• Animals at Siwa, 202
• Antony, 9
• Appetites of Siwans, 168, 239
• Arabia, 93
• Arabs, 5, 14, 17; carrying arms, 18; clothes, 20; characteristics, 209; conversation, 24; dance, 44; horses, 27; hospitality, 22; invasion, 5, 89, 94; at Maragi, 185; refugees, 201; songs, 256; tents, 19; wealth, 26; wells, 43; welcome rains, 32; wives, 39; women, 21
• Arasieh, lake, 103
• Architecture, Siwan, 133, 134
• Areg, El, oasis of, 183, 184
• Argoul, 158, 244
• Arms, seizing, 73
• Arusia, sect, 151
• Assiut, 184
• Athanasius, St., 88
• Athenians, 79
• Atlantic, 94
• Atlantis, 191
• Augerin, Bir, 43
• Augustus, 88
• Australian Light Horse, 125
• Awlad Ali, 6
• Azhar university, 119
• Bachelors, custom of, 98
• Bagbag, 15
• Bahrein oasis, 115, 183, 184
• Bairam, Kurban, feast of, 246
• Baird, Miss, xxi, 201
• Bakhr-Wahash, wild ox, 202
• Bakshish, 176
• Bangles, rolling the, 235
• Barley, 6
• Barrani, 13, 14; evacuation, 124; reoccupation, 126
• Bashu Habun, 176
• Basket making, 199
• Bates, Oric, 75, 76
• Bathing, 61, 63; bride, 216; at Matruh, 8
• Bazaars, 141
• Beda, el, 120
• Behera, 110
• Beit el Mal, 244
• Ben Ayas, historian, 90
• Ben Soleim, tribe of, 93
• Bequests, religious, 235
• Berbers, 2, 88, 91, 94, 95, 209; from Europe, 20, xvii; dialect, 146; sacrifices, 234
• Berseem, custom of, 162
• Bikaner, Maharajah, xxiv
• Bilad el Kelab, 57
• Bir Hakim, 123, 131
• Birds, 31, 203; eggs, 204
• Birth-rate at Siwa, 2
• Bisharin trackers, 53
• Blossoms, 202
• Booba, story of, 173
• Booza camp, 40
• Bramley, Captain Jennings, xxii
• Bread, on trek, 52
• Bride, customs of, 213, 216
• Browne at Siwa, 100
• Budget, economy on, 34
• Butin, Colonel, 103
• Byzantines, 89
• Cairns, rock, 52
• Calamis, statue by, 80
• Cambyses, lost army of, 80
• Camel Corps, 2, 15, 26, 37, 38; barracks, 49; exploring with, 195; as garrison, 131, 135; soldiers, 41; songs of, 54; wives of, 62, 100
• Camels, 25; riding, 48; fly, 202; in rain, 32; stories of, 36; drinking, 45; as transport, 260
• Camp, in the desert, 49
• Canaanite migration, xvii
• Canal, Suez, 123
• Caravans, 56, 86, 120
• Carpets, 189; leather, 91; makers of, 201
• Cars, 11
• Carthage, 80
• Cats, 170
• Causeway, 104
• Caves, at Kasr Hassuna, 119
• Cemeteries, 223
• Chess, 241
• Childbirth preventives, 211
• Children, 146, 200, 211, 213; festival, 237; murder of, 173
• Christianity at Siwa, 88
• Cimon, 81
• Cisterns, 17, 43, 44
• Civil War in Siwa, 99, 100
• Clearchus, King, 78
• Cleopatra, 9
• Clerk, Coptic, 67
• Climate, 263
• Coastal belt, 5
• Coastguards, 3, 4, 34, 37, 124; fight with Abdel Arti, 117; officers of, 124
• Coffee, 67
• Constantinople, 122, 189; Sayed Ahmed retires to, 131
• Cooks, 44, 60
• Corippus, 75
• Cows, 203
• Crime, 172
• Crœsus, 76
• Crops, 155, 156
• Customs, 188
• Cyprus, 81
• Cyrene, 84
• Cyrenians, 78
• Daftar el Ain, 154
• Dak bungalows, 13
• Dakhla oasis, 128
• Dakrur, Gebel, 83, 93
• Danaus, 77
• Dancing, 46, 253, 254, 257, 258; Arab, 45
• Darfur, 56, 132, 190
• Dartmoor, 14
• Dates, markets, 137, 138; harvest, 152; palms, 156; cultivation, 157; at El Areg, 184
• Decorations, Turkish, 127
• Delphi, 87
• Derna, 105
• Desert plateau, 57
• “Devil’s Country,” 189
• Diodorus Siculus, 77
• Dionysius, 76, 78
• District Officer’s house, 59, 60
• Divorce, among Siwans, 172, 173, 214, 215; Arabs, 21
• Doctor, Syrian, 67
• Dodona, oracle of, 77, 79
• Dogs, Arab, 23; country of, 57; as food, 169, 170; “Howa,” 47, 163
• Doré, Gustave, 57
• Dorset Yeomanry, 126
• Doves, 77
• Dreams, interpretation of, 232
• Drinking, 150, 249
• Drums, 252, 255
• Ear-rings, 148
• Earthquakes, 195
• Easterners, 99, 100
• Egyptian Army, 38
• Egyptian Government, 2, 114; representative, 64
• Emeralds, 86, 91, 93, 261
• Enver Pasha, xxv
• Ethiopia, 80, 77
• Evening at Siwa, 240
• Evil Eye, 25, 209, 223; charms against, 224, 225
• Exabia oasis, 185
• Excavations, 93, 178, 191, 192, 261
• Ex-Khedive, 3, 4, 93, 178, 261
• Falls, Ewart, 3
• False dawn, 47
• Fantasias, 239
• Farafra oasis, 203
• Farag Khasaf, 104
• Fasting, 244
• Fénelon, 88
• Ferik, 83
• Fever, 160, 189, 263
• Fezzan, 101
• Fikis, 194, 209; charms of, 224
• Fish, 212; destroy mosquitoes, 160; as food, 97
• Flies, 248
• Flowers, 32
• Flying Corps, 124
• Forbes, Mrs., xxvii, 262
• Fortune-telling, 233
• Fossils, 88, 183
• Fostat, 92
• Fountain of the Sun, 81
• French in Algeria, 119
• Frogs, 164
• Frontier Districts Administration, xiv, xv, 2, 37, 201
• Fruit, 156, 158; at Siwa, 202, 248
• Fuca, Bir, 6
• Funerals, 149, 222
• Furniture, 144
• Gabreen, Haj, 194
• Gaffar Pasha, 125, 126
• Gagub, oasis, 185; spring at, 186; wild oxen, 202
• Gallipoli, 123
• Gara, oasis, 102, 179; legends about, 180, 181
• Gardens, 154, 156, 158
• Gawazi Arabs, 203
• Gazelle, 30, 49, 184
• Gebel Dakrur, 83, 93
• Geography, Strabo’s, 87
• Germans, 4, 6, 101; in N. Africa, 118; in Tripoli, 122
• Ghaffir, 253; El Ain, 154
• Ghouls, 208
• “Ghrula,” 221
• Girba, battle of, 129; evacuation of, 130
• Goats, 24; quarrel about, 111
• God of Siwa, 76
• Governor’s House, 7
• Governor, Western Desert, 37
• Gramophone, 164
• Graves, 223
• Greece, 77
• Greeks, 5, 58, 79; colonists, 7, 13, 10, 263
• Gum trees, 182
• Gun-running, 38, 190
• Gurzil, 76
• Haboob, 72
• Habun, Bashu, 175, 176
• Habun, Osman, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117
• Hakim, Bir, 123, 131
• Halfia Pass, 127
• Ham, 77
• Hamed, Bir, 44
• Hamilton, 105, 106, 107
• Hannibal, 79
• Hanoui, 198
• Hares, 28
• Harimat, 39, 62
• Hashish, 241
• Hassan Mitnana, 98
• Hassanein Bey, xxvi, 262
• Hassein Bey, 102, 103, 104
• Hassuna Mansur, 110, 111
• Hassuna, Kasr, 119, 129
• Hawking, 27, 28
• Hedjaz, 119
• “Helga,” 241
• Henna, 20, 226, 210
• Hens, 175
• Hephistion, 85
• Herodotus, 77, 78
• Hidden cities, 92
• Hilal tribe, 93
• Hill of the Dead, 68, 94, 104
• History, Arabic, 3, 74, 80
• Holy war, 118
• Hornemann, 101
• Horses, 27
• Hounds, 29
• Houses, 33; Siwan, 133; interior of, 142
• Hunter, Colonel G. G., xv, 37
• Hunting, 29, 30
• Husband, to obtain, 228
• Iblis, 208; to summon, 230
• Ibrahaim el Bishari, 56
• Idris, Sidi, 132
• Immorality, 101
• Inheritance, 155, 172
• Interpreters, 98
• Ireland, 18
• Iron, 91
• Irrigation, 153, 154
• Islands of the Blessed, 1
• Italians, in Tripoli, 15, 118, 122, 132; British alliance with, 123
• Jackals, 31
• Jalo, 56, 96; Senussi at, 120
• Jerabub, 56, 96, 110; the Senussi at, 121; view of, 186
• Jewels, 91, 188
• Jews, 10
• Jinns, 136, 194
• Johannides, 265
• “Joy Riders,” 35
• Jupiter, 77
• Juvenal, 87
• Kareished, 178
• Karnak, 80
• Kasr Hassuna, 103, 119; caves at, 120; shaft, 193
• Keimat en Nus, 53
• Kerdassa, 148
• Khadria confraternity, 119
• Khamissa, 83, 88, 185
• Khamsin, 7
• Khargeh oasis, 80
• Khartoum, 36
• Khedival road, 7
• Kingfishers, 8
• Kitchener, Lord, 6
• Kom Ombo, 38
• Koran, 94; used by Fikis, 209; quotations from, 245
• “Kreish,” 18
• Kufra oasis, 56, 96, 177, 190, 191, 262
• Labour, cost of, 261
• Lagoons at Matruh, 8, 9
• Lake, magic, 90
• Language, 2, 101, 146
• Lapis lazuli, 91
• Level, sea, 1, 57
• Libyans, ancient, xvii, 4, 5, 76
• Light cars, 16, 31
• Lions, 204
• Liquor, 255
• Loneliness, 263
• Lotophagi, lotus eaters, 4
• “Lover, the,” magic stone, 91
• Lubbok, 115
• Lubki, 242; drinkers of, 249
• Lucky Days, 43
• Luncheon, garden, 162, 165
• Luxor, 38; snake charming at, 206
• Lybis, king, 78, 79
• Lysander, 79
• Macdonnel, Colonel, 37
• Magic, 207, 209
• Mahdi, Sudanese, 122
• Mahdi Abdel Nebi, sheikh of Aghourmi, 67, 69
• Mails, 34, 42
• Malaria, 160, 161
• Mamur, 13, 59, 67; at Siwa, 109; Arab, 118; killed by Habun, 116
• Manshia, suburb, 97, 108
• Maragie, 185
• Marids, 208
• Marissa, 41
• Markaz, 59, 65, 128
• Markets, date, 137, 138
• Marriage, Arab, 21; Englishmen, question of, 172; oldest inhabitant, 197; customs, 214; money, 213
• Mashrabs, 52; El Abd, 53
• Maspero, M., 44, 75
• Mat making, 157, 198
• Matruh, Mersa, 3, 11, 79, 84; town, 7; bay, 8; water supply, 9; pack, 29; as base, 125
• Meat, 169
• Mecca, 95, 96, 101, 119, 234, 236
• Mediæval historians, 90
• Medinia, sect, 112, 151; revolt of, 128; “zikr,” 249, 250
• Mediterranean, 1, 3, 14
• Megahiz, spring, 58, 107
• Mejberry Pass, 182
• Melfa, oasis of, 185, 186
• Memphis, 80
• Meneclush, King, 82, 83
• Merchandise, from Jerabub, 188
• Mesamia, 104
• Mice, 169
• Michael’s Mount, 133
• Midwives, 211
• Mihrab, 119
• Military Administrator, 37
• Mines, 91
• Ministry of Health, 160
• Mirage, 14, 51, 189
• Mitnana, Hassan, 98
• Mogabara Arabs, 56
• Mohammed Ali, 75, 102, 108
• Mohammed el Mahdi, 120, 121
• Mohammed el Sherif, 121
• Mohammed Effendi Saleh, 126, 129, 130, 131
• Mohammed el Senussi, 118, 119, 120, 121
• Mohammed Hamman, 69, 70
• Mohammed Ithneini, of Jerabub, 187
• Mohammed Said, 112
• Mohammedan invasion, 5, 94
• Moorina, survivors of, 130
• Morals, Siwan, 150
• Morocco, xviii, 119
• Mosques, 139, 242
• Motors, 11, 127, 261
• Moussa Ibn Nosseir, 90
• Mud pans, 51
• Muezzins, 69, 155
• Mulids, 246
• Mummies, 192
• Music, 255, 256
• Nabis, 79
• Naming children, 212, 213
• Napoleon, 101
• Nasamonians, 4
• Natrun Wadi, 102
• Negb Mejberry, 182
• Niger, river, 79
• Night life, 241
• Nile, river, 79
• Noah, 77
• Nomads, 17
• Oases, xix, 1, 75, 78, 177
• Occupations at Siwa, 170
• Officials, Egyptian, 67
• Old age, Siwan, 197
• Oldest inhabitant, 197; his wedding, 198
• Olives, 178; press for, 179; oil, 178, 260
• Omm Beyda, 82
• Opium, 241
• Orange tree, fabulous, 91
• Painting, 171; mural, 184
• Palms, date, 156; cultivation, 157
• Pan-Islamic possibilities, 4
• Parætonium, 7, 84
• Partridges, 31
• Peyton, General, xxiv
• Persia, 81
• Persians, 5
• Pharaoh, 85
• Phœnicians, 77
• Photography, 171; photo of Siwa, 4
• Pigeons, 31; carrier, 204
• Pilgrimage, 234, 235, 236
• Pindar, 79
• Plague, 95
• Pliny, 76
• Police, Siwan, 65, 100, 253
• Polygamy, 21
• Population, 2
• Postman, Senussi, 198
• Pottery, 199
• Pumice stone, 13
• Puttees, worn by Senussi, 127
• Quail, 31
• Quarrel of East and West, 98, 99
• Quinine, 160
• Qur el Beid, 47
• Rabbits, 145
• Raid, rifle, 72
• Rains, 5, 32, 33, 125
• Ram-headed divinity, xix, 75, 78, 85, 86
• Ramadan, 244, 245
• Rameses, 75
• Rasheed, gunboat, 124
• Rashwan, King, 94
• Rats as food, 169
• Ravens lead Alexander, 85
• Rest houses, 13
• Revolt of Siwans against Senussi, 128
• Ritual of temple, 85, 86
• Rodd, Francis, xxiii
• Rollins history, 77
• Romans, 9, 44, 88; road, 17
• Roofs, 144
• Roses, 165
• Routine, daily, at Siwa, 63
• Royal Artillery, 8
• Royle, Major, 124
• Sacrifice of bull, 234
• Sahara, 191
• St. John, Bayle, 105
• St. Menas, xxii, 4
• Said Pasha, 108
• Sakhit Amouou, 78
• Saleh Said, Sheikh, 65
• Salt, 91; lakes, 159; tribute, 159
• Samovars, 189
• Sand-storms, 80
• Santarieh, 90
• Sayed Ahmed, 122, 123; at Siwa, 126; goes to Dakhla, 128; flight from Siwa, 129; retires to Turkey, 131; character, 132
• Sayed Mohammed, xxv
• Scarp, 14, 16, 17, 29, 31; in spring, 32; ascent of, 47
• School, 139
• Scorpions, 205
• Sebukh, 97, 159, 182
• Semna, 24
• Senagra tribe, 4
• Senussi, xxiv, 8; rebellion, 18, 38; brethren, 52; power of, 109, 110, 111; peace made by, 114; operations against, 117; history of, 118, 119, 120, 121; at outbreak of war, 122; campaign against British, 123-132
• Serpents, 91
• Servants, 61, 245
• Shaigis, 44
• Sharks, 12
• Sheep, 25
• Sheikhs, Siwan, 65; in fiction, 243
• Shells, 87
• Sheytan, 208
• Shops, 139, 140, 141
• Shyata, 185
• Sightseers, 135
• Sikhs, 125
• Silius Italicus, 79
• Silugis, 29, 47
• Sinai, xiv, 37
• Singer, 4
• Siwa, whereabouts, 1; arrival at, 58; first impressions, 61; view from, 68; history of, 74-132; town of, 133; population of, 150
• Slaves, 95, 96
• Slave-woman’s story, 70, 71
• Smoking, 241
• Snakes, 28, 205; charmers, 206
• Snow, 88; Colonel, 124
• Solitude, 171
• Sollum, 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 14; camp of, 16; houses at 33; Camel Corps camp at, 40; departure from, 42; garrison of, 123; evacuated, 124; recaptured, 127
• Soud, Sheikh, 176
• Sparta, 79
• Sponge fishers, 12
• Springs, 152, 153, 161
• “Stables,” 68
• Stanhope, Lady Hester, 201
• Stars, shooting, 227
• Stolen property, 230, 231
• Stone, sacred, 76, 91
• Stove, story of, 39, 40
• Strabo, 87
• Submarines wrecked on coast, 123
• Sudan, 6, 26, 36, 44, 56, 61; rest houses, 13; recruiting in, 38; trade, 96; caravans from, 87; invasion of, 102; rebellion in, 132
• Sudanese, 38; conversation, 57; views of, 26; wives, 39
• Sugar, 142
• Suitors, to obtain, 227, 228
• Suliman, Haj, 197
• Suliman, Sidi, 96, 98; legends of, 97, 212; Mulid of, 246, 249; tomb of, 110, 114, 138, 233, 234
• Sulphur spring, 186
• Sultan of Turkey, 118, 131; excommunicated by Senussi, 121
• Sultan Mousa, 162
• “Sultan” of tea ceremony, 167
• Sunset at Siwa, 69
• Sun worship, 75
• Sweets, 237
• Table manners, 249
• Talbot Mission, xxiv
• Tamousy, spring, 215
• Tara, torpedoed, 123; rescue of crew, 130
• Tea-drinking, 167, 248, 250
• Tebu, lost army from, 81
• Telemachus, 88
• Telephone, 181
• Temperature, 50, 61
• Temple of Jupiter, 77
• Temple of Jupiter Ammon, 32, 77
• Temple of Thebes, 80
• Tharic Ben Sayed, 90
• Thebes, 76
• Theft, discovery of, 230
• Thieves, 137
• “Thirty, The,” 95
• Thomi, Sheikh, 66, 163
• Thorn, camel, 183
• Thousand and One Nights, 210
• Timasius, 88
• Title-deeds, 155
• Tombs, of kings, 196; of sheikhs, 246, 247; inhabited, 192
• Town-crier, 221
• Toy-maker, 200
• Trade, 10, 120, 261
• Transport difficulties, 260
• Treaty of Lausanne, 118
• Trees, 202
• Tripoli, 1, 15, 71, 93, 96, 101, 105, 151, 187; smugglers, 115; Arabs of, 18, 118; blankets, 184; Italians, 122, 123; Senussi, 120
• Tunis, 10
• Tunnels in Gebel Hassuna, 193
• Turks, 102; in Tripoli, 118, 122
• Typhoid, 160
• Uganda, 57
• Viceroy of Egypt, 107
• Wadai, 96, 120
• Wadi Natrun, 102
• Wær, Bir, 127
• Wahabi confraternity, 151
• Wakf, 95, 235
• Watchmen, 253
• Water supply in Siwa, 152; rights, 154, 155
• Weddings, Arab, 45; customs, 217, 218, 219; presents, 214, 220; procession, 216
• Wells, 18; in Siwa, 136; courting at, 240; at Gara, 179
• Westerners, 99, 100
• Westminster, Duke of, 127, 130, 131
• Whitewashing custom, 137
• “Widow’s War,” 111
• Widow, custom of, 221
• Wind, 72-107
• Windows, 143
• Witches, 208, 225; tea with, 226; invoking demons, 229; practices of, 230
• Witnesses, female, 174
• Wives, “taking over,” 62; Siwan, 213
• Wreckage, 13
• Yeomanry, 125
• Yom el Ashur, 237
• Yusif Ali, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
• Zafr el Medina, 151
• Zealand, New, Brigade, 125
• Zebras, 93
• Zeitoun, 177
• Zeus, 85
• Zigale, 98, 106
• Zikr, 248, 249, 250
• Zouias, 120