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The age of the crusades

Chapter 66: INDEX.
By James M. Ludlow
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About This Book

The work analyzes the social, religious, and political conditions that produced medieval expeditions to the Eastern Mediterranean, surveying widespread ignorance, chivalric ideals, the feudal system, papal policy, the rise of Islam, and the growth of pilgrimage. It then narrates the campaigns themselves, from mass popular movements and organized leadership to overland and maritime operations, sieges and pitched battles, and the capture and administration of eastern cities, followed by later expeditions and changing fortunes. Descriptive history is combined with source references and bibliography to illuminate causes, military action, and institutional consequences.

INDEX.

  • Abélard, 8, 162, 163.
  • Accian, 103, 106, 109; death, 111.
  • Acre, 123;
    • capture, 148;
    • by Saladin, 190;
    • siege of, 215 sq.;
    • fall, 297;
    • divisions in, 366;
    • final fall, 367.
  • Adela, 148.
  • Adhemar of Puy, 83, 105, 113;
  • Afdhal, 135, 137.
  • Afdhal, son of Saladin, 236.
  • Aibek, 356, 361.
  • Albigenses, 298, 322, 375.
  • Aleppo, 154.
  • Aletta, 8.
  • Alexander II., 49.
  • Alexander III., 15.
  • Alexander IV., 363.
  • Alexandria, captured, 180.
  • Alexius I., 74, 79, 81;
    • treachery, 85;
    • vengeance of Godfrey, 86;
    • character and policy, 88 sq., 244;
    • at Nicæa, 95;
    • refuses help, 113, 139;
    • jealousy, 147.
  • Alexius III., reply to Innocent III., 254;
    • protests against Venetian invasion, 271;
    • cowardice, 276, 277.
  • Alexius IV., son of Isaac Angelus, 258, 263;
    • plea, 266;
    • joins Dandolo, 268;
    • at Constantinople, 271, 279;
    • breach with crusaders, 281;
    • imprisonment and death, 283.
  • Alexius Ducas, 282.
  • Alfonso VI., 83.
  • Algazzali, 60.
  • Alhazan, 60.
  • Alice, French princess, 222.
  • Almoadam Turan Shan, 343, 353-355, 361, 362.
  • Alp-Arslan, 62.
  • Amalric, 152, 179, 180;
  • Amaury I. See Amalric.
  • Amaury II., 297.
  • Amaury de Montfort, 333.
  • Andrew II., Hungary, 303, 305.
  • Andronicus, 244, 247.
  • Angelus, Isaac. See Isaac Angelus.
  • Anjou, Duke of, 355.
  • Anna Comnena, quoted, 3, 72, 84;
    • picture of Alexius, 88;
    • opinion of crossbow, 92.
  • Anselm, 7.
  • Anselm, Archbishop of Milan, 139.
  • Anselme of Ribemont, 94.
  • Antioch, siege of, 102 sq.;
    • fall, 108 sq.;
    • conquered by Bibars, 363.
  • Aragon, King of, 363.
  • Archambaud, 172.
  • Arculf, Bishop, 67.
  • Arkas, 122.
  • Arnold de Brescia, 163, 198.
  • Arnold de Rohes, 128, 135.
  • Arsuf, 138, 141, 145;
    • destroyed by Bibars, 363.
  • Ascalon, 136;
  • Assassins, 228, 229.
  • Assizes of Jerusalem, 142.
  • Asur, 138, 141, 145.
  • Athareb, 154.
  • Atheling, Edgar, 122.
  • Aude, 20.
  • Augustine, 66.
  • Avicenna, 60.
  • Avignon, 375.
  • Ayoub, 176, 181.
  • Aziz, son of Saladin, 236.
  • Bacon, Francis, 11.
  • Bacon, Roger, 11, 377.
  • Baldwin I., 83;
    • at Tarsus, 99;
    • quarrel with Tancred, 99;
    • defection, 100;
    • submission to Pope, 142;
    • character, 144;
    • King of Jerusalem, 144 sq.;
    • exploits, 144 sq.;
    • marriage, 148;
    • death, 149.
  • Baldwin II., 145, 147;
    • succeeds to throne of Jerusalem, 150;
    • character, 150;
    • captured, 150;
    • liberated, 152;
    • died, 152;
    • helps Moslems, 154;
    • Templars, 158.
  • Baldwin III., 152, 153, 173;
  • Baldwin IV., 182 sq.
  • Baldwin V., 184.
  • Baldwin I., Constantinople, 21;
    • assaults Constantinople, 275;
    • elected Emperor of Constantinople, 292, 293;
    • strife with Boniface, 293;
    • death, 294.
  • Baldwin II., Constantinople, 322, 332.
  • Baldwin du Bourg. See Baldwin II.
  • Balian d’Iselin, 191.
  • Baliol, John, 363.
  • Baneas, 358.
  • Barbarossa, 34, 198;
    • character, 209;
    • third crusade, 209 sq., 212;
    • treatment of Greeks, 212;
    • death, 213.
  • Baronius, “Dark Ages,” 6.
  • Barthelemi, Peter, 114, 118;
  • Bavaria, Duke of, 140.
  • Beauvais, Bishop of, 24.
  • Becket, Thomas à, 200.
  • Beirut, fall of, 148.
  • Benedict III., 69.
  • Benedict VIII., 57.
  • Benedict IX., 45.
  • Ben-Musa, 60.
  • Berengaria, 222.
  • Bérenger, 7.
  • Bernard of Brittany, 67.
  • Bernard of Clairvaux, 8, 23;
    • against Abélard, 162;
    • second crusade, 164, 166 sq.;
    • failure and death, 177;
    • opinion of Henry II., 201.
  • Bernard of Clugny, hymn, 1.
  • Berthier of Orleans, hymn, 1.
  • Bertrade, 152.
  • Bertrand, 148.
  • Bethlehem, 124.
  • Bibars Bendoctar, 345-347, 353, 362, 363, 365.
  • Bibliography, v.-ix.
  • Biblus, fall of, 148.
  • Blachern, palace of, 250.
  • Blanche of Castile, 330, 336, 357, 358.
  • Blondel, 234.
  • Bohemond of Taranto, 83 sq.;
    • relations to Alexius, 87, 89, 90;
    • at Antioch, 105, 106;
    • treats for sovereignty of Antioch, 108;
    • enters Antioch, 110;
    • quarrel with Raymond, 120, 121;
    • attacks Maarah, 121;
    • submission to Pope, 142, 144, 145;
    • exploits, 147 sq.;
    • death, 148;
    • invades Greek dominions, 247.
  • Boniface VIII., humiliation of Papacy, 375.
  • Boniface of Montferrat, 258, 259, 261, 268, 271;
    • assaults Constantinople, 275;
    • plots, 282;
    • emperorship, 292;
    • disloyalty, 293;
    • death, 294.
  • Bouvines, battle of, 302.
  • Bozrah, 153.
  • Brabant, Duke of, 237, 240.
  • Brunhilde, 24.
  • Bruno, 60.
  • Bucolion, palace of, 250.
  • Byron, quoted, 294.
  • Cæsarea, captured by Baldwin, 145;
    • destroyed by Bibars, 363.
  • Cæsarea on the Orontes, 179.
  • Cæsarea Philippi, 358.
  • Cairo, 343.
  • Calixtus II., 162.
  • Cambray, Bishop of, 68.
  • Cambridge, University of, 378.
  • Capitularies of Charlemagne, 35, 48.
  • Capuano, Peter, 262.
  • Carac, fall of, 214.
  • Carismians, 324 sq.
  • Castile, King of, 363.
  • Celibacy, 48.
  • Cencius, 70.
  • Charlemagne, 17, 19, 48, 55, 67, 242;
    • capitularies of, 35, 48.
  • Charles Martel, 56.
  • Charles the Bold, 56.
  • Chegger-Eddour, 343, 353-355, 361, 362.
  • Chivalry, rules, etc., 26 sq.
  • Chosroes, 66, 133.
  • Cid, the, 58, 83.
  • Cimabue, 377.
  • Civitat, massacre, 81.
  • Clarendon, Assizes of, 200.
  • Clement II., 46.
  • Clement V., 375.
  • Clermont, Council of, 74.
  • Cologne Cathedral, 377.
  • Coloman, King of Hungary, 79, 80.
  • Commune, 377.
  • Comnena, Anna. See Anna Comnena.
  • Comnenus, Isaac, 244.
  • Comnenus, John, 152.
  • Conrad, brother of Boniface, 258.
  • Conrad, marshal of German empire, 139.
  • Conrad III., 167, 170;
    • at Jerusalem, 173;
    • Damascus, 145;
    • return, 176.
  • Conrad IV., 334, 357.
  • Conrad of Montferrat, 214;
    • at Acre, 216;
    • claims to Jerusalem, 218;
    • supported by Philip Augustus, 223;
    • plots, 227;
    • assassinated, 228.
  • Constance, daughter of Philip I., 148.
  • Constantine, 65.
  • Constantine, minister of finance, 277.
  • Constantinople, history of, 242 sq.;
    • great fire, 281;
    • fall, 284 sq.;
    • Latin kingdom, 291 sq.;
    • weakness, 322, 328.
  • Constantinople, Patriarch of, 287.
  • Corfu, 268 sq.
  • Councils, Lateran, 49, 198.
  • Courçon, Cardinal, 302.
  • Cross, True, 133.
  • Crusade, first, 78 sq., 82 sq., 91 sq., 96 sq., 101 sq., 108 sq., 112 sq., 120 sq., 134 sq.;
  • Crusade, second, cause, 155, 165, 166 sq.
  • Crusade, third, 206 sq., 215 sq., 219 sq.
  • Crusade, fourth, 242 sq., 252, 253 sq., 260 sq., 268 sq., 274 sq., 284 sq., 291 sq.
  • Crusade, fourth, pseudo, 241.
  • Crusade, fifth, 301 sq.
  • Crusade, sixth, 313 sq.
  • Crusade, seventh, 328 sq.
  • Crusade, eighth, 361 sq.
  • Crusade, Children’s, 298 sq.
  • Crusades, fascination of subject, 1;
  • Cyprus, 222, 228.
  • Dagobert, 142, 144.
  • Dahir, son of Saladin, 236.
  • Damascus, Prince of, 152, 153.
  • Damascus, siege of, 174 sq.;
  • Damascus, Sultan of, relations to Louis IX., 356, 358.
  • Damasus II., 46.
  • Damietta, siege of, 305, 306, 309;
    • victory of Louis IX., 338 sq.;
    • surrender, 353 sq.
  • Dandolo, Henry, 248, 251, 252, 256, 257;
    • perfidy, 260 sq.;
    • attacks Zara, 264;
    • joined by Alexius, 268;
    • diplomacy, 268 sq.;
    • captures Golden Horn, 272;
    • attack on Constantinople, 275;
    • further plots, 280, 282;
    • second attack, 284 sq.;
    • refuses to contest election to kingdom of Constantinople, 291, 292;
    • his choice, 292;
    • death, 294.
  • “Dark Ages,” according to Baronius, 6.
  • Dârôm, 229.
  • Domenicho, Michaeli, 151.
  • Dominic, 19.
  • Dorylæum, battle of, 96 sq.
  • Ducas, Alexius, 282.
  • Du Guesclin, 10.
  • Duomo, 377.
  • Edessa, fall of, 154, 155.
  • Edgar Atheling, 122.
  • Edmund, prince of England, 363.
  • Edward, prince of England, 363, 366.
  • Egypt, caliph of, 105, 122.
  • Eleanor, Queen, 167, 171;
    • rupture with Louis, 173;
    • divorce, 198;
    • character, 201;
    • released by Richard, 202;
    • appeals to Pope, 233;
    • ransom of Richard, 234.
  • Eleemon, John, 157.
  • Elizabeth of Hungary, 316.
  • Elvira, daughter of Alfonso VI., 83.
  • Emico, 80.
  • England, during crusades, 370;
    • Magna Charta, 377;
    • Parliament, 377.
  • Eremi, 7.
  • Estate, Third, 377.
  • Eustace, son of Godfrey, 83.
  • Eustace Grenier, 151.
  • Evrard des Barras, 172.
  • Exerogorgo, siege of, 81.
  • Fakr Eddin, 340, 345.
  • Fatimites, 181.
  • Feudalism, 32 sq.
  • Finlay, quoted, 62.
  • Florine, 104.
  • Foulcher of Chartres, 110;
    • desertion, 113;
    • scepticism, 115.
  • Foulque of Anjou, 152, 158.
  • Foulques the Black, 20, 69.
  • France, effect of crusades on, 161;
    • at close of crusades, 369.
  • Francis of Assisi, 19, 308, 309.
  • “Frank,” meaning, 371.
  • Frankfort, Synod of, 49.
  • Frederick I. See Barbarossa.
  • Frederick II., fifth crusade, 302;
    • sixth crusade, 313 sq.;
    • life and character, 313 sq.;
    • acquires Jerusalem, 319;
    • returns, 321, 323;
    • relations to Innocent IV., 329, 334;
    • generosity, 337;
    • death, 357.
  • Frederick of Swabia, 209, 213, 218.
  • Frotmonde, 69.
  • Fulque, priest, 254.
  • Gaita, 24.
  • Galata, 273.
  • Galileo, 60.
  • Garnier, 144.
  • Gautier of Brienne, 327.
  • Gaza, 326.
  • Genghis Khan, 324.
  • Geoffrey, son of Henry II., 201.
  • Geoffrey de Sargines, 349.
  • Gerard, Master of Hospitallers, 157.
  • Gerard of Avernes, 141.
  • “German tax,” 246.
  • Germany, during crusades, 370.
  • Ghibelline, 334.
  • Gibbon, quoted, 79, 81, 89.
  • Gilbert, 172.
  • Godfrey of Bouillon, 8;
    • career, 82 sq.;
    • expedition, 86;
    • relations to Alexius, 86;
    • at Dorylæum, 97;
    • Antioch, 107;
    • straits, 113;
    • discretion, 120;
    • services to Moslems, 121;
    • attacks Jerusalem, 121 sq.;
    • spoils, 133;
    • Baron of Holy Sepulchre, 134 sq.;
    • Ascalon, 136 sq.;
    • quarrel with Raymond, 138;
    • rule, 140;
    • attacks Asur, 141;
    • submission to Pope, 142;
    • Assizes of Jerusalem, 142;
    • death and character, 142, 143;
    • assists Hospitallers, 157;
    • gifts to Papacy, 371.
  • Godric, 146.
  • Golden Horn, captured, 273.
  • Gottschalk, 80.
  • Green, quoted, 21.
  • Gregory V., 45.
  • Gregory VI., 45.
  • Gregory VII. See Hildebrand.
  • Gregory IX., 300, 315, 316 sq., 322, 323;
    • weakness, 374.
  • Grosseteste, Robert, 374.
  • Guelph, 334.
  • Guibert, antipope, 50.
  • Guibert, quoted, 77, 105.
  • Guiscard, Robert, 24, 83, 84, 247.
  • Guizot, quoted, 33, 37, 199;
    • portrait of Richard I., 202;
    • of Louis VIII., 330.
  • Gunther, 288, 289.
  • Guy d’Ibelin, 354.
  • Guy of Lusignan, 185, 188, 189;
    • disregards oath, 214;
    • maintains right to sceptre, 218;
    • supported by Richard, 223;
    • Cyprus, 228.
  • Hadrian IV., 201.
  • Hallam, quoted, 9, 11, 30, 34.
  • Hamah, 154.
  • Hanifs, 52.
  • Hanseatic League, 378.
  • Harding, 147.
  • Haroun-al-Raschid, 55, 67.
  • Hassan, 228.
  • Helena, 65, 133.
  • Henry, brother of Baldwin, 294.
  • Henry I., England, 21, 138, 164.
  • Henry II., England, 34;
    • crown of Jerusalem, 186;
    • possessions, 199, 201;
    • death, 201;
    • relations to Philip Augustus, 206 sq.
  • Henry III., England, 331, 357.
  • Henry III., Germany, 46.
  • Henry IV., Germany, papal opposition, 23, 47, 49;
    • relations to Godfrey, 82.
  • Henry V., Germany, 161.
  • Henry VI., Germany, 232, 234, 237;
    • in Sicily, 238;
    • death, 240;
    • “German tax,” 246.
  • Henry Dandolo. See Dandolo.
  • Henry of Hesse, 334.
  • Henry of Sicily, 247.
  • Heraclius, Greek emperor, 67, 133.
  • Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 186.
  • Herbaud, 10.
  • Hezas, emir of, 121.
  • Hildebrand, 8, 39;
    • reforms, 44, 46, 47;
    • claims, 47 sq.;
    • reliance on emperor, 49;
    • bull against Henry IV., 49;
    • negotiations with Greeks, 50;
    • alliance with Saracens, 58;
    • summons against the Turks, 62;
    • sends Cencius on pilgrimage, 70.
  • Holy Lance, 114 sq.
  • Honorius II., 166.
  • Honorius III., 303.
  • Hospitallers, 156 sq.;
    • Saladin’s revenge, 190;
    • permitted to remain in Jerusalem, 193;
    • rivalries, 236, 297, 367;
    • refuse help to Frederick II., 318;
    • overtures to Louis IX., 338, 355;
    • at Mansourah, 345, 347.
  • Hovenden, quoted, 221.
  • Hugh Capet, 33.
  • Hugh de Payen, 158.
  • Hugh de Puzas, 219, 232.
  • Hugh of Vermandois, 116, 140.
  • Humphrey, 218.
  • Iconium, Sultan of, 170, 246.
  • Ida of Austria, 139, 140.
  • Ida of Bouillon, 8, 82.
  • “Il Consolato del Mare,” 379.
  • Innocent II., 162.
  • Innocent III., 253, 262;
    • hastens crusaders, 265, 279;
    • rebuke, 290;
    • preaches fifth crusade, 301-303;
    • guardianship of Frederick II., 313;
    • absolute power, 374.
  • Innocent IV., 328, 329, 334, 357, 374.
  • Inquisition, 374.
  • Iolante, 314.
  • Ireland, time of Henry II., 200.
  • Irene, daughter of Isaac Comnenus, 247.
  • Irene, opinion of Alexius, 88.
  • Isaac, King of Cyprus, 222.
  • Isaac Angelus, 211, 212, 217, 258, 267, 278, 281, 282.
  • Isaac Comnenus, 244.
  • Isabella, widow of Conrad, 228.
  • Isabella, wife of Amaury II., 297.
  • Jaffa, in third crusade, 226, 230, 238;
    • conquered by Bibars, 363.
  • James of Vitri, 302.
  • Jean Tristan, 351, 365.
  • Jerome, St., to Paulinus, 66.
  • Jerusalem, Assizes of, 142.
  • Jerusalem, Patriarch of, 72, 303.
  • Jerusalem, under Omar, 55;
    • fall of, 63;
    • captured by Chosroes, 66;
    • by crusaders, 125 sq.;
    • under Saladin, 192;
    • acquisition by Frederick, 319;
    • carnage under Carismians, 326, 327.
  • Jews, persecution of, 204.
  • Joanna, sister to Richard I., 222, 227.
  • John, Cardinal, 247.
  • John, King of England, 232, 233;
    • fifth crusade, 302.
  • John VIII., 56.
  • John X., 57.
  • John Baliol, 363.
  • John Comnenus, 152.
  • John Eleemon, 157.
  • John of Brienne, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 318, 320, 322.
  • Joinville, Prince de, 335, 336, 338, 344, 347, 348, 350, 353-355, 358.
  • Josselin II., 155.
  • Josselin de Courtenay, 147, 150, 154.
  • Kanabos, Nicholas, 282.
  • Kerbogha, 109, 112, 115, 116;
  • Khalil, 367.
  • Kilidge-Arslan, 81, 91, 94, 97;
    • routed, 117;
    • revenge, 139;
    • third crusade, 212.
  • Koran. See Mohammed.
  • Koutouz, 362.
  • La Marche, 331.
  • Lance, Holy, 114 sq.
  • Lanfranc, 7.
  • Lascaris, 275, 322.
  • Lateran Councils. See Councils.
  • Leo IX., 46.
  • Leopold of Austria, 227, 232 sq.
  • Liegnitz, battle of, 325.
  • Litz, Martin, 288.
  • Longchamp, 220, 232.
  • Longsword, William, 342, 345, 346.
  • Lothaire, 164.
  • Louis, St. See Louis IX.
  • Louis, St., laws of, 34, 35.
  • Louis IV. (the Fat), 36, 161.
  • Louis VI., 33.
  • Louis VII., 164, 166, 167;
    • rupture with Eleanor, 173;
    • at Jerusalem, 173;
    • Damascus, 174;
    • return, 176;
    • divorce, 198.
  • Louis VIII., 330.
  • Louis IX., 330;
    • character, 331 sq.;
    • seventh crusade, 333, 335 sq.;
    • valor, 339, 346, 349;
    • illness, 348, 350;
    • overtures to sultan, 348;
    • prisoner, 350 sq.;
    • liberation, 353 sq.;
    • treaty with sultan, 358;
    • broken, 358;
    • grief at death of Blanche, 359;
    • return, 359, 360;
    • eighth crusade, 363 sq.;
    • death, 365, 366;
    • revolt against Rome, 375.
  • Louis of Chartres and Blois, 255.
  • Lucius III., letter to Henry II., 186.
  • Ludwig, Landgrave of Thuringia, 316.
  • Lydda, 123.
  • Lyons, Council of, 329.
  • Maarah, 121.
  • Mad Hakem, 57, 68.
  • Magna Charta, 377.
  • Malek-Ahdel, 192, 227, 236, 238, 240;
    • treaty with Dandolo, 262, 280;
    • renewal of truce, 297;
    • policy, 304;
    • death, 306.
  • Malek-Kamel, 308, 309, 316, 318, 320.
  • Malek-Shah, 62, 63.
  • Mamelukes, 361 sq.
  • Mansourah, 310, 343, 344 sq.
  • Manuel, 168, 170, 179.
  • Manzikert, battle of, 62.
  • Marco Polo, 378.
  • Margaret of Hungary, 237, 241.
  • Margarit, Admiral, 214.
  • Marguerite, wife of Louis IX., 330, 335, 339, 341, 351, 353, 354, 359.
  • Maria, daughter of Manuel, 259.
  • Maria, widow of Isaac, 292.
  • Maria of Constantinople, 246.
  • Mariolatry, 53.
  • Marozia, 44.
  • Martin Litz, 288.
  • Mary, daughter of Isabella, 297, 298, 314.
  • Matilda, Countess, 8;
    • gift to Papacy, 372.
  • Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, 21, 199.
  • Matthew Paris, reference to Tartars, 325;
    • to Blanche of Castile, 330;
    • to Henry III., 357.
  • Melisende, 152, 173.
  • Melun, Count of, 113.
  • Merlin, prediction of, 202.
  • Merseburg, crusading army at, 80.
  • Michael, Emperor, 63.
  • Michaud, criticised, 3.
  • Michelet, quoted, 161.
  • Milman, quoted, 4, 132.
  • Milo de Plausy, 182.
  • Moguls, 324.
  • Mohammed, 51 sq.
  • Mohammed, Sultan of Carismia, 324.
  • Mohammed II., 275, 380.
  • Mohammedanism, 51 sq.
  • Montferrat, Marquis of, 184, 214.
  • Mortmain, Statute of, 375.
  • Mourtzouphlos, 282, 283, 285, 294.
  • Nahr Falik, 225.
  • Nazareth, destroyed by Bibars, 363.
  • Negmeddin, 338, 343.
  • Nicæa, fall of, 91 sq.
  • Nicephorus, 25.
  • Nicetas, quoted, 212, 270, 271, 273, 285-287.
  • Nichita, Bulgarian prince, 79.
  • Nicholas, boy, 299.
  • Nicholas IV., 367.
  • Nicholas Kanabos, 282.
  • Nicholas Roux, 271.
  • Nisch, Peter’s army at, 79.
  • Norgate, quoted, 200.
  • Nourredin, 155, 175;
    • character, 178;
    • magnanimity, 179;
    • supreme, 181;
    • death, 182.
  • Octai, 324.
  • Odoacer, 242.
  • Oleron, Laws of, 379.
  • Oliver, 20.
  • Omar, 55.
  • Ortuk, 73.
  • Othello, Shakespeare’s, 59.
  • Othman, 70.
  • Otho, contest with Philip of Swabia, 298, 302.
  • Otho the Great, 34.
  • Oxford, University of, 378.
  • Padua, University of, 378.
  • Palazzo Vecchio, 377.
  • Papacy, effect of crusades on, 161 sq., 371 sq.
  • Paris, University of, 378.
  • Parliament, English, 377.
  • Paschal II., 23;
    • sanctions Hospitallers, 157, 162.
  • Paula, companion of Jerome, 66.
  • Paulinus, 66.
  • Pears, Edward, quoted, 295.
  • Pelagius, Cardinal, 307, 309-311.
  • Pelusium, captured, 180.
  • Pembroke, Earl of, 363.
  • Peter Barthelemi, 114, 118;
  • Peter Capuano, 262.
  • Peter the Hermit, not solely responsible for crusades, 3;
    • career, 71 sq.;
    • meets chieftains, 91;
    • desertion, 105;
    • messenger to Kerbogha, 115;
    • before Jerusalem, 129;
    • end of career, 138.
  • Petrarch, 377.
  • Pharamella the Moor, 196.
  • Philip, son of Louis IX., 365.
  • Philip I., 148, 152.
  • Philip Augustus, 199, 201;
    • third crusade, 207 sq., 219 sq.;
    • anger at Richard, 222;
    • declares for Conrad, 223;
    • jealousies, 223;
    • returns, 225;
    • plots, 232, 233, 237;
    • fifth crusade, 302.
  • Philip of Swabia, 258, 261;
    • message to Zara, 266;
    • contest with Otho, 298;
    • emperorship, 292.
  • Philip the Fair, 375.
  • Phirous, 108, 109, 111.
  • Piacenza, Synod of, 74.
  • Pilgrimages, 64 sq.
  • Pisano, 377.
  • Poitiers, Count of, 343, 355.
  • Portugal, King of, 363.
  • Pragmatic Sanction, 375.
  • Ptolemaïs. See Acre.
  • Ptolemaïs, emir of, 123.
  • Ramleh, 123;
    • capture of, 146.
  • Raymond d’Agiles, 133.
  • Raymond de Puy, 157.
  • Raymond of Poitiers, 172.
  • Raymond of Toulouse, 22, 83;
    • expedition, 87;
    • at Dorylæum, 97;
    • Antioch, 106;
    • defiance of Bohemond, 108;
    • straits at Antioch, 113;
    • quarrels with Bohemond, 120, 121;
    • attacks Maarah, 121;
    • besieges Arkas, 122;
    • Jerusalem, 130, 131;
    • clemency, 133;
    • plots, 135;
    • sulks, 136;
    • at Ascalon, 137;
    • claims Ascalon, 137;
    • quarrel with Godfrey, 138;
    • after first crusade, 139;
    • flight, 140;
    • submission to Pope, 142;
    • death, 148.
  • Raymond of Tripoli, 182, 183, 187, 189.
  • Redowan, 121.
  • Renaud of Carac, 183, 189, 190.
  • Renoart, 20.
  • Reynier, brother of Boniface, 259.
  • Rheims, Archbishop of, 94.
  • Rheims, Council of, 45.
  • Richard I., 24, 34, 201;
    • character, 202;
    • releases Eleanor, 202;
    • crowned, 203;
    • vow, 205;
    • recklessness, 208;
    • third crusade, 219 sq.;
    • quarrels with Tancred and Philip, 222, 223;
    • subdues Cyprus, 222;
    • declares for Guy, 223;
    • massacres Moslems, 225;
    • at Nahr Falik, 225;
    • Jaffa, 226;
    • finesse, 227;
    • retreat, 229, 230;
    • recaptures Jaffa, 230;
    • peace, 231;
    • returns, 232;
    • prisoner, 232 sq.;
    • release, 234;
    • hatred of Philip Augustus, 237;
    • gives Cyprus to Templars, 246;
    • traditional author of “Laws of Oleron,” 379.
  • Richard of Cornwall, 323.
  • Robert, brother of Henry I., England, 21.
  • Robert d’Artois, 342, 344, 347.
  • Robert de Clari, quoted, 260.
  • Robert Guiscard. See Guiscard.
  • Robert of Flanders, 23, 85;
    • expedition, 87;
    • at Antioch, 110.
  • Robert of France, 18.
  • Robert of Leicester, 233.
  • Robert of Normandy, 70, 85;
    • expedition, 87;
    • at Dorylæum, 96 sq.;
    • desertion, 105;
    • refuses help, 136;
    • at Ascalon, 137, 138;
    • end of career, 138.
  • Roger de Wendover, 202.
  • Roger of Sicily, 11, 168, 247.
  • Roland, 20.
  • Rollo, 7.
  • Romanus IV., 62.
  • Rosamond, 201, 202.
  • Rudolph, 82.
  • Rufinus, Bishop of Acre, 189.
  • Sa’di, 297.
  • Safed, destroyed by Bibars, 363.
  • Saif Eddin, 362.
  • St. John, Knights of. See Hospitallers.
  • St. Sophia, Church of, 250.
  • Saladin, 176, 180;
    • rise, 181;
    • defeat at Ascalon, 183;
    • revenge on Renaud, 183, 190;
    • victories, 187 sq.;
    • revenge on Templars, 190;
    • fall of Jerusalem, 191 sq.;
    • generosity, 192, 193;
    • challenge of Barbarossa, 210;
    • his reply, 211;
    • attacks Tyre, 214;
    • Tripoli, 214;
    • Carac, 214;
    • releases Guy, 214;
    • at Acre, 215 sq., 225;
    • courtesies, 223, 224;
    • at Nahr Falik, 225;
    • burns Ascalon, 227;
    • finesse, 227, 228;
    • captures Jaffa, 230;
    • peace, 231;
    • death, 235.
  • Saladin’s tithe, 207, 208.
  • Salisbury Cathedral, 377.
  • Santa Croce, 377.
  • Saracens. See Mohammedans.
  • Saxony, Duke of, 237, 240.
  • Scott, Walter, quoted, 24;
    • opinion of Alexius, 88.
  • Seljuk, 61.
  • Semlin, looted by Peter, 79.
  • Shirkuh, 180.
  • Sibylla, 184, 185, 192;
  • Sidon, capture, 149.
  • Sigur of Norway, 149.
  • Simeon, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 72.
  • Simon de Montfort, 237, 298.
  • Sismondi, quoted, 15.
  • Soissons, Bishop of, 284, 293.
  • Solyman, 63, 102.
  • Stanley, quoted, 19.
  • Stephen, boy, 299.
  • Stephen, King, 199.
  • Stephen of Blois, 85, 87, 101;
  • Stephen of Burgundy, 147.
  • Suger of St. Denis, 168, 176, 177, 199.
  • Sweno of Denmark, 104.
  • Sylvester II., 7, 45.
  • Tancred, agent of William II., 247.
  • Tancred de Hauteville, 84, 85, 90, 97;
    • at Tarsus, 99;
    • quarrel with Baldwin, 99;
    • character, 105;
    • valor, 106;
    • at Bethlehem, 124;
    • Jerusalem, 131;
    • clemency, 133;
    • Ascalon, 136 sq.;
    • Godfrey’s right hand, 141;
    • escape, 147;
    • death and character, 149.
  • Tancred of Sicily, 222.
  • Tarik, 56.
  • Tarsus, 99.
  • Tartars, 324 sq.;
    • overtures to Louis IX., 337;
    • progress, 362.
  • Tasso, quoted, 24, 25, 126.
  • Templars, 158, 159;
    • Saladin’s revenge, 190;
    • rivalries, 236, 298, 367;
    • get Cyprus, 246;
    • refuse help to Frederick II., 318;
    • overtures to Louis IX., 338;
    • at Mansourah, 345, 347;
    • ask Louis to remain in Syria, 355;
    • abolished, 375.
  • Teutonic Knights, 159;
    • ask Louis to remain in Syria, 355.
  • Theobald of Champagne, 228, 255, 258.
  • Theodora, 44.
  • Theodora, daughter, 44.
  • Theodora, sister of Isaac Angelus, 259.
  • Theodora, wife of Baldwin II., 179.
  • Theodore Lascaris, 275, 322.
  • Thibaut V., 322, 323.
  • Thibaut of Champagne, 164.
  • Thierri, 172, 175.
  • Thierry, quoted, 12.
  • Third Estate, 377.
  • Thoron, 239.
  • Thoros, 100.
  • Tiberias, battle of, 187 sq.
  • Tolosa, battle of, 298.
  • Tortosa, 122.
  • Tripoli, captured, 148;
    • resists Saladin, 214;
    • fall, 297.
  • Tristan, Jean, 357, 365.
  • Troubadours, 377.
  • Troyes, Bishop of, 284.
  • Truce of God, 17.
  • Tunis, 364.
  • Turkomans, 358.
  • Turks, 60 sq.;
  • Tyre, fall of, 152, 297.
  • Urban II., not solely responsible for crusades, 3;
    • his opportunity, 50, 63;
    • speech at Clermont, 70, 74;
    • commissions Peter, 72;
    • synod at Piacenza, 74;
    • absolves crusaders, 373.
  • Urban III., 194.
  • Vataces, 322.
  • Vaux, Abbot of, 264.
  • Vecchio, Palazzo, 377.
  • Venice, relations with East, 248.
  • Victor III., 45.
  • Villehardouin, 255, 256, 263, 278, 285.
  • Vivien, 23.
  • Volkman, 80.
  • Waldenses, 197, 198, 375.
  • Waldo, Peter, 197, 198.
  • Walter the Penniless, 78.
  • Warwick, Earl of, 363.
  • Westminster Abbey, 377.
  • William, brother of Tancred, 97.
  • William II., Sicily, 247.
  • William of Champeaux, 8.
  • William of Orange, 23.
  • William of Poitiers, 139, 140.
  • William of Salisbury, 342, 345, 346.
  • William of Scotland, 201.
  • William of Sicily, 247.
  • William of Tyre, 80, 182, 184;
    • third crusade, 206 sq., 213.
  • William Rufus, 21, 85.
  • William the Conqueror, 21.
  • Worms, Concordat of, 162.
  • Zara, 261 sq.
  • Zenghi, 152 sq.