Texas Fossils: An Amateur Collector's Handbook

Subconical—less than conical in shape; almost a cone.

Suture—the line of junction between two parts; in crinoids, the line of junction between two plates; in gastropods, the line of junction of the whorls as seen on the exterior of the shell; in cephalopods, the line of junction between a septum and the shell wall.

Symmetry—orderly arrangement of parts of an object with reference to lines, planes, or points.

Bilateral symmetry—the symmetrical duplication of parts on each side of a vertical anterior-posterior plane.

Radial symmetry—the symmetrical repetition of parts around a common vertical dorso-ventrally disposed axis.

Pentamerous symmetry—symmetry arranged in a pattern of fives.

System—the rocks formed during a period; the time-stratigraphic term next in rank above a series.

Taxonomy—that branch of science that deals with classification, especially in relation to plants, animals, or fossils.

Tertiary—the oldest period of the Cenozoic era; follows the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic and precedes the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic.

Test—the protective covering of some invertebrate animals.

Theca—a sheath or case; in coelenterates, the bounding wall at or near the margin of the exoskeleton; in echinoderms, the main body skeleton (or calyx) which houses the animal’s soft parts; in graptolites, any cup or tube of the colony.

Thorax—in trilobites, that part of the body between the cephalon and pygidium.

Time-unit—a portion of continuous geologic time (e.g., eras, periods, epochs, and ages).

Time-rock unit—same as time-stratigraphic unit.

Time-stratigraphic unit—term given to rock units with boundaries established by geologic time; strata deposited during definite portions of geologic time (e.g., systems, series, stages, etc.).

Topography—the physical features or configuration of a land surface.

Topographic map—a map showing the physical features of an area, especially the relief and contour of the land.

Transverse—at right angles to length.

Triassic—the youngest period of the Mesozoic era; follows the Permian period of the Paleozoic and precedes the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic.

Trilobite—an extinct marine arthropod having a flattened segmented body covered by a hardened dorsal exoskeleton divided into three lobes.

Trivial name—the Latinized name added to a generic name to distinguish the species; same as specific name.

Type locality—the geographic location at which a formation was first described and from which it was named; or from which the type specimen of a fossil species comes.

Type specimen—the individual or specimen on which the original designation of a species was established.

Umbilicus—an external depression or opening at the center of many loosely coiled shells; in gastropods it is usually located at the base of the shell; in cephalopods it is usually located laterally.

Umbo—the arched part of the valve near the beak in bivalve shells.

Unicellular—composed of one cell.

Valve—the one or more pieces comprising the shell of animals.

Variety—a subdivision of a species, designated by a third name when a variety is designated.

Ventral—pertaining to the abdomen; as opposed to dorsal, pertaining to the back.

Vertebrate—an animal having a backbone or spinal column.

Whorl—a single turn or volution of a coiled shell.

-zoic—combining form meaning “life” (Greek zoikos, life).

Zooecium (plural, zooecia)—tube or chamber occupied by an individual of the bryozoan colony; also called an autopore.

Footnotes

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Acanthoceras: 77

Actinomma: 49

Africa: 87

Agnatha: 87

Alaska: 7

Alectryonia lugubris: 68

algae: 44, 46, 47

“algal biscuits”: 44

alligators: 95

Allorisma: 67

Allosaurus: 90, 97, 98

Allotheria: 100

allotherians: 100

Amarillo College: 27

amber: 7

amblypods: 102

Ambocoelia: 57

Amelanchier: 48

American Museum of Natural History: 2, 15, 96

ammonites: 11, 75, 76, 77, 78

Ammonoidea: 66

ammonoids: 75, 76, 77, 78

Amphibia: 89

amphibians: 87, 92

Amphineura: 56

Amphiscapha: 61

Ancilla: 64

Angulotreta: 55, 56

ankylosaurs: 90, 97, 99

Annelida: 78

annelids: 78

Anomia: 74

anteaters: 100

Anthozoa: 49, 51

Apsotreta: 55, 56

aragonite: 11

Archelon: 91

Archetectonica: 64

Archaeopteryx: 100

Archeozoic, derivation and pronunciation: 33

Archer County: 89

Archimedes: 54

arietina, Exogyra: 70

Aristotle: 3

Arizona: 7

Arkansas: 37

Arlington State College: 1, 27

armadillos: 100, 102

Aronow, Saul: 1

Arthropoda: 78, 79, 80

arthropods: 10, 78, 79, 80

crustaceans: 79, 80

insects: 7, 79

ostracodes: 79, 80

trilobites: 78, 80

Articulata: 56

Artiodactyla: 106

artiodactyls: 106

camels: 106

entelodonts: 101, 106

ash, volcanic: 5

Astacodes: 79

Astartella: 67

Asteroidea: 82

asteroids: 82, 83

Asterozoa: 82

Astraeospongium: 50

Astrhelia: 53

Astylospongia: 50

Aulosteges tuberculatus: 12, 13

Austin: 14, 17, 19, 87

Austin College: 27

Australia: 87

author, of a fossil: 22

autopores: 51

Aves: 89, 100

Avonia: 12, 13

signata: 12, 13

subhorrida: 12, 13

B

bacteria: 47

Baculites: 77

bags, collecting: 17, 18

Balcones fault zone: 36, 37

baluchitheres: 104, 106

Baluchitherium: 106

Barbatia: 74

Baylor County: 89

Baylor University: 1, 2, 27, 90, 91, 95

Beaumont: 1, 34

clay: 34

Beaver, Harold: 1

Belemnites: 77, 78

Belemnoidea: 78

belemnoids: 77, 78

Bellerophon: 61

Big Bend area: 35, 36

National Park: 35, 97, 102

Big Spring: 89

binomial nomenclature: 21-22

Bird, R. T.: 2, 15, 96

birds, fossil: 5, 100

Blastoidea: 81

blastoids: 26, 28, 81

Blinn College: 27

bone, permineralized: 9

Books About Fossils: 108-110

Boon, Jack: 1

Brachiopoda: 54, 55, 56

brachiopods: 26, 29, 54, 55, 56

articulate: 54, 55, 56, 57, 58

Cambrian: 55

Cretaceous: 56

inarticulate: 55, 56

Mississippian: 55

Pennsylvanian: 57, 58

Permian: 12, 13

Recent: 56

silicified: 12, 13

symmetry: 24, 26, 29

Brachiosaurus: 90

Brewster County: 11, 12, 35, 41

brittle stars: 82

Bronaugh, Richmond L.: 1

Brontosaurus: 90, 97, 98

Brontotherium: 104, 105, 106

Brown, L. F., Jr.: 1

Bryophyta: 44

Bryozoa: 51, 54, 55

bryozoans: 26, 27, 28, 30, 51, 54, 55, 84

Mississippian: 54

Pennsylvanian: 55

bulla, Venericardia: 72

Bureau of Economic Geology: 2, 19

burrows: 14

“button corals”: 49, 53

C

Calamites: 48

calcite: 10, 11

callus: 59

Calyptraphorus: 64

Camarotoechia: 55

Cambrian—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 40

brachiopods: 55

graptolites: 86

of Franklin Mountains, Llano, Marathon, and Solitario uplifts: 40

camels: 106

cameratus, Neospirifer: 58

Caninia: 51, 52

Canis diris: 102, 103

domestica: 22

caprinid: 27, 30

caprock, of High Plains: 35

carbon residues: 10, 86

Carboniferous: 34

carinata, Ostrea: 71

Carnivora: 102

carnivores: 102, 103

Caryocorbula: 74

Caryocrinites: 81

Casey, Josephine: 2

casts: 11

catalog, fossil; number: 31

cement, portland: 19

Cenozoic—

derivation and pronunciation: 33

periods of: 34

rocks in Texas: 43

central Asia: 106

central Texas: 11, 42

Cephalopoda: 56, 66, 75, 78

cephalopods: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78

ammonites: 75, 76, 77, 78

ammonoids: 75, 76, 77, 78

belemnoids: 77, 78

ceratites: 75, 78

coleoids: 77, 78

cuttlefish: 78

goniatites: 75, 76

nautiloids: 66, 75, 76

octopus: 66, 78

squid: 66, 78

sutures: 66, 75, 78

ceratites: 75, 78

ceratopsians: 90, 99, 100

Ceratosaurus: 90

Cerithium: 62

chalicotheres: 104, 106

Chelonia. See turtles.

chisels: 17

chitin: 10

chitons: 56

Chondrichthyes: 87

Chonetes: 57

Chordata: 84-102

chordates: 84

amphibians: 89, 92

birds: 100

fishes: 87, 88, 89

graptolites: 40, 84, 86

mammals: 100-107

reptiles: 89-100

Cladochonus: 51, 52

Cladophyllia: 53

clams: 11, 56, 59. See also pelecypods.

class, taxonomic: 22

classification, binomial nomenclature: 21-22

units of: 22

club mosses: 47

coal: 20, 47

mines: 20, 47

plants: 16, 46, 47, 48

Cochlespiropsis: 63

Coelenterata: 49, 51, 84

coelenterates: 49, 51-53

Coleoidea: 66

coleoids: 77, 78

collecting bags: 17, 18

columella, corals: 51

gastropods: 59, 60

columnal, crinoid: 81, 82, 83

Comanchean series of Cretaceous: 34. See also Lower Cretaceous.

compass: 19

Composita subtilita: 57

compound corals. See corals, colonial.

concretions: 16

coniferous trees: 7

conodonts: 41, 88, 89

Conus: 63

Cooper, G. A.: 2, 12

coprolites: 14

corallite: 49, 51

corallum: 51

corals: 11, 24, 26, 27, 49, 51, 52, 53

“button”: 49, 53

colonial: 24, 27, 30, 51, 52, 53

Cretaceous: 53

“horn”: 49, 51, 52

morphology: 51

Pennsylvanian: 52

polyp: 49

solitary: 24, 28, 29, 30, 49, 51, 52, 53

symmetry: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Tertiary: 53

Cordaites: 48

correlation: 32

Corythosaurus: 90

cotylosaurs: 89, 92

crabs: 78, 79

Crassatella: 72

crayfish: 78

creodonts: 102

Cretaceous—

See also Comanchean and Gulf series.

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 42-43

arthropods: 79

brachiopods: 56

cephalopods: 66, 67, 76, 77

corals: 53

crocodiles: 95, 96

dinosaurs: 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99

echinoderms: 83, 84, 85

foraminifers: 49

gastropods: 59, 62

nautiloids: 76

pelecypods: 59, 66, 68-71

shark teeth: 88

worms: 78

tubes: 9

of central Texas, Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coastal Plain, High Plains, north Texas, and Trans-Pecos Texas: 42

“Pyrite Fossil Zone” of: 11

crinoidal limestone: 41, 82, 83

Crinoidea: 81

crinoids: 26, 28, 41, 81, 82, 83

calyx: 81, 82, 83

morphology: 81

stems: 26, 28, 81, 82, 83

Crockett County: 42

Crockett formation: 43

crocodiles: 95, 96

crossopterygians: 87

crustaceans: 79, 80

Culberson County: 35

cuttlefish: 78

cycads: 47, 48

Cymatoceras: 75, 76

Cystoidea: 81

cystoids: 81, 82, 83

D

“Dark Ages”: 3

da Vinci, Leonardo: 3

Davis, Darrell: 1

Decapoda. See Coleoidea.

deer: 106

Del Mar College: 27

dendrites: 14

Dendrograptus: 86

Denver, Colorado: 19

Derbya: 57

Devonian—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 41

placoderms: 87, 88

Psilophyton: 48

of El Paso and Van Horn regions, Llano and Marathon uplifts: 41

Diablo Mountains: 41

diatoms: 44, 46, 47

Dibranchiata. See Coleoidea.

Dictyoclostus: 55

Dimetrodon: 92

Dinobastis: 102, 103

Dinocerata: 102

dinocerates: 102, 105

dinosaurs: 89, 90-94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100

armored: 90, 97, 99, 100

duck-billed: 90, 97, 99

flying: 91, 94, 95

horned: 90, 99, 100

plate-bearing: 90, 97, 99

swimming: 91, 93, 95

Diplodocus: 90

Diplograptus: 86

dire wolf: 102, 103

diris, Canis: 102, 103

distillation: 10

Distorsio: 63

division, plant: 44

Dixon, J. W., Jr.: 2, 90, 91

dolomite: 11

dolphins: 95

domestica, Canis: 22

DuBar, Jules: 1

Dufrenoyia: 77

E

Eastland County: 20

East Texas State College: 27

Echinodermata: 80-84

echinoderms: 80-84

asteroids: 82, 83

blastoids: 81

crinoids: 81, 82, 83

cystoids: 81, 82, 83

echinoids: 82, 84, 85

holothuroids: 84

sclerites: 83

Echinoidea: 82

echinoids: 26, 28, 29, 82, 84, 85

Cretaceous: 84, 85

plates: 84, 85

spines: 84, 85

Echinozoa: 82

Edentata: 100

edentates: 100, 101, 102

Edwards Plateau: 19, 36, 37, 42, 43

Egyptian desert: 3

Elasmosaurus: 91

elephants: 102

Eleutherozoa: 82

Ellison, Samuel P.: 1

El Paso region—

Devonian of: 41

Ordovician of: 40

Precambrian of: 40

Silurian of: 40

Endopachys: 53

Enoploclytia: 79

entelodont: 101, 106

Eohippus. See Hyracotherium.

epoch, geologic: 33

era, geologic: 33-34

Erath County: 20

Eryops: 92

Euomphalus: 61

Euphemites: 62

Europe: 89

Exogyra arietina: 70

laeviscula: 70

ponderosa: 70

texana: 70

F

“false fossils”: 14

family, taxonomic: 22

“feather stars”: 82

ferns: 47, 48

fish: 87, 88, 89

armored: 41, 88

carbon residue: 9

scales: 10

teeth: 10

vertebrae: 10

Fistulipora: 55

Flabellum: 53

foramen, pedicle: 54, 56

Foraminifera: 47, 49

Cretaceous: 49

fusulinids: 26, 29, 49

orbitoid: 26, 28

Pennsylvanian: 49

forams: 26, 28, 29, 47, 49

formation, geologic: 34

fossil—

birds: 5, 100

burrows: 14

cataloging: 31

collecting: 17

equipment: 17

ethics: 20

how to collect: 20

where to look: 19

definition: 3

dung: 14

footprints: 14

gizzard stone: 14

identification: 21, 23-30

keys: 26-30

preservation—

altered hard parts: 10-11

carbonization: 9, 10

mineralization: 10

permineralization: 10

petrifaction: 10

replacement, calcareous, iron, siliceous: 10, 11, 13

kinds of: 7

original hard and soft parts: 7

record, missing pages in: 5

wood: 47

fossilization, requirements of: 5

fossils—

animal: 47-107

Cambrian: 40

carbonized: 10

classification of: 21-22

cleaning: 21

etching in acid: 21

frozen: 5, 7, 104

guide and/or index: 32

in amber: 7

in oil saturated soil: 7

in quicksand: 5

in tar: 5

in volcanic ash: 5

main types of: 44

natural mummies: 7

permineralized or petrified: 10

plant: 4, 10, 20, 32, 44-48

Pleistocene: 101, 102, 103, 104

Precambrian: 40

preparation of: 21

Quaternary: 43, 101, 102, 103, 104

replaced or mineralized: 10

silicified: 21

Cretaceous: 11

Permian: 11

etching: 21

Silurian: 40, 81

Tertiary: 43

Triassic: 42

uses of: 31-32

France: 106

Franklin Mountains, Cambrian of: 40

frogs: 89

Frondicularia: 49

fungi: 44

Fusselman limestone: 40

Fusulina: 49

fusulinids: 26, 29, 47, 49

Fusus: 63

G

Gaptank formation: 35, 41

gastroliths: 14

Gastropoda: 56, 59

gastropods: 26, 27, 29, 30, 56, 59, 60

Cretaceous: 59, 62

morphology: 60

ornamentation: 59

Pennsylvanian: 61, 62

Tertiary: 59, 63, 64

generic name: 21-22

genus: 21-22

geologic—

column: 33

history: 33

map, definition: 40

map of Texas: 38-39

time: 34

time scale: frontispiece, 33

geology of Texas: 37-43

Germany: 5, 100

Gingko: 47, 48

Girtyocoelia: 50

Glasscock County: 42

Glass Mountains: 11, 12, 35, 41, 42

glauconite: 11

Globigerina: 49

Glossary: 111-114

Glycymeris: 74

Glyptodon: 101, 102

glyptodont: 101, 102

goats: 106

goniatites: 75, 76

Grand Prairie: 36, 37

Graptolithina: 84, 86

graptolites: 27, 30, 40, 84, 86

of Marathon uplift: 40, 86

Graptozoa. See graptolites.

graysonana, Gryphaea: 69

Great Flood: 3

ground sloths: 7, 101, 102

Gryphaea graysonana: 69

washitaensis: 69

Guadalupe Mountains, Peak: 35

Gulf Coast: 32

Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 106

Gulf of Mexico: 37

Gulf series of Cretaceous: 34. See also Upper Cretaceous.

Gyrodes: 62

H

hagfish: 87

hammer, geologist’s: 17, 18

Hamulus: 78

hand lens: 17, 18

hard parts, animal—calcareous, chitinous, phosphatic, siliceous remains: 10

Hardin-Simmons University: 27

heart urchins: 82, 83

Heliospongia: 50

hematite: 11

Hemiaster: 85

Hemichordata: 84

Henderson County Junior College: 27

Herodotus: 3

Heterostegina: 32

Heteralosia hystricula: 12, 13

“het” zone: 32

Hexacoralla: 51

High Plains: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 89, 95, 106

hippopotamuses: 106

Holaster: 85

Holectypus: 85

Holothuroidea: 82

holothuroids: 84

sclerites: 83

Homo sapiens: 22

“horn corals”: 49, 51, 52

horses: 103, 104

teeth: 104

Howard County Junior College: 27

Hudspeth County: 35, 41, 42

Hueco Mountains: 41

Hughes, Jack T.: 1

hydroids: 49

Hydrozoa: 49, 84

Hyracotherium: 103, 104

hystricula, Heteralosia: 12, 13

I

ichthyosaurs: 91, 93, 95

Ichthyosaurus: 91, 93

identification keys, fossil: 26-30

use of: 23-27

igneous rocks: 5, 19

Inarticulata: 54, 56

Inoceramus: 69

insects: 7, 78, 79

in amber: 7

iron, replacement by: 11

Italy: 3

J

Jack County: 20

jellyfish: 5, 49

Jurassic—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 42

birds: 100

dinosaurs: 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 99

Gingko: 48

of Hudspeth County and/or Malone Mountain: 41

Juresania: 58

K

keys. See identification keys.

Kilgore College: 27

Kingena wacoensis: 56

L

labels, paper: 19

laeviscula, Exogyra: 70

Lamar State College of Technology: 1, 2, 27

lampreys: 87

Latirus: 63

Lee College: 27

Lepidodendron: 46

Levifusus: 64

Lima: 72

limonite: 11

Lingula: 55, 56

Linnaeus: 21

Linné: 21

Linoproductus: 57

lisbonensis, Ostrea: 72

liverworts: 44

lizards: 89

Llano uplift: 36, 37, 40, 41

Lonsdale, John T.: 1

lophophore, brachiopod: 54

Lophophyllidium: 49, 51, 52

proliferum: 52

radicosum: 52

Los Angeles, California: 5

Louisiana: 37

Lower Cretaceous: 34, 42, 56, 97. See also Comanchean.

lugubris, Alectryonia: 68

Lunatia: 62

lungfishes: 87

M

Macon, J. W.: 2

magnifying glass: 17, 18

Malone Mountain: 42

Mammalia: 89, 100-107

mammoths: 102, 104, 107

frozen: 7, 102

tooth: 104

woolly: 102, 104, 107

mantle, brachiopod: 54

pelecypod: 59

maps—

county: 17

geologic: 19

of Texas: 38-39

physiographic of Texas: 36

topographic: 19, 20

Marathon uplift: 35, 36, 40, 41

marcasite: 11

Marginifera: 57

opima: 12, 13

mastodon, tooth: 104

Meandrostia: 50

Mediterranean Sea: 3

mercenaria, Venus: 22

Mesalia: 63

Mesolobus: 57

Mesozoic—

derivation and pronunciation: 33

periods of: 34

rocks in Texas: 42-43

metamorphic rocks: 5, 19

Metoicoceras: 76

Michelinia: 52

Micrabacia: 49, 52

microfossils: 4, 10, 32, 47, 49, 50, 78

micropaleontological slides: 32

micropaleontologist: 32, 47, 80

micropaleontology: 4, 89

Midwestern University: 27

mine dumps: 20, 47

Mississippian—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 41

blastoid: 81

brachiopods: 55

bryozoan: 54

of Hueco Mountains: 41

of Llano region: 41

mold, external: 9, 11, 59, 66

internal: 9, 11, 59, 62, 66

Mollusca: 56-78

mollusks: 7, 56, 59-78. See also Mollusca.

Moropus: 106

mosasaur: 91, 93, 95

“moss animals”: 54

mosses: 44

Muirwoodia multistriatus: 12, 13

multituberculates: 100

multistriatus, Muirwoodia: 12, 13

mussels: 56, 59

museums, as aid in identification: 23

American, Natural History: 2, 15, 96

Strecker: 95

Texas Memorial: 14, 87, 95, 97, 100, 102

Myalina: 67

Mylodon: 100, 101

N

Nautiloidea: 66

nautiloids: 66

Cretaceous: 76

morphology: 75

Pennsylvanian: 76

sutures: 75

Nautilus: 66

morphology: 75

Neithea: 70

Neospirifer: 57

cameratus: 58

Nerinea: 62

Neuropteris: 48

Neverita: 64

New Mexico: 7

New York City: 14

North-Central Plains: 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43

north Texas: 42

North Texas State College: 27

notebook, field: 17

Notopocorystes: 79, 80

Nucula: 73

Nuculana: 67

Nuculopsis: 67

O

octopus: 66, 78

Odessa College: 27

operculum: 59

Ophiuroidea: 82

ophiuroids: 82

opima, “Marginifera”: 12, 13

order, taxonomic: 22

Ordovician—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 40

graptolites: 86

of El Paso region, Llano, Marathon, Solitario, and Van Horn uplifts: 40

ornamentation, brachiopod: 54

gastropod: 59

pelecypod: 66

Ornithischia: 97

ornithischians: 90, 97, 98, 100

Ornithopoda: 97

ornithopods: 90, 97, 99

Orthoceras: 66, 76

Orthoyoldia: 73

ossicles. See sclerites.

Osteichthyes: 87

Ostracoda: 80

ostracoderms: 87

ostracodes: 78, 79, 80

Ostrea carinata: 71

lisbonensis: 72

quadriplicata: 71

sellaeformis: 72

Oxytropidoceras: 77

oysters: 56, 59

P

Pachecoa: 72

Pachymya: 71

paleobotany: 4

paleobotanists: 44

paleontology—

definition: 4

divisions of: 4

history of: 3

invertebrate: 4

vertebrate: 4

Paleoscincus: 90, 97, 99, 100

Paleozoic—

derivation and pronunciation: 33

periods of: 34

rocks of Texas: 40-42

Palo Pinto County: 20

Paluxy Creek: 14, 15

Pan American College: 27

Pantodonta: 102

pantodonts: 102

Parasaurolophus: 90

Parasmilia: 53

Parker County: 20

Pawpaw formation: 11

pearly nautilus: 66

morphology: 75

Pecos County: 42

Pecos River valley: 35

Pecten: 59, 68, 74

pedicle: 54, 56

foramen: 54, 56

valve, brachiopod: 54

Pelycosaurs: 89, 92

Pelecypoda: 56, 59, 65-66

pelecypods: 26, 29, 30, 56, 59, 60, 66

Cretaceous: 59, 66, 68-71

dentition: 66

morphology: 59, 60, 65, 66

ornamentation: 66

Pennsylvanian: 66, 67

teeth: 60, 65, 66

Tertiary: 72, 73, 74

Pelmatozoa: 80, 81

Pennsylvanian—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 41

brachiopods: 57, 58

bryozoans: 55

cephalopods: 66, 76

corals: 52

crinoids: 41, 82, 83

fusulinids: 47, 49

gastropods: 61, 62

nautiloids: 76

pelecypods: 66, 67

plants: 46, 47, 48

shark teeth: 87

sponges: 50

of Diablo and Hueco Mountains, Llano and Marathon uplifts, and north-central Texas: 41

Pentaceros: 83

Pentagonaster: 83

Pentremites: 81

period, geologic: 33

periostracum: 60

Perissodactyla: 104

perissodactyls: 103, 104, 105

Permian—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 41

amphibian: 89, 92

brachiopods: 12, 13

cotylosaurs: 89, 92

pelycosaurs: 89, 92

of Glass Mountains: 11, 12, 35

permiana, Prorichthofenia: 12, 13

permineralized bone: 9

petroleum geologist: 4

Phaneroceras: 76

Phobosuchus: 95, 96

Pholadomya: 71, 72

phyla: 22

Phyllograptus: 86

phylum: 22

physiographic provinces, of Texas: 35-37

physiography, definition: 35

of Texas: 35-37

phytosaurs: 42, 91, 94, 95

pick, mineralogist’s or prospector’s: 17, 18

pigs: 106

Pinna: 67

Pisces: 86-89

Pitar: 72

Placodermi: 87

placoderms: 87, 88

plant kingdom: 44

plants, classification: 44

Pennsylvanian: 46, 47, 48

Platyceras: 62

Pleistocene: 43. See also Quaternary.

fossils: 101, 102, 103, 104

plesiosaurs: 91, 93, 95

Pleurocora: 53

Plicatula: 68, 74

Pliohippus: 103

Poland: 7, 106

pollen: 47

polyp, coral: 49

Polypora: 55

ponderosa, Exogyra: 70

Porifera: 49

Porodiscus: 49

portland cement: 19

Precambrian—

definition: 34

fossils: 40

of El Paso region: 40

of Llano uplift: 37, 40

of Van Horn uplift: 40

rocks of Texas: 40

Presidio County: 35

Proboscidea: 102

proboscideans: 102, 104, 107

teeth: 104

proliferum, Lophophyllidium: 52

Prorichthofenia permiana: 12, 13

Proterozoic, derivation and pronunciation: 33

Protista: 47

Protocardia: 68

Protoceratops: 90

Protozoa: 47, 49

protozoans: 47

pseudofossils: 14

Pseudoliva: 63

Psilophyton: 48

Pteranodon: 91, 94

Pterodactyloids: 91

pterosaurs: 91, 94, 95

Punctospirifer: 57

pyrite: 11

“Pyrite Fossil Zone” of Cretaceous: 11

Q

quadriplicata, Ostrea: 71

quarries: 19

Quaternary—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 43, 101, 102, 103, 104

of Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coast, High Plains, North-Central Plains, and Trans-Pecos Texas: 43

quicksand: 5

R

radicosum, Lophophyllidium: 53

Radiolaria: 47

radiolarians: 47, 49

Rancho La Brea tar pit: 5

rays: 87

Reagan County: 42

Receptaculites: 50

Renaissance: 3

Reptilia: 89-100

reptiles: 89-100

rhamphorhynchoids: 91

Rhamphorhynchus: 91, 94

rhinoceroses: 7, 104, 106, 107

woolly: 106, 107

Rhipodomella: 55

Rhombopora: 51, 55

Rice University: 27

Rio Grande valley, of Trans-Pecos: 35, 95

road metal: 19

Robulus: 49

Rock and Mineral Clubs: 23

rock units: 34

rockymontanus, Spirifer: 58

Rodda, Peter U.: 1

rudistids: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Rugosa: 51

S

saber-tooth cat: 102, 103

St. Mary’s University: 27

salamanders: 89

Salenia: 85

San Angelo College: 27

San Antonio College: 27

sand dollars: 82

sapiens, Homo: 22

Sarcodina: 47

Saurischia: 97

saurischians: 90, 97, 99

Sauropoda: 97

sauropods: 90, 97, 98

scale trees: 46, 47

scallops: 56, 59

Scaphopoda: 56

scaphopods: 26, 27, 28, 29, 56

Schizodus: 67

scientific names: 21-23

Scleractinia: 51

sclerites, holothurian: 83, 84

scolecodont: 78

scouring rushes: 47, 48

Scyphozoa: 49, 84

sea anemones: 49

sea cucumbers: 82

“sea lily”: 81, 82

“sea mats”: 51, 54

“sea-mice”: 56

sea urchins: 82

sedimentary rocks: 5, 19

sellaeformis, Ostrea: 72

septa, cephalopods: 66, 75

corals: 49, 51

serpent stars: 82

Serpula: 78

Seymouria: 92

sharks: 87

teeth: 10, 87, 88

sheep: 106

shrimp: 78

Siberia: 7, 106

Sigillaria: 46

signata, Avonia: 12, 13

silica: 10, 11

silicification: 11

Silurian—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 40

cystoid: 81

of El Paso and Van Horn regions: 40

skates: 87

slickensides: 16

slugs: 56

Smith, Fred: 1

snails: 11, 56, 59. See also gastropods.

snakes: 89

Solitario uplift: 40

Somervell County: 14, 15

South America: 87, 102

Southern Methodist University: 27

South Texas College: 27

Southwestern University: 27

species: 22

spicules, sponge: 49, 50

spiders: 78

spines, echinoid: 84, 85

Spirifer rockymontanus: 58

Spirorbis: 78

sponges: 10, 27, 30, 49, 50

spores: 47

Squamularia: 57

squid: 66, 78

starfish: 82, 83

Stegosaurus: 90, 97, 99

stegosaurs: 90, 97, 99

steinkern: 59, 62

stems, crinoid: 26, 28, 41, 81, 82, 83

Stephen F. Austin State College: 27

“stomach stones”: 14

stone, building: 19

Strabo: 3

Straparolus: 61

Strecker Museum: 95

Striatopora: 51, 52

Strobeus: 62

Styracosaurus: 90

subhorrida, Avonia: 12, 13

subtilita, Composita: 57

Sul Ross State College: 27

Surcula: 64

sutures, cephalopod: 66, 75, 78

nautiloid: 75

swine, giant: 106

Sycostoma: 64

symmetry: 23

bilateral: 24, 26, 29

radial: 24, 26, 28, 80

T

tabulae: 51

Tabulata: 51

tape, masking: 19

tapirs: 104

tar: 5

Tarleton State College: 27

Tarrant County: 11

taxonomy: 21-22

teeth, horse: 104

mammoth: 104

shark: 10, 87, 88

Tellina: 73

Tertiary—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 43

corals: 53

gastropods: 59, 63, 64

mammals: 100-107, 103, 105

microfossils: 32

pelecypods: 72, 73, 74

radiolarians: 49

rocks of Gulf Coastal Plain, High Plains, North-Central Plains, and Trans-Pecos region: 42

Tetracoralla: 51

Tetrapoda: 86, 89-107

texana, Exogyra: 70

Texanites: 77

Texas A. & M. College: 1, 27

Texas Christian University: 27

Texas College: 27

Texas College of Arts and Industries: 27

Texas Highway Department: 17

Texas Memorial Museum: 14, 87, 95, 97, 100, 102

Texas Technological College: 27

Texas, the geology of: 34, 37-43

Texas Western College: 27

Thallophyta: 43, 46

Theophrastus: 3

Therapsids: 89

Theria: 100

therians: 100-107

artiodactyls: 101, 106

carnivores: 102, 103

dinocerates: 102, 105

edentates: 100, 101, 102

pantodonts: 102

perissodactyls: 104

proboscideans: 102, 104, 107

Theropoda: 97

theropods: 90, 97, 98

The University of Texas: 1, 2, 27

time, geologic: 34

titanotheres: 104, 105, 106

toads: 89

tortoises: 89

traces of organisms: 14

burrows: 14

coprolites: 14

gastroliths: 14

tracks: 14, 15

trails: 14

Tracheophyta: 44, 46, 48

Trachodon: 90, 97, 99

tracks, dinosaur: 14, 15, 97

Trans-Pecos region: 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 86, 95, 102, 106

tree sloths: 100, 102

trees, coniferous: 7

Trepospira: 61

Triassic—

derivation and pronunciation: 34

fossils: 42

dinosaurs: 95

phytosaurs: 91, 94, 95

of Crockett, Glasscock, Pecos, Reagan, and Upton counties; Glass Mountains and High Plains: 42

Triceratops: 90, 99, 100

Trigonia: 69

Trilobita: 78

trilobites: 78, 80

morphology: 80

Trilobitomorpha: 78

Trinacromerum: 91

Trinity University: 27

trivial name: 21-22

Trochosmilia: 53

Tuba: 64

tuberculatus, Aulosteges: 12, 13

Turrilites: 77

worthensis: 22

Turritella: 62, 63

turtles: 89, 91

tusk-shells: 56

Tyler Junior College: 27

Tylosaurus: 91, 93

Tylostoma: 62

Tyrannosaurus: 90, 97

U

uintatheres: 102, 105

Uintatherium: 102, 105

umbilicus: 59, 60

United States Geological Survey: 19

United States National Museum: 2, 12

University of Corpus Christi: 27

University of Houston: 1, 27

University of Texas, The: 1, 2, 27

Upper Cretaceous: 34, 42, 78. See also Gulf.

Upton County: 42

V

valves, brachiopod: 54, 56

pelecypod: 59, 65, 66

Van Horn uplift: 35, 36, 40, 41

Venericardia: 73

bulla: 72

ventral valve, brachiopod: 54

Venus mercenaria: 22

Vertagus: 63

Vertebrata: 84, 86-107

vertebrates: 86-107

amphibians: 89, 92

birds: 100

fish: 87, 88, 89

mammals: 100-107

reptiles: 89-100

Vokesula: 73

volcanic ash: 5

Volutolithes: 64

W

Waco: 91, 92, 95

wacoensis, Kingena: 56

Washington, D. C.: 19

washitaensis, Gryphaea: 69

Weches formation: 43

West Texas State College: 1, 27

Wilson, John A.: 2

Wilson, Sarah Louise: 2

Wise County: 20

wood, petrified: 19

Woodbine: 10, 37, 47

worms, annelid, fossil, segmented: 78

worm tubes, Cretaceous: 9

Worthenia: 61

worthensis, Turrilites: 22

Y

Yoldia: 67

Young County: 20

Young, Keith: 1

Z

Zoantharia: 51

zooecia: 51