Studies in the Theory of Descent, Volume II

INDEX.

• A.
• Abbot and Smith, descriptions of larvæ, 192, 216, 261, 263, 268, 452, 453.
• Acherontia Atropos, South African form of larva, 263, 324, 531;
• larva in Spain, 324;
• larva phytophagically variable, 531.
• Acosmeryx anceus, larva, 192.
• Acræa and Maracujà butterflies as larvæ, pupæ, and imagines, 536.
• Acronycta, affinities of genus, 169.
• Adaptation, 281, 589;
• analogous, 376;
• physiological, 590;
• mutual, 647.
• Allen, J. A., variation in birds and mammals, 658.
• Alpine form of P. Napi, 40.
• Alpine hare, seasonal change of colour, 7, 660.
• Alternation of generations, 80, 699, 702.
• Amblystoma. A. mavortium from Siredon lichenoides, 567;
• A. tigrinum bred by Duméril, 567;
• distribution of species of genus, 569;
• habits of species, 573;
• a reversion form, 531, 592;
• sterility of, 593;
• oviposition by, 594, 623;
• definition of genus, 610;
• degeneration of, 612;
• causes of reversion of, 600, 608, 613, 620, 631;
• A. punctatum and A. fasciatum, development of, 623;
• summer sleep of, 628;
• A. mavortium, metamorphosis of, 629.
• Ambulyx gannascus and A. liturata, larvæ, 245.
• Amixia, the principle of, 46, 110.
• Ammonites, 275.
• Ampelophaga rubiginosa, larva, 192.
• Amphibia of Upper Engadine, 615.
• Amphiuma, characters of genus, 579.
• Anceryx, larva, 264;
• stages 3, 4, and 5, 266.
• Aphaniptera, characters of, 498.
• Aphides, organic reproduction of, 97.
• Araschnia. A. levana and A. prorsa seasonally dimorphic, 2;
• dimorphism of larvæ, 6;
• A. levana, first experiments with, 10;
• A. var. porima, artificial production of, 10, 17;
• A. levana, Dorfmeister’s experiments with, 11;
• explanation of seasonal dimorphism of, 19;
• northern, extension of, 20;
• A. prorsa gradual origination of, 22;
• A. levana, reversion of, caused by high temperature, 37;
• the levana form the most constant, 43, and sexually dimorphic, 43;
• summer and winter forms compared, 56;
• experiments with A. levana, 117;
• A. levana, variable in all three stages, 405;
• incongruence in genus, 449.
• Argent, W. J., phytophagic variability of larva of Sphinx Ligustri, 306.
• Argynnis paphia, dimorphism of, 250.
• Artemia salina and A. Milhausenii, transformations of, 635.
• Ascaris nigrovenosa, propagation of, 90.
• Askenasy, on limits of variability, 114.
• Atavism and arrested growth, 587.
• Aterica meleagris, colour variations of, 8.
• Atoms, actions of, 710;
• sensibility of, 714.
• Axolotl, transformation into Amblystoma, 555;
• experiments with, 558;
• duration of transformation, 563;
• conditions of metamorphosis of, 564;
• distinguishing characters, 575.
• B.
• Baer, Karl Ernst von, on the mechanism of nature, 639;
• on the vital force, 641;
• on the theory of selection, 694;
• on causality and purpose, 708.
• Baird, Prof., on the development of species of Amblystoma, 623.
• Balbiani, reproduction of Aphides, 97.
• Balfour, F. M., on insect phylogeny, 485, 494.
• Bates, H. W., local variation in Amazonian Lepidoptera, 60.
• Bees, embryological development of, 483.
• Belt, Thomas, on coloured frogs, 294;
• on the glaciation of North America, 622.
• Biogenetic law, corollary of, 611.
• Birchall, E., local variation in British Lepidoptera, 60.
• Blanchard, on oviposition of Amblystoma, 594.
• Boisduval, figures of larvæ referred to, 216, 218, 245;
• on snake-like appearance of the larva of D. nicæa, 342;
• on the relationship of Euchloe belia and E. ausonia, 48.
• Bombycidæ, early stage of larvæ, 166.
• Bombyx. B. cynthia, colour changes in larva, 7;
• B. neustria, caterpillar refused by lizards, 336;
• B. Rubi, caterpillar eaten by lizards, 338.
• Boscher, E., dimorphism of larva of S. ocellatus, 241, 306.
• Brauer, insect phylogeny, 493.
• Burmeister, figures of larvæ referred to, 195, 196, 224, 232, 255, 261, 263, 436, 437;
• early stages of larvæ of Argentine butterflies, 166.
• Butler, A. G., affinities of genus Acronycta, 169;
• genera of Chærocampinæ, 190, 192, 194, 196;
• genera of Smerinthinæ, 233, 243, 244;
• genera of Macroglossinæ, 253, 254;
• species of Pterogon, 256;
• genera of Sphinginæ and Acherontiinæ, 262;
• on coloured larvæ being rejected, 336;
• affinities of Sesiidæ, 370;
• descriptions and figures of new Sphinx-larvæ, 524, 526.
• Bütschli, embryology of bees, 483.
• Butterflies, action of warmth in producing changes in colour and marking, 58;
• summer and winter larvæ and pupæ alike in seasonally dimorphic species, 64;
• seasonally dimorphic species hibernate as pupæ, 73;
• odoriferous organs, 102;
• early stages of larvæ, 165;
• di- and polymorphism of, 250;
• crepuscular habits of certain species, 475.
• C.
• Callosune eupompe, polymorphism of female, 251.
• Cameron, P., on larva of S. ocellatus, 241, 282;
• protective habits of saw-fly larvæ, 290, 294.
• Carlin, W. E., on Siredon lichenoides, 630.
• Caterpillars, origin of markings, 161;
• means of defence, 289;
• defensive habits, 290;
• food of brightly coloured species, 294;
• habit of concealment by day, 291, 296;
• phytophagic variability, 305, 531;
• seasonal variability, 305;
• experiments with ocellated species,
• 330;
• experiments with annulated species, 336;
• sexual dimorphism of, 308, 527, 534;
• independent variability of stages, 416.
• Cecidomyia, metagenesis of, 82, 586.
• Chærocampa. C. elpenor and C. porcellus, relationship of, 171;
• markings of larvæ of the genus, 177;
• C. elpenor, 1st and 2nd larval stages, 178;
• 3rd and 4th stages, 180;
• 5th stage, 181;
• 6th stage, 183;
• C. porcellus, 1st larval stage, 184;
• 2nd and 3rd stages, 185;
• 4th stage, 186;
• C. elpenor and porcellus, larval markings compared with other species of Chærocampa, 188;
• C. elpenor, experiments with larva, 331, 332;
• C. Japonica and C. Lewisii, larvæ, 194;
• C. cretica, larva, 524;
• C. lycetus, larva, 527;
• C. capensis, larva, 529;
• eaten by birds, &c., 530.
• Characters, new, backward transference of, 279.
• Chauvin, Fräulein von, experiments with Axolotl, 558;
• experiments with Salamandra atra, 615.
• Chavannes, figure of larva referred to, 255.
• Clarke, development of Amblystoma punctatum, 623.
• Classification, objects of, 168.
• Claus, on the origination of heterogenesis, 89.
• Clemens, larva of A. ello, 268.
• Climatic variation, 45;
• in P. Napi, 47;
• in E. Belia, 47;
• nature of causes producing, 52, 105;
• by sex, 61, 62;
• climatic varieties very distinct from local, 45;
• climatic influences operate slowly, 58;
• climatic changes gradual, 652, 660.
• Cole, B. G., seasonal dimorphism of E. punctaria, 4.
• Coleoptera, grub-like larvæ of, 495.
• Colias edusa, dimorphism of female, 250.
• Colour, biological value of, 289.
• Conditions of life, compulsory changes in, 651.
• Congruence in Lepidopterous families, 435;
• in Lepidopterous genera, 444.
• Coniferæ, food-plants of Anceryx, 268.
• Convergence of characters in Ophiuroidea, 396;
• in Dipterous larvæ, 494.
• Cope, Prof., habits of Siredon Mexicanus, 566;
• on distribution of Amblystoma, 569.
• Correlation of growth, 278, 363, 388, 415;
• action of, 415, 516;
• Von Hartmann’s views of, 670;
• nature of, 673.
• Cryptobranchus, characters of, 579.
• Cyclical propagation, 82, 699;
• and reversion, 613.
• D.
• Daphniacea, differences between allied species and genera, 516.
• Darwin, C., influence of external conditions of life, 59;
• inheritance at corresponding periods, 63, 275, 431;
• markings of butterflies, 101;
• definition of eye-spots, 326;
• adaptation in larvæ, 392;
• correlation of growth, 516;
• degeneration, 583;
• adaptation, 589;
• causes of sterility, 596;
• limited variability, 656;
• factors of variability, 676;
• abrupt variations, 701.
• Degeneration, 583;
• phyletic, 611.
• Deilephila, division of larvæ into groups, 199;
• D. Euphorbiæ, 1st larval stage, 202;
• 2nd and 3rd stages, 203;
• 4th and 5th stages, 205;
• D. nicæa, larva, 207;
• D. dahlii, larva, 208;
• D. vespertilio, larva, 209;
• D. Galii, larva, 211;
• 5th stage, 213;
• D. livornica, larva, 215;
• D. Zygophylli, larva, 217;
• D. Hippophaës, larva, 218, 650;
• division of larvæ according to phyletic stages, 223;
• genealogy of, 358;
• D. Galii, larva rejected, 340;
• D. Euphorbia, larva eaten, 340;
• habits of larvæ and imagines, 412;
• D. Robertsi, larva, 525.
• Development;
• of marking of Sphinx-larvæ, laws of, 274;
• phyletic, of markings of Sphingidæ, 370;
• unequal phyletic, 460.
• Dimorphism and polymorphism;
• of butterflies, 250;
• of Sphinx-larvæ, 300;
• of pupæ, 412.
• Diptera, incongruences among, 488;
• imaginal characters of, 488;
• divisions of, 498.
• Dodo, extinction of, 651.
• Dohrn, A.;
• on degeneration, 583;
• on functional change, 590.
• Dorfmeister, G.;
• experiments with A. levana, 11.
• Duponchel;
• figures of larvæ referred to, 207, 208, 218, 253.
• Duméril;
• experiments with Axolotl, 555, 564, 566, 593;
• characters of Axolotl, 375, 576.
• E.
• Edwards, W. H., seasonal dimorphism of P. pseudargiolus and P. violecea, 4;
• of P. Tharos and P. Marcia, 4;
• of P. Ajax, 30;
• of L. Artemis and L. Proserpina, 32;
• experiments with P. Ajax and P. Tharos, 33, 126, 140;
• pupal period of winter forms of P. Ajax, 36;
• experiments with G. interrogationis, 149;
• early stages of larvæ of N. American butterflies, 165;
• larva of P. pseudargiolus and attendant ants, 290;
• figures of larvæ referred to, 165, 436, 437.
• Eimer, colour variation in Lacerta muralis, 361.
• Emmelesia unifasciata, larva phytophagically variable, 307.
• Environment, direct and indirect action of, 686.
• Ephyra punctaria and E. omicronaria, seasonal dimorphism of, 4.
• Eriogaster lanestris, larva eaten by lizards, 336.
• Eriotus Pteridis, resemblance of larva, 320.
• Euchelia Jacobææ;
• larva and imago rejected by lizards, 336;
• constant in all three stages, 405.
• Euchloe:
• E. belia and E. ausonia, seasonal dimorphism of, 3;
• E. belia, climatic variation of, 47;
• var. Simplonia in Alps, 48;
• E. belemia, seasonal dimorphism and migration of, 78.
• Euproctus Rusconii, habits of, 617.
• Eusmerinthus Kindermanni, larva, 526.
• Evershed, J., larva of C. porcellus, 188.
• Eye-spots;
• repetition of, 277;
• development of, 325, 327;
• terrifying action, 330;
• resemble flower-buds, 334;
• useful when rudimentary, 366.
• F.
• Fatiot, Amphibia of Upper Engadine, 616.
• Fechner, on conscious matter, 714.
• Filippi, De, Triton alpestris, 585.
• Forel, Prof., fresh water Pulmonifera, 590.
• Form-relationship and blood-relationship, not always coincident, 395.
• Frantzius, Von, on climate of Mexico, 619.
• Frogs, 615, 616, 618;
• inedible species, 294.
• Function, change of, 365.
• G.
• Gegenbaur, Prof., the skull of Axolotl, 576.
• Gehrig, breeding of Axolotl, 565.
• Gené, habits of Euproctus Rusconii, 617.
• Genera, Lepidopterous, show greatest congruence, 459.
• Generation, heterogeneous, 679, 698, 702.
• Gentry, T. G., phytophagic variability of caterpillars, 306.
• Gerstäcker, division of the Diptera, 498.
• Geotriton fuscus, habits, 617.
• Glacial epoch; butterflies monogoneutic during, 19, 72;
• in N. America, 622.
• Gooch, W. D., description of larvæ referred to, 436;
• crepuscular butterflies, 476;
• sexual dimorphism of caterpillars, 535.
• Gooseberry, not increased in size, 654.
• Goss, H., larva of C. porcellus, 188.
• Gosse, P. H., embryonic larva of P. Homerus, 167.
• Grapta interrogationis, experiments with, 149.
• Green colour of caterpillars, 293, 310.
• Growth, law of, 655.
• Gynandromorphism in butterflies, 249.
• Gynanisa Isis, young larva, 166.
• H.
• Haeckel, Prof., on metagenesis, 80, 83;
• on ontogeny, 270;
• on adaptation, 281, 589;
• on the biogenetic law, 611;
• on reproduction and growth, 664;
• the plastidule theory, 667.
• Hare, white variation of, 660.
• Hartmann, E. von; his views examined, 645;
• on variability, 646, 652, 655, 664;
• on heredity, 657;
• his “Philosophy of the Unconscious,” 670;
• on correlation, 670, 673;
• on the nature of species, 671;
• on design in nature, 696;
• on the sensibility of atoms, 714.
• Helmholtz, Prof., on natural laws, 668;
• on the senses, 711.
• Hemaris hylas, larva, 255.
• Heredity, alternating and continuous, 24;
• cyclical, 66;
• homochronic, 63, 431;
• not mechanical, 657;
• nature of, 667.
• Herrich-Schäffer, wing neuration of butterflies, 449.
• Hertwig, on teeth of Amphibia, 376.
• Heterogenesis, definition of, 82, 96;
• parallelism between and metamorphosis, 86;
• origination of, 89.
• Heyden, Von, reproduction of Aphis, 97.
• Hilgendorf, on fossil shells, 109.
• Hipparchia semele, colour variations, 8.
• Hoffmann, Ernst, on immigration of European butterflies, 77.
• Horsfield and Moore, figures of caterpillars referred to, 193, 195, 196, 243, 253, 261.
• Hübner, figures of caterpillars referred to, 193, 208, 211, 218, 231, 267.
• Humboldt, Baron, on the Lake of Mexico, 608, 621.
• Huxley, Prof., “Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals” referred to, 498.
• Hydromedusæ, alternation of generations in, 83;
• want of parallelism in different generations of, 395.
• Hydrozoa, asexual reproduction and polymorphosis, 83.
• Hymenoptera, incongruence among, 481;
• imaginal characters, 481;
• causes of incongruence, 486.
• I.
• Ichthyodea, characters of, 577, 579.
• Incongruence; in Lepidopterous families, 437;
• genera, 446, 449;
• species, 451;
• varieties, 456;
• two kinds of, 458, 502;
• in Hymenoptera, 481;
• in Diptera, 488;
• different forms of, 503;
• dependent upon action of environment, 505, 507, 508.
• Inheritance; homochronic, 63, 431;
• definition of cyclical, 66;
• limited by sex, 68.
• Insects, ancestry of, 493.
• Intermaxillary gland of Axolotl, 623.
• J.
• Jullien, on Lissotriton punctatus, 591.
• K.
• Kant, referred to, 638, 709.
• Kirby, W. F., “Synonymic Catalogue” referred to, 2, 49, 435, 449.
• Kleemann, larva of S. Ligustri, 259.
• Knaggs, Dr. H. G., seasonal dimorphism of S. illustraria, 4.
• Kölliker, Prof., experiments with Axolotl, 564;
• characters of Axolotl, 575.
• L.
• Lacerta muralis, colour variations, 361.
• Lake of Mexico, 603, 608, 621.
• Lange, F. A., “History of Materialism” referred to, 645, 656.
• Langer, Prof., experiments with Pelobates tadpoles, 607.
• Lankester, Prof. E. R., on degeneration, 583.
• Lasiocampa Pini, larva eaten by lizards, 336;
• variable in two stages, 405.
• Lepidoptera; foes, 8;
• larva and imago independently variable, 401;
• species constant in three stages, 405;
• species variable in three stages, 405;
• variable in two stages, 405;
• variable in one stage, 406;
• causes of variability of pupæ, 411;
• case of incongruence among pupæ, 540.
• Leptodora hyalina, development, 93.
• Lepus timidus, white variations of, 662.
• Leuckart, reproduction of Ascaris nigrovenosa, 90;
• on growth, 654.
• Leydig, on sexual larvæ of Triton, 591.
• Limenitis Artemis and L. Proserpina, dimorphic in both sexes, 32;
• L. Camilla, constant in three stages, 405.
• Lines, dorsal, subdorsal, supra- and infra-spiracular, 175.
• Lissotriton punctatus, sexual larvæ, 591, 595.
• Lizards, colour variation of, 361;
• rejection of caterpillars by, 336.
• Local forms, distinct from climatic varieties, 45;
• produced by isolation, 109.
• Lockyer, B., young Noctua larvæ, 166.
• Lophostethus Dumolinii, larva, 527.
• Lophura hyas, larva, 254.
• Lubbock, Sir John, insect metamorphosis, 65, 431;
• derivation of metagenesis, 83;
• colours of caterpillars, 294;
• ancestry of insects, 493.
• Lycæna pseudargiolus, larva and ants, 290.
• M.
• Macroglossa, larvæ of, 245;
• M. stellatarum, oviposition of, 245;
• 1st, 2nd, and 3rd larval stages, 246;
• 4th and 5th stages, 247;
• di- and polymorphism of larva, 247;
• pupa of, 250;
• M. belis, and M. pyrrhosticta, larvæ, 255.
• Markings, general biological value of, 285;
• special biological value of, 308;
• subordinate, 347;
• of Sphingidæ, evolution of, 380.
• Marsh, Prof., on Siredon lichenoides, 567.
• Matter, assumption of, 711;
• conscious, 714.
• Mayer, Paul, insect phylogeny, 493.
• McLachlan, R., phytophagic variability, 305.
• Mechanism and teleology, 694.
• Medusæ, internal parasitism, 699.
• Melanopsis recurrens, from Paludina bed, 275.
• Menopoma, characters of, 579.
• Mérian, Madame, figures of caterpillars referred to, 195, 232, 263, 268.
• Metagenesis, defined, 81, 96;
• derivation, 83.
• Metamorphosis, 430.
• Mexico, climate of, 619.
• Millière, figure of larva referred to, 254.
• Mimicry, 648, 663.
• Möller, L., phytophagic variability, 305.
• Mono- and digoneutic species, 16.
• Moore, F., figures of caterpillars referred to, 436, 526.
• Morris, affinities of Apatura and Nymphalis, 438.
• Moths, seasonal dimorphism in, 4;
• resembling splinters, 292.
• Mühlenpfordt, on Lake of Mexico, 604.
• Müller, Fritz, odoriferous organs of butterflies, 102;
• sexual selection in butterflies, 103;
• habit and protective resemblance, 290;
• spiny caterpillars, 293;
• larva of Papilio Evander, 299;
• reversion in Orchids, 614;
• maggot-like larvæ of insects, 493;
• the biogenetic law, 611;
• mimicry, &c., 665.
• Müller, Hermann, larva of Stauropus Fagi, 290.
• Müller, P. E., Leptodora hyalina, 94.
• Murray, Andrew, seasonal change of colour, in animals, 7;
• green caterpillars, 293.
• Muscidæ, embryonic development, 492.
• N.
• Nägeli, reversion of cultivated plants, 107.
• Natural selection, 112, 361, 704, 705.
• Nature, mechanical conception of, 634;
• harmony of, 697.
• Neumayr and Paul, on Melanopsis, 275.
• Noctuæ, change of colour in larvæ, 166;
• number of legs in young larvæ, 166, 520;
• ontogeny of larvæ, 520.
• Noll, Dr., larva of Ach. Atropos, 324.
• North America, glaciation of, 622.
• Nurse-breeding in Hymenoptera and Diptera, 402.
• Nymphalidæ, larval classification, 435.
• O.
• Ontogeny, Fritz Müller and Haeckel on, 270;
• predominance of new characters in last stage of, 280, 283.
• Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Sphinx-markings, 177.
• Ophiuroidea, want of parallelism in, 396.
• Orchids, reversion in, 614.
• Organic compounds, synthesis of, 643.
• Organism, parts independently variable, 514.
• P.
• Pachylia Ficus, early stages of larva, 232.
• Packard, insect phylogeny, 493.
• Pangenesis, theory of, 668.
• Papilio. P. Ajax, seasonal forms, 30;
• P. Turnus, a dimorphic form, 32;
• P. Machaon and Podalirius, seasonally dimorphic in Spain and Italy, 74;
• P. Ajax, experiments with, 126;
• P. Merope, young larva, 166;
• P. Homerus, young larva, 167;
• P. Machaon, larva rejected by lizards, 339.
• Parallelism, phyletic, in metamorphic species, 390;
• phyletic, law of, 510.
• Pararga Ægeria, sexually dimorphic, 68;
• climatic variation of, 68.
• Pascoe, F. P., “Zoological Classification” referred to, 488, 498.
• Pelobates, experiments with tadpoles, 607.
• Pergesa Mongoliana, larva, 194.
• Philampelus achemon and P. satellitia, larvæ, 523;
• P. labruscæ, larva, 195;
• P. vitis, and P. anchemolus, larvæ, 232.
• Philosophy, function of, 640.
• Phyciodes Tharos and P. Marcia, seasonal dimorphism of, 4;
• experiments with, 140.
• Phylogeny, conclusions from, 270;
• and ontogeny of Sphinx-markings, 177;
• of insects, 493.
• Pierinæ, seasonal dimorphism of, 13;
• analogous seasonal dimorphism in, 60, 108;
• experiments with, 122.
• Pieris Napi, experiments with, 13;
• summer form the younger, 29;
• reversion of, caused by mechanical vibration, 38;
• var. Bryoniæ, the potential winter form, 39;
• experiments with this var., 40;
• this var. the parent form of Napi, 41;
• a climatic var., 41;
• very variable, 43;
• variability due to crossing, 43;
• var. æstiva more variable than var. vernalis, 43;
• P. Napi, summer and winter forms compared, 56;
• incongruence in this species, 457;
• P. Krueperi, seasonal dimorphism of, 78;
• P. Brassicæ, larva rejected by lizards, 337;
• constant in three stages, 405;
• photographic sensitiveness of pupa, 405;
• P. Napi, variable in two stages, 405.
• Plants, cultivated, 107;
• sterility of reverted, 596.
• Plastidule theory, 667.
• Plebeius amyntas and P. polysperchon, seasonal dimorphism, 2;
• P. Alexis, do., 3;
• P. pseudargiolus and P. violacea, do., 4;
• P. agestis, do., 50;
• polymorphism of females in this genus, 251.
• Pluvial period, 621.
• Polar animals, colour of, 658, 660.
• Polyommatus phlæas, distribution and climatic variation, 49;
• seasonal dimorphism, 50;
• Italian summer and winter forms compared, 55.
• Polyptychus dentatus, larva, 244.
• Ptarmigan, seasonal colours of, 6.
• Pterogon, larvæ of, 255;
• P. ænotheræ, larva, 256.
• Pulmonifera, functional change in lungs, 590.
• Pygæra bucephala, larva rejected by lizards, 337.
• Q.
• Quatrefages, De, spermatozoa of Amblystoma, 593.
• R.
• Rana temporaria of Upper Engadine, 618.
• Ratzeburg, larva of Anc. Pinastri, 265.
• Reproduction and growth, 664.
• Reversion, of species, 611;
• two modes of, 612;
• periodic, 613.
• Rhopalocera, characters of, 433, 471.
• Rhytina Stelleri, extinction of, 651.
• Riley, C. V., descriptions of caterpillars referred to, 437, 521, 522;
• on sexual dimorphism in caterpillar, 535.
• Ring-spots, 325;
• development, 327;
• signs of distastefulness, 341;
• resembling berries, 344.
• Rösel, breeding of Aras. Levana by, 6;
• on larva of Deil. Euphorbiæ, 206;
• of D. Galii, 213;
• of Smer. Tiliæ, 236;
• of S. ocellatus, 240;
• of Anc. Pinastri, 265, 268.
• Roux, Dr. W., struggle of parts in the organism, 689.
• Rutherford, D. G., colour variations of Ater. meleagris, 8.
• S.
• Sacc, on sterility of Amblystoma, 593.
• Salamanders, habits of Italian land species, 617;
• oviposition of, 630.
• Salamandra atra, experiments with, 615.
• Salamandrina, characters of, 577;
• S. perspicillata, habits of, 617.
• Sars, development of Leptodora hyalina, 94.
• Saturnia.
• S. Yamamai, variable in first stage only, 406;
• S. carpini, development of larva of local forms, 419.
• Satyrinæ, hibernation of larvæ, 73.
• Saussure, De, on Siredon Mexicanus, 565, 602;
• physical character of Mexican Lake, 603.
• Saw-flies, protective habits of larvæ, 290.
• Schmankewitsch, transformation of Artemia, 635.
• Schmidt, Oscar, on convergence of character, 396, 459;
• on variability, 654.
• Schreibers, sexual Triton larvæ, 591;
• arrested tadpoles, 607.
• Schulze, F. E., parasitism in Medusæ, 699.
• Science, function of, 640.
• Scudder, S. H., embryonic larvæ of butterflies, 166.
• Seasonal dimorphism, origin and significance, 1;
• seasonal change of colour in animals, 7;
• and climatic variation, 45;
• seasonal adaptation in caterpillars, 305.
• Seidlitz, reproduction of Axolotl, 571;
• white var. of hare, 662.
• Selenia tetralunaria, S. illunaria, S. lunaria, and S. illustraria, seasonal dimorphism, 4.
• Semper, C., origin of alternation of generations, 84;
• transformation of Amblystoma mavortium, 629.
• Semper, G., young Sphinx-larvæ, 166;
• figures of caterpillars referred to, 522.
• Senses, physiology of, 711.
• Sepp, figure of caterpillar referred to, 262.
• Sesiidæ, affinities of, 370.
• Sexual dimorphism, of butterflies, 32, 250;
• of caterpillars, 308, 527, 534;
• secondary sexual characters, 62;
• sexual selection, 69, 102.
• Siebold, Von, on Pulmonifera, 590.
• Siredon. S. Mexicanus, habits, 565;
• S. lichenoides, transformation, 567, 630;
• phyletic advance of genus, 584;
• retention of genus, 610;
• S. tigrinus from L. St. Isabel, 626.
• Slater, J. W., food of gaily coloured caterpillars, 294.
• Smerinthus, larvæ of, 232;
• S. Tiliæ, 233;
• 4th stage, 235;
• S. Populi, 236;
• and stage, 237;
• 3rd and 4th stages, 238;
• 5th stage, 239;
• S. ocellatus, 240;
• dimorphism of larva, 241;
• S. Tiliæ, variable in two stages, 405;
• North American species of, 453;
• S. tatarinovii, and S. planus, larvæ, 244.
• Species, causes of transformation of, 116;
• nature of, 671.
• Specific characters, 91;
• may originate through direct action, 100.
• Specific constitution, 112.
• Spencer, Herbert, theory of descent, 645;
• variability, 654;
• law of growth, 655.
• Spermatozoa, of Amblystoma, 593;
• of Lissotriton punctatus, 595.
• Speyer, Dr., seasonal dimorphism of moths, 4;
• of P. phlæas in Germany, 50.
• Sphingidæ, oviposition, 164;
• congruence and incongruence in genera, 450.
• Sphinx-markings, ontogeny and morphology, 177.
• Larvæ of genus, 259;
• S. Convolvuli, 650.
• Origination of markings, 273;
• law of development, 274;
• forms of markings, 309;
• S. Ligustri, constant in three stages, 405.
• Stainton, H. T., larval characters of Notodontidæ, 443;
• young larvæ of Triph. pronuba, 520.
• Staudinger, Dr., seasonal dimorphism of Euch. Belia and E. Ausonia, 3, 48;
• butterflies of Finnmark, 20;
• P. Napi var. Bryoniæ from Lapland, 44, 49;
• larvæ of Ch. alecto, 193;
• affinities of Nymphalis and Apatura, 438.
• Stauropus Fagi, protective habits of larva, 290.
• Sterility, causes of, 596;
• a result of reversion, 597;
• law of, in reversion forms, 599.
• Stoat, seasonal change of colour, 7.
• Strauch, “Revision of Salamandridæ” referred to, 570, 577.
• Strecker, H., N. American species of Smerinthus, 453.
• Stripes, longitudinal, 312, 372;
• oblique, 317, 373.
• T.
• Tadpoles, arrested development, 607.
• Tegetmeier, W. B., metamorphosis of Siredon, 566.
• Teleology and Mechanism, 694.
• Terebrantia, larvæ, 508.
• Transformation, causes of, 460, 496;
• factors of, 676.
• Trematoda, alternation of generations in, 83.
• Trimen, Roland;
• larva of Lopho. Dumolinii, 527;
• of Ch. Capensis, 529;
• phytophagic variability of larva of Ach. Atropos, 531.
• Triptogon roseipennis, larva, 244.
• Triton;
• T. alpestris, sexual larva, 585;
• reproductive larvæ, 590.
• Degeneration in genus, 612.
• Species of Upper Engadine, 631.
• Typical parts, modified by environment, 501, 513.
• U.
• Upper Engadine;
• Amphibia, 615;
• climate, 616;
• frog from, 618;
• Tritons of, 631.
• Urea, synthesis of, 643.
• V.
• Vanessa.
• V. Urticæ, climatic variation, 60;
• V. Atalanta, Urticæ, and polychloros, variable in two stages, 405;
• V. Io, variable in one stage, 407.
• Congruence and incongruence in genus, 446;
• phyletic completeness of, 447;
• arrangement of spines on larvæ, 448.
• Variability, origin, 107;
• limited, 114, 362, 653, 655;
• independent in different stages, 402;
• definition of, 404;
• a relative term, 408;
• causes of, in pupæ, 411;
• primary and secondary, 416;
• independent in different larval stages, 416;
• phytophagic, 305, 531;
• Von Hartmann’s views, 646;
• not unlimited, 647, 652, 655, 683;
• factors of, 676, 684;
• mechanical theory of, 677;
• individual, 681, 685.
• Variation; climatic, 45, 686;
• causes of, 105;
• analogous, 683;
• abrupt not inherited, 701.
• Varieties, climatic, distinct from local, 45.
• Velasco, Señor, Axolotl of L. St. Isabel, 626.
• Vital force, phyletic, elimination of, 287;
• objections to, 352, 461, 511, 518;
• ontogenetic, abandonment of, 641, 687.
• W.
• Wallace, A. R.;
• introduction of the expression “seasonal dimorphism,” 1;
• on the dull colours of female butterflies, 8;
• sexual dimorphism of butterflies, 32;
• local variation in colour, 60;
• comparison of seasonal dimorphism with alternation of generations, 80;
• the bright colours of caterpillars, 293;
• on adaptation, 589;
• on variability, 654, 658.
• Wallace, Dr., colour changes in larva of B. Cynthia, 7.
• Walsh, B. D., phytophagic variation, 305.
• Weale, J. P. M., on the young larvæ of Pap. merope and Gyn. Isis, 166;
• the larva of Ach. Atropos in S. Africa, 263;
• habits of S. African Sphinx-caterpillars, 290.
• Weir, J. Jenner, the colour variations of Hip. semele, 8;
• experiments with brightly-coloured, hairy, and spiny caterpillars, 336.
• Westwood, Prof. J. O., seasonal dimorphism of Eph. punctaria, 4;
• figure of caterpillar referred to, 243;
• gynandromorphic butterfly, 249.
• White colour, protection afforded by, 6, 659, 661.
• White, Dr. F. B., local variation in British Lepidoptera, 60;
• young Notua larvæ, 166.
• Wiedersheim, on the anatomy of Amblystoma, 577;
• habits of Geotriton fuscus, 617;
• anatomy of Axolotl, 623.
• Wigand, on the non-increase in size of the gooseberry, 654.
• Wilde, O., on larva of Dei. Galii, 213;
• of Dei. Hippophaës, 218;
• larval characters of the Notodontidæ, 443.
• Wilson, Owen, figure of larva of Ch. porcellus referred to, 188.
• Wöhler, Prof., the synthesis of urea, 643.
• Wood, T. W., photographic sensitiveness of Lepidopterous pupæ, 405.
• Würtemberger, on Ammonites, 275.
• Y.
• Yenisei, Swedish Expedition referred to, 20.
• Z.
• Zeller, P. C., seasonal dimorphism of Pl. Polysperchon and Pl. Amyntas, 2;
• of Italian butterflies, 75.