‘I hope and believe that, although the difficulties are considerable, they will not prove insurmountable. A hopeful feature of the future is to be found in the fact, on which I have dwelt at some length in my Egyptian Report, that the programme of fiscal reform in Egypt is now completed. It cannot be doubted that the people of Egypt are now very lightly taxed. Strongly as I should object to any increase of Egyptian taxation for Soudanese purposes, I can see no objection whatever to maintaining such taxes as at present exist, partly with a view to providing the capital necessary for the improvement of the Soudan. Indeed, far from there being any objection, I believe the adoption of such a course to be strictly in accordance with Egyptian interests; for, until capital is spent, the Egyptian Treasury cannot hope that any considerable reduction in the present Soudan deficit will be possible. I am, of course, aware that the purely Egyptian requirements, such as improved justice and police, to which allusion is made in my Egyptian Report, must, in this connection, take precedence of the necessities of the Soudan, great though these latter be. I am, however, not without hope that, if due care and deliberation be exercised, if the projects on which capital is spent be chosen after a thorough examination of their merits and practicability, and if everything in the nature of undue haste and precipitation be avoided, money in fairly adequate quantities may eventually be found both for the improvement of the Egyptian administrative services and for the development of the Soudan.
‘There can be no question as to the direction in which capital expenditure is most required. As I have said in my Egyptian Report, the construction of the Suakin-Berber Railway is absolutely essential to the well-being of the Soudan. I need only add that all the testimony which I received during my recent visit to the Soudan strongly confirmed me in the opinion which I had previously held on this subject.’
Such words coming from Lord Cromer are full of hope and encouragement for the administrators of the Soudan. The man who found means to overcome the financial difficulties of the Reservoir works at Assouan is more than likely to surmount those of the Suakin-Berber Railway.
In the long-run Egypt herself will benefit as well as the Soudan. Of course, most of the trade now passing through Egypt will return to its natural channel by Suakin and the Red Sea. The Customs now taken at Alexandria will go directly to the Soudan, but as soon as this happens a corresponding reduction can be made in the Egyptian contribution. Nor will purely Egyptian trade with the Soudan suffer. The Nile Valley route will remain, but it will be cheaper for goods from Lower Egypt to travel via Suez and Suakin. The import as well as the export trade of the Soudan will be vastly encouraged, and every step forward in prosperity will make her a better market for the goods of Egypt as well as those of other countries. Once the railway is made, but not till then, there is a possibility of the revenues of the Soudan improving sufficiently to make the country self-supporting, and able to dispense entirely with any annual grant from Egypt.
It is calculated that the construction of the new railway will cost £2,500,000. Taking this as a basis, and assuming that Egypt was able to make an arrangement under which the money should be repaid by annual instalments over a period of ten years, with interest at 5 per cent., it would involve an average annual addition to her expenditure of £318,750, or a total cost of ten times that sum. If the period was twenty years, the average annual cost would be £185,625, or, say, £200,000. It is rash for an outsider to speculate on such subjects, and the figures are merely given as a rough illustration; but it seems certain that Egypt could easily bear any such burden. Nor does it appear a sanguine forecast to estimate that within ten years of the completion of the railway the revenues of the Soudan will have so greatly benefited, both by the direct cheapening of supplies, fuel, and other material, and by the development of trade generally, that at least a saving of £200,000 a year will accrue to Egypt, even if she still finds it prudent to contribute something.
What future capital Egypt will have to find must be uncertain. The whole situation will be changed by the advent of the railway. But if all the signs of the times can be trusted, whatever her expenditure may be, she will have no reason to repent of it.
Note.—Since the above was in print, new light has been thrown on the subject by a passage in the Note on the Budget for 1904 by Sir Eldon Gorst, Financial Adviser to the Khedive:
‘The Council of Ministers has authorized the Ministry of Finance to advance out of the Special Reserve Fund the amount required for the construction of a railway to connect the Valley of the Upper Nile near Berber with the Red Sea at Suakin. The preliminary survey of the proposed line has been completed, and an estimate of its cost prepared. The total sum required, which amounts to about £E1,770,000, will be spread over a period of from three to four years, so that there should be no difficulty in meeting the charge out of the annual increment of the Special Reserve Fund, but it will be obviously undesirable to sanction any further large grants out of the fund during this period. The construction of the railway will be put in hand without delay, and if no unforeseen contingency occurs, it may be hoped that it will be available for traffic in about three years’ time.’
The Special Reserve Fund is made up of the free balance remaining at the disposal of the Egyptian Government when all other claims on their receipts have been settled.
CHAPTER XXIII
CONCLUSION
Some time ago a small detachment of Egyptian troops was passing through a village in a remote and primitive part of Kordofan. A soldier of the party, going to draw water at the well, there met, like Jacob, one of the daughters of the people, who helped him in his task. Out of gratitude for her assistance or admiration for her charms, he gave her one of the few things he had to offer, a large red cotton handkerchief. Attired in it, the damsel excited the admiration and envy of all her fellows, and from this chance seed arose a demand for Manchester cotton goods. But as the desired articles could not be purchased for nothing, the supply of charitable soldiers being limited, the inhabitants had to apply themselves to the collection of gum in order to be able to satisfy their wants. And thus the exports improved as well as the imports.
In different forms the same process is going on all over the Soudan, and the sternest admirer of Arcadian simplicity could hardly deny that the people are happier and better because of it. The country is not such an El Dorado that they are likely to be corrupted by excessive wealth. Their awakening needs can only be satisfied by means of habits of industry. Thanks to good government they are able on the one hand securely to enjoy the fruits of their labour, and on the other hand, they are prevented from taking any short-cuts to fortune by raiding their neighbours and selling them into slavery.
If it were necessary to justify British interference in the Soudan, the fact of the repression of slavery would alone be sufficient. If the slave-trade does still exist, it does so only precariously in a few remote holes and corners. The markets of Khartoum and Omdurman and other centres are greater and more various than they have ever been before, but this one traffic, once their principal feature, is absent and gone for ever. No change could be greater or eventually more beneficial in its effects on the whole life and character alike of the slave-owners, the slave-dealers, and those unhappy tribes who involuntarily furnished their material.
The establishment of personal liberty and of security for life and property, elsewhere the commonplaces of government, is not always the result of civilization in Africa. They are new, at any rate, in the Soudan. But it would ill become the English rulers of the Soudan to take any credit to themselves if their five years’ record had no more to show than this. They must not be content to be judged by comparison with any former rulers. After the Khalifa’s tyranny, almost any government would seem mild and beneficent. It is not enough merely to have stanched the wounds by which the patient was bleeding to death; the foundations must be laid for his complete restoration to health and vigour. Judged by this test, however, they need not fear the verdict.
The chief difficulty is the universal ignorance and superstition that prevail. But these ancient fortresses are being directly assaulted every day by the extension of a sound system of education. The strong administration of equal justice, and the increasing growth of trade and commerce, work powerfully in the same direction. All three agents are stimulated by the improvement of communications by river, road, and railway. There is hope in the fact that, though the people start from a very low level, their past has not been one of complete barbarism. Although Egyptian and dervish rule repressed all habits of industry and culture, the people of the country which was once the kingdom of Sennar had considerable repute as weavers, goldsmiths, curriers, and potters. They still practise a native form of inoculation for small-pox. And, to take their traditions still further back, it is said that in some places, in the elaborate dressing of their hair and the use of ornamental sandals on great occasions, they reproduce the fashions of ancient Egypt. Ed Damer, near the junction of the Atbara and the Nile, now a paltry village, had once a university of its own no less than Sennar.
Time, of course, must be allowed for these influences to work. Not in five years and not in one generation can the evils deep-rooted in the past be swept away. Though all the reforms have been introduced most cautiously, and with great regard for the prejudices and traditions of the people, it is still sometimes necessary to teach a sharper lesson, and to clearly advertise the fact that if the Government is benign and merciful it is not because it is weak. When such occasions do arise, as in the case of the last in the succession of Mahdis, suppressed a few months ago in Southern Kordofan, there is no fumbling and delay. The blow is struck at once and decisively. There is a wonderful difference between a prophet with a divine mission to regenerate Islam by force of arms slaughtering a rabble of ill-led Egyptian peasants, and an impostor unable to free himself from prison, or dangling from a gallows in El Obeid after being captured in the field and fairly tried with all the forms of law.
Such incidents, when properly handled, are only ripples on the general calm. There have been rumours from time to time of troubles likely to arise from the action of the Sheikh-es-Senussi. There were internal troubles in the kingdom of Wadai, which lies to the west of Darfur, and it was thought that these might force him to abandon his peaceful attitude, for his influence is predominant in that country. It would undoubtedly be dangerous if he were to proclaim a holy war, for he has many adherents in the Soudan as well as in Egypt. But until now his sect has been founded on rules of conduct, and he and his predecessors have steadily refused to adopt a militant attitude. The Mahdi was a good deal afraid of him, and nominated him as one of his Khalifas, but he refused to accept the position. It is now announced that the French have occupied Wadai; we have every reason to welcome them as neighbours. Wadai was one of the few remaining strongholds of the slave-trade, and its suppression there will facilitate the operations of the Slavery Department in Western Kordofan. And should any trouble arise from the followers of the Sheikh-es-Senussi or any other sect in that quarter, it will be a great advantage to have the co-operation of the French, who would have the same interest as ourselves in speedily putting it down. On the other side, now that the frontier is settled, there is not likely to be trouble with the Abyssinians, and the Italians in Eritrea and Massowah are the best of neighbours.
It may some day be necessary to interfere in Darfur, though not during the reign of the present Sultan, Ali Dinar. Ali Dinar has seen something of the world; he is a vigorous ruler, and he understands very plainly that his interests lie in keeping on good terms with the Soudan Government. But some day Ali Dinar will be gathered to his fathers, and possibly some Rehoboam will succeed him, who will cause internal dissensions, or someone afflicted with Napoleonic ideas, who will have to be chastised. Sooner or later, something of the kind is bound to happen, but it is to be hoped that a country so remote from the Nile will continue under its native rulers as long as possible.
What the future political status of the Soudan will be depends upon the course of events in Egypt. As long as Lord Cromer is there—and long may it be—everyone may feel easy. But when some lesser man has to stand as buffer between Egypt and the Foreign Office, it may make a great difference whether Egypt takes her place as definitely a part of the British Empire or not. Every year the number of British civilians in the Soudan service is growing. Great as have been the services of the officers of the Egyptian army, their employment has this disadvantage, that they are liable to be called away just when they are most required, and when they have thoroughly learned the business of administration. It has been good for the Soudan to have the choice of some of the most capable officers in the British Army for her civil work, and a spell of civil administration is excellent training for the soldier. But a glance at the names of the governors and inspectors of provinces year by year shows what a number of changes there are under the system. Some of them will probably throw in their lot definitely with the Soudan; but this can only be counted upon in exceptional cases. As administration becomes more complicated, it will be less possible for the soldier to take up the reins as he can now. Specially trained men will be more and more necessary. But at present the Soudan civil service is a water-tight compartment. Its members are in a doubtful sort of position. They are not in the Egyptian service, nor in the British Colonial Service, nor are they definitely under the Foreign Office. Up till now there has been no difficulty in recruiting the small number of capable civilians required. But as the number increases there may be some difficulty in obtaining sufficient candidates of the right stamp. Unless the country becomes very much more wealthy, it has no great prizes to offer. But if the whole Nile Valley were in practice regarded as one country, which it really is, and all under one head, with one combined civil service, there would be much more scope for able men, and each part of it would benefit by the possibilities of interchange.
It would be a great piece of organization; but, with Indian experience before us, there is no reason why it should not be a success. Direct administration ought not to be in the hands of the Foreign Office, which has plenty of diplomatic business of its own to look after. In one department, and that a very important one, the whole of Nileland will, indeed, be so organized in practice. When the great schemes for the final binding of the Nile are put in hand, they must be all under one control, and that control will be exercised from Cairo. It would be intolerable and impossible that every time it was thought desirable to open the Reservoir gates, say of Lake Albert, there should have to be negotiations between district governments or departments. The water of the Nile has made its powerful political influence felt throughout the Soudan; in time it will play its part in Uganda.
But such semi-continental speculations are unprofitable except for those who have some power to realize them. For the present the horizon of Soudan politics is bounded by the railway. From its completion all immediate plans of progress must take their start. It would be foolish to take too sanguine a view. Railway communication between Khartoum and the Red Sea will not smooth away all the difficulties of administration. There will still be years of low Nile and scanty rainfall. There will still be an abominable climate during a large portion of the year. Mosquitoes, sand-flies, and other insects will still ply their uncomfortable occupations. Dhurra will still suffer from curious and unique parasites. Cattle will be subject to murrain. Perhaps cotton, free from ‘worm’ and ‘hog,’ will discover some new foe to combat. Locusts and white ants will still occasionally devour what they ought not, and possibly develop fresh objectionable tastes. New Mahdis, unconvinced by the doom of their predecessors, may still require to be put down from time to time. Economic laws cannot be expected to work with the same certainty and freedom from cross-currents as they do in Egypt. In other words, the Soudan is a tropical country, subject to surprises: it will have its ups and downs like other places. These and similar difficulties it would have to face, railway or no railway. But beyond question, once the line is open, it will be in a far better position to grapple with them all, and to reap the benefits of the sound foundations which are now being solidly and patiently laid by the handful of Englishmen to whose charge its destinies have been entrusted by Fate. And whatever else of good or evil the future may have in store, the Soudan has one treasure which makes it certain that it will never again be allowed to lapse from the pale of civilization, and that is not the gold which attracted the attention of its former invaders, with such disastrous consequences both to conquerors and conquered, but the inestimable possession of the Nile.
INDEX
- Abbas Pasha, 30
- Abd-el-Kader, 160
- Abd-el-Rahman the Just, 151
- Abu Hamed, 168, 175, 176, 229
- Abu Simbel, temple of, 174
- Abu Zeid, 125
- Abyssinia:
- Bonchamps Expedition from, 170
- coffee from, 239, 241
- Egypt—
- annexations by, 153
- defeat by, 144
- defeat of, 154
- frontier settlement with, 193, 232, 274
- gold district in, 245
- Gordon’s arrangement with, 155
- Khalifa at war with, 166
- Nile, treaty regarding (1902), 113
- scenery and climate on frontier of, 189
- Sennar triumph over, 140, 141
- slave-raiding on frontier of, 211
- trade with—
- cotton in demand for, 242
- railway suggested to open up, 232
- Sobat as route for, 233
- Achmet Bey, 143
- Acre, 24, 28
- Adlan, King, 140, 144
- Agricultural Banks, 105, 234
- Ahmed Hamad, 207
- Aird and Co., 81
- Akobo River, 187
- Albert Edward Lake, 121
- Albert Nyanza:
- Baker’s discovery of, 149
- circumnavigation of, 151, 157
- dam on, scheme for, 118-123
- regulator at, suggestion of, 132, 133
- Alexandria, journey from, to Khartoum, 173-177
- Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur, 190, 192, 193, 274
- Amara Dunkas, 140
- Ambadi, Lake, 126
- American Medical Mission, 223
- Angarebs, 182
- ‘Antiquos,’ 182
- Arabia, slave demand in, 212
- Arabic, 198, 224
- Arabs:
- as engineers, 29
- characteristics of, 223, 225
- intermixture with negroes, 140
- misrule by, 19
- slave-trade carried on by, 140, 142
- Soudanese settlements of (A.D. 700), 139
- Training College for, 204, 222, 223
- views on slavery, 213
- Ardrup, 154
- Argin, 166
- Assiout Barrage:
- beneficial effect of, 89
- construction of, 85, 86
- cost of, 88, 89
- Assouan:
- granite outcrop at, 73, 81, 93; quarries, 93, 94
- journey to, from Luxor, 174
- maximum flood at, variations in, 11
- Nile discharges at, 6-10, 75, 89
- prosperity of, 91
- ‘red’ water at, 8
- site of, 92
- Assouan Dam:
- appearance of, 95-98
- Barrage in relation to, 28
- beneficial effects of, 82-84
- compensation cases arising from, 103, 104
- construction of—
- difficulties of, 82
- numbers employed in, 82
- time allowed for, 81
- cost of, 88
- dimensions of, 82
- distribution of water stored by, 82, 83, 85
- financial arrangements regarding, 79, 84
- inauguration of, 92, 98-102
- locks on west side of, 82, 96
- nature of, 74, 75
- Philæ champions’ effect on, 76
- suggestion of, 72, 73
- volume of water to be provided by, if raised to full height, 114
- Atbara, Battle of the, 168, 176
- Atbara River:
- basin irrigation on, suggested, 236
- disappearance of, 6, 10
- flood-water on, date of, 8
- intercepting of, suggested, 133
- junction of, with Nile, 5
- railway to cross, project of, 230
- soil in district of, 189
- Austrian R.C. Mission, 223
- Azande (Niam-Niams), 145, 194
- Baadi, King, 140, 141
- Babu class non-existent, 224
- Baggara tribes, 190
- Bahr el Gebel. See Nile, White
- Bahr el Ghazal:
- Kitchener’s gunboats on, 168
- sudd in, 126, 131
- waste of, 5, 124, 125
- Bahr el Ghazal Province:
- finances of, 259
- French advance into, 169, 170
- Gessi’s exploits in, 157
- iron in, 244
- nature of country, 189
- rubber from, 239, 244
- situation of, 191
- slave-trade in, 145, 150
- Suleiman’s revolt in, 156
- tribes in, 194
- waterways in, 189, 233
- Bahr el Homr, 169
- Bahr el Zeraf. See under Nile
- Bahr Yusuf, 29, 31, 85
- Baker, Sir Benjamin, 70
- Baker, Sir Samuel: dam suggested by (1867), 73; travels of (1863 and 1870), 128; Ismail’s employment of, 148, 149
- Baker, Valentine, 164
- Baksheesh, 103
- Bari tribe, 180
- Baring, Sir E. See Cromer
- Baro River, 187
- Barrage, nature of, 46. See also Damietta and Rosetta
- Barun negroes, 211
- Basin irrigation. See under Irrigation
- Belgians, advance of, 169
- Lado Enclave leased to, 188
- Beni Gerrar, 190
- Beni Omr, 139
- Beni Shangul, 142, 245
- Berber:
- colony at, a failure, 227
- fakir suspected of murder in, 210
- Kitchener’s occupation of, 168
- kuttab, model, established at, 222
- railway from Suakin to, project of, 165, 230, 231, 244, 256, 267-269, 277
- rebuilding of, 177
- situation of, 191
- telegraph from, to Suakin, 256, 257
- Berber Province:
- cotton in, 242; prospects of investment in, 244
- finances of, 259
- irrigation needed in, 235
- sakiehs, derelict, in (1881), 148
- sugar-cane cultivated in, 241
- taxation in, remission of, 249; incidence of, formerly, 250
- Berea, 20
- Berms, nature of, 16; irrigation of, 32, 37
- Bersine (Egyptian clover), 36, 39-41
- Blackwater fever, 194
- Blue Nile. See under Nile
- Bonchamps Expedition, 170
- Bongo tribe, 145, 180, 194
- Bor, 119, 124, 191
- Borillos, Lake, 20
- Boulé, M., 73
- British rule, native attitude towards, 107-109, 263
- Brooke, Mr., 55
- Brown, Sir Hanbury, 44, 53, 55
- Cadi, office of, 203, 204
- Cairo:
- journey from, to Luxor, 174
- Mohammedan University of, 109
- Nile at—
- discharges of, 16, 17
- ‘red’ water, 8
- view of, 4
- Caisse de la Dette, 78
- Camels—breeding of, 190, 233; employment of, 232, 233
- Cassel, Sir E., 79
- Cattle-breeding, 190
- Chak Chak, 194
- Chaltin, 169
- Channurmin, 194
- Cholera, 144
- Clover (bersine), 36, 39-41
- Coal, price of, 228, 255; absence of, 245
- Coast lands, sinking of, 21
- Coffee, 239, 241
- Commerce. See Soudan, trade
- Congo Free State, 169, 187
- Copper-mines, 152, 245
- Corruption, 103, 197
- Corvée:
- abolition of, 64, 105
- floods, during, 65, 66
- Government right regarding, maintained, 65
- hardship of, formerly, 44, 59-63
- liability to serve in, 63
- Mehemet Ali’s use of, 24, 27
- periods of demand for, 62
- remains of, 18
- Cotton crop:
- diseases of—‘worm’ and ‘hog’ non-existent, 244, 276
- experimental farm at Shendi, 243
- hardiness of, 84
- irrigation of, 40-42; perennial, required, 24
- seasons of, 40, 41
- Soudan suitable for, 237, 241, 242;
- quality produced, 243
- value of, 39
- Cotton goods:
- Soudanese imports of, 237, 238; demand in Kordofan, 270
- Cotton, raw:
- Soudanese exports of, 239, 241
- Cotton, Sir Arthur, 74
- Cromer, Lord (Sir Evelyn Baring): Lord Lawrence compared with, 43, 44; on the Barrage, 58; arranges financial difficulties of Reservoir scheme, 78, 79, 82; importance of work represented by, 100; insight of, 105; promise of, regarding education, 225; confidence in, 274; Report of, quoted, 205, 267, 268
- Dabik, 21
- Dam. See Assouan Dam
- Damietta Barrage:
- construction of, 47, 49-53
- cost of repairs to, 51
- effect of, in 1884, 50
- useless condition of, formerly, 30, 43
- Damirah, 21
- Danagla tribe, 167
- Dar Nuba, 180
- D’Arnaud, 127
- Darfur:
- Belgian advance to, 169
- disturbance on borders of, 192
- feathers from, 180, 239, 241
- founding of sultanate of, 140
- independence of, 190, 274
- Ismail’s annexation of, 151, 152
- Khalifa from, 165
- nature of country, 188
- rebellion in (1877), 155, 156; revolt against the Khalifa, 166
- Sultan of, 190, 192, 193, 274
- Dates, Dongola varieties of, 229
- tax on, 39, 252
- Dem Zubehr, 169, 194
- Dembo tribe, 146
- Dervishes, 165, 166, 186, 191
- Dinder River, 187, 242
- Dinka tribe, 145, 180, 194
- Diseases:
- blackwater fever, 194
- cholera, 144
- malaria, 189, 234
- research connected with, 225
- Dhurra, 236, 276
- Dongola:
- colony at, a failure, 227
- dervish occupation of, 165
- fakir charged with poisoning in, 208-210
- Kitchener’s occupation of, 168
- kuttab, model, established at, 222
- situation of, 191
- Dongola Expedition (1896), 166
- Dongola Province:
- climate of, 229
- cotton in, 242; prospects of investment in, 244
- dates in, 229
- irrigation needed in, 235
- Land Commission in, 202
- land-tax, proportion contributed by, 259
- language of, 190
- Mahdi, the, a native of, 160
- population of, 230
- profits of, 258, 259
- railway in, 229, 230
- sakiehs, derelict, in (1881), 148
- sugar-cane cultivated in, 241
- taxation in, remission of, 249; incidence of, formerly, 250
- trade of, 230
- Drainage, 87, 88
- Duem:
- district near, 235
- gum from, 240
- railway from, suggested, 232
- telegraph at, 257
- Duffile, 5, 119, 169
- Ed Damer, 272
- Edka, Lake, 20
- Education. See under Soudan
- Egypt:
- Abyssinia, relations with. See under Abyssinia
- Agricultural Bank, 105
- cultivable land in, situation of, 13; amount of, 37
- finances of—
- Agricultural Bank, 105
- Caisse de la Dette, 78
- international complications of, 78
- reproductive expenditure, 88, 104
- government of, 261
- irrigation. See Irrigation
- Egypt, Lower:
- crops, table of, 38
- irrigation improvement in, due to Dam, 83
- Egypt, Upper:
- basin irrigation in, 16
- characteristics of, 68, 69
- crops in—
- cotton, 41
- rice, 42
- summer, 39; increase in, due to Barrage, 50, 51, 55
- table of, 38
- cultivable land in, 13, 37
- Egyptians:
- Arab attitude towards, 223
- army—
- fellaheen’s dislike to service in, 33, 265
- officers, grievances of, 108, 109
- British rule, attitude towards, 107-109
- characteristics of, 106, 109; physical, 33, 180
- slave-trade encouraged by, 145, 154, 155
- Soudan—
- Government posts in, held by, 197, 198, 266
- misrule of, 144-148
- El Fasher, 164
- El Nemr, 143
- El Obeid:
- gum from, 181, 240
- Mahdi’s victory over, 162
- railway to, from Omdurman, suggested, 232
- slave-trade suppression inspector at, 212
- Soudanese Cadi appointed to, 204
- telegraph at, 257
- El Teb, 164
- Emin Bey, 151, 156
- Equatoria:
- Baker’s expedition to, 128
- Emin’s rule of, 156
- Gordon appointed Governor-General of, 150
- Eritrea, 187, 191, 274
- Fakirs, 208-210
- Famaka, 168, 187
- Fashoda:
- French advance to, 169, 170
- Shilluk rising at, 157
- telegraph to, 257
- Fashoda Province:
- cotton wild in, 241
- finances of, 259
- natives of, 193
- situation of, 191
- tobacco in, 241
- Fatiko, 150
- Fayoum:
- exceptional character of, 13
- irrigated lands in, 31; increase of, due to Dam, 83
- Mœris, Lake, in, 29
- water-wheels in, 34
- Fazokhl:
- British and Egyptian advance to, 168
- Fungs at, 140
- Ismail’s advance to, 142
- tobacco produced at, 241
- Feathers, exports of, from Soudan, 180, 239, 241; tax on, 253
- Fellaheen. See Egyptians
- Finance. See under Egypt and Soudan
- Football, 220
- Foster, E. W. P., 44
- French:
- engineers, work of, 29. See also Mougel
- Fashoda, advance of, 169, 170
- Wadai occupied by, 273
- French Congoland, 187
- Fuel, price of, 228, 255
- Fungs, 140, 141
- Gallabat:
- cotton grown at, 242
- railway to, suggested, 232
- telegraph at, 257
- Garstin, Sir W.: surveys by, 44, 115, 123, 126; quoted, 114, 121, 122, 130; cited, 119, 122
- Gash. See Khor Gash
- Gedaref:
- colony at, 228
- cotton grown at, 242
- Mahdi’s success at, 164
- railway to, suggested, 232
- telegraph at, 257
- Gessi, 129, 157, 158
- Gharbia, 45, 64
- Ghazal River. See Bahr el Ghazal
- Ghezireh (Island of Sennar):
- profits of, 259
- railway in, suggested, 232
- situation of, 191
- soil of, 191, 235, 236, 242
- Ginnis, 165
- Gizeh, irrigation improvement in, 83
- Pyramids of, 63, 94
- Godavery Dam, 74
- Gold:
- Nile Valley Gold Mining Company, 232
- prospecting licenses for, 245
- undesirability of, for Soudan, 245
- Golo tribe, 146, 194
- Gondokoro (Ismailia):
- Baker’s arrival at (1871), 150
- boats plying to, 233
- position of, 187
- Gordon, General: Ismail’s employment of, 148; Governor-General of Equatoria, 150; attitude of, towards slave trade, 150, 151; advises occupation of Mombasa, 153; recalled to the Soudan, 155; quells Darfur rebellion, 155, 156; tours of, 156; returns to England, 157; sent to evacuate the Soudan, 163; death of, 165
- Gordon College:
- bacteriological research laboratory at, 217, 224
- buildings and situation of, 178, 214-217
- character of, 217, 224
- funds of, 216, 217
- technical workshop apparatus at, 217, 221
- Goz Abu Goma, 257
- Graham, General, 164, 165
- Granite at Assouan, 73, 81, 93; in the Atbara region, 189
- Greek traders, 245, 246
- Grenfell, General Lord, 166
- Guinea worm, 234
- Gum:
- exports of, from Soudan (1879-1881), 239; (1899-1900), 240
- price of, 240
- sorting of, 180
- substitutes for, 240
- tax on, 253
- uses of, 239
- Guttapercha (rubber), 239, 244; tax on, 253
- Halfa (see also Wadi Halfa):
- British appearance of, 175
- primary school at, 218, 222
- situation of, 191
- Halfa Province, profits of, 259
- Halfaya:
- characteristics of, 177
- industrial school to be removed to, 220
- Hamegs, 140, 141, 143
- Harrar, 152, 153, 156
- Harûn, 156
- Hashab, 239, 240
- Hashin, 165
- Hellet Abbas, 227
- Herodotus, 70, 134
- Hicks Pasha, 162
- Hofrat-en-Nahas, 152, 169, 245
- Hunter, General, 176
- Ibrahim, 142
- Ibrahimiyah Canal, 30, 63, 85, 89
- India:
- administrators from, 43
- Soudanese trade with, formerly, 231, 237, 238
- Indian corn (maize), 40, 55
- Iron, 146, 244
- Irrigation:
- basin—
- extent of system in Upper Egypt, 16
- improvements in, 15
- invention of, 13
- method of, 13-15
- expenditure on, in twenty years, 88
- perennial—
- advantages and disadvantages of, 25, 26
- Corvée hardships incidental to, 61
- high flood in relation to, 132
- Mehemet Ali’s schemes of, 23-26
- pumping-engines, 35; system of rotations, 56
- responsibilities connected with, 111, 112
- Soudan, in, need and scope for, 234-236, 242, 243
- Islam, 160, 161
- Ismail, Khedive: corvée employed by, 30, 31, 62; characteristics of, 31, 71; Soudan under, 139, 148; annexations by, 149, 169; slave policy of, 149; impending ruin of, 151
- Ismail Pasha Ayoub, 128
- Ismail (son of Mehemet Ali), 142, 143
- Ismailia (Gondokoro), 150
- Italians, Massowah under, 169, 274
- stone-cutters, 82
- Ivory, 180, 239, 253
- Jaaffer Pasha, 147
- Jaalin tribe, 167, 186
- John, King of Abyssinia, 154
- Juba River Expedition, 153, 154
- Jur River, 131, 194, 233
- Jur tribe, 146, 194
- Justice, idea of, 205, 206
- Kabbabish tribe, 166, 190
- Kantar, equivalent of, 84
- Karnak, 174
- Kassala:
- colony at, 227, 228
- cotton factory formerly at, 242
- railway branch to, suggested, 232
- situation of, 191
- sugar-cane and tobacco cultivated at, 241
- telegraph at, 257
- Kassala Province (Taka):
- coffee from, 239
- cotton from, 241
- educational facilities non-existent in, 223
- Egyptian tyranny over, 144
- finances of, 259
- Kerma, 229
- Kerreri, 168, 183
- Khalifa Abdullah: Mahdi succeeded by, 165; advance of, 166; tyranny of, 167, 186; fall of, 168; house of, 180; carriage of, 181; learning suppressed by, 216
- Khanoon Humayoum, 201
- Khartoum:
- British battalion at, maintenance of, 263
- climate of, 179
- court of appeal at, 202
- fall of, to the Mahdi, 165
- football at, 220
- gardens at, 235
- Gordon besieged in, 164
- Gordon College at. See Gordon College
- Greek traders in, 246
- gum sorting at, 240
- journey to, from Alexandria, 173-177
- mudirieh of, 191
- mutiny at, 192
- Nile, discharges of, 6, 8; view of, 179
- primary school at, 218, 219, 222
- quarters and condition of, 178, 179
- situation of, 5, 177
- slave-trade centre at, 144
- Suakin, railway connection with, project of, 230, 231, 244, 256, 267-269, 277
- telegraph to Duem from, 257
- Khartoumers, 145, 149
- Khor Baraka, 242
- Khor Gash, 187, 228; alluvial deposits of, 241, 242
- Kind, payment in, 252
- Kitchener, Lord: advance of, blocked by sudd, 129; successes of, 168; interest of, in Gordon College, 216-218
- Koran, study of, 221, 222
- Kordofan:
- Achmet’s conquest of, 143
- cotton goods, demand for, in, 270
- Egyptian tyranny over, 144
- feathers from, 239, 241
- gum from, 180
- iron in, 245
- Mahdi, a, captured in, 162, 195, 272
- mixed race in, 190
- nature of country, 188
- Nuba settlers in, 140; raiding by, 193
- profits of, 258
- rising in (1878), 156
- situation of, 191
- tobacco and sugar-cane in 241
- Korosko, 174; desert, 168
- Korti, 165, 176
- Kosheh, 165
- Kurshid, 144
- Kuttabs, 221-223
- Lado, Nile discharges at, 6, 8
- Lado Enclave, 188, 261
- Lakes, 20, 21
- Lawrence, Lord, 44
- Linant Pasha, 27, 46
- Liotard, M., 169
- Lupton Bey, 164
- Luxor, 174
- McKillop Pasha, 153
- Mahdi, the (Sheikh Mohammed Ahmed): rising of, 160-165; death of, 165; tomb of, 181; attitude of, towards Sheikh-es-Senussi, 273
- Mahdis, various, 195, 272, 276
- Maize (Indian corn), 40, 55
- Malaria, 189, 234
- Mamurs, 192, 202
- Manures, 36, 37
- Marchand, Captain, 169, 170
- Mareotis, Lake, 20
- Marno, 129
- Martial law, 200
- Martyr, Colonel, 129
- Massowah:
- Egyptian army’s retreat to, 154
- Ismail’s purchase of, 149
- Italian possession of, 169, 274
- Mather, Sir W., 217, 221
- Mehemet Ali: career and works of, 23-29; scientific expedition despatched by, 127; Soudanese Empire founded by, 139, 141, 142; otherwise mentioned, 70, 71
- Mekhemeh Sharia, 203
- Menelik, King, 154, 193
- Menes, King, 4, 13
- Menoufia, 45, 64
- Menzalah, Lake, 20, 21
- Merowe, 165, 168
- Meshra el Rek, 168, 194
- Messalamia, 257
- Metemmeh:
- Achmet’s massacre at, 143
- Jaalin massacred at, 186
- relief expedition to, 165
- Military government, nature of, 198
- Missionaries, sphere of, 223
- Mœris, Lake, 29, 70
- Mohamed Pasha Said, 162
- Mohammed Ahmed, Sheikh. See Mahdi
- Mohammedan law, sacred, 203, 204
- Universities, 215
- Moncrieff, Sir Colin Scott. See Scott-Moncrieff
- Mongalla, 187
- Mombasa, Gordon’s advice regarding, 153; railway, 118
- Mosque el Azhar, 109
- Mosquitoes, 126, 132, 234, 276
- Mougel Bey, 29, 30, 46, 58
- M’tesa, King, 150, 151
- Mukhtar Pasha, 102
- Mudirs, 191, 192, 258
- Napoleon, 27, 28; letter of, to Abd-el-Rahman, 151
- Navigation of canals, freedom of, 45
- Negroes:
- Arabian intermixture with, 140, 189, 190
- Barun, 211
- Nejumi, 166
- Neufeld, Charles, 181
- Niam-Niams (Azande), 145, 194
- Nile River:
- Bahr el Zeraf—
- course of, 126-128
- scheme regarding, 120
- slave stations on, 150
- Blue-
- course of, between Lake Tsana and Khartoum, 116
- exploration of (1902-1903), 115 flood on, date of, 8; suggestion of intercepting, 133
- height of banks of, above Khartoum, 235
- irrigation works on, arguments for, 117, 236
- junction of, with White Nile, 184
- Khartoum, discharges at, 6, 8; viewed from, 179
- traffic on, 233
- cataracts of, 6
- course of, 5
- Dam. See Assouan Dam
- Damietta branch of—
- Barrage on. See Damietta Barrage
- Mehemet Ali’s plan regarding, 27
- Zifta Barrage on, 87
- deflection of, by ancient enemies of Egypt, 112, 113
- discharges of, 6-10, 75, 89
- ‘green’ water, 7
- floods, corvée during, 65, 66
- gauges of, 66
- importance of, 4, 112, 113, 184, 277
- low, period of recurrence of, 83, 84
- ‘red’ water, 8
- Reservoir. See Assouan Dam
- rise of, dates of, 7-9
- Rosetta branch of, Barrage on. See Rosetta Barrage
- Somerset, 5, 120, 121
- special measures regarding, in 1900, 56, 57
- sudd in. See Sudd
- sunsets on, 76
- weirs on, to relieve Barrage, 54
- White-
- Austrian R.C. Mission on, 223
- Bahr el Gebel—
- Baker’s ascent of, 128
- channel of, 119, 124
- course of, 125
- danger from excessive flood in, 132
- sudd in, 126, 129
- Baker’s expedition up (1861), 149
- bed of, 119
- discharge of, maximum, 8
- garrisons on, 151
- ‘green’ water in, 7
- importance of, 9
- islands in, irrigation on, 235
- junction of, with Blue Nile, 184
- Mehemet Ali’s scientific expedition sent to, 127
- name of, 5
- population on, 119
- slave-trade along, 145
- traffic on, 233
- Valley of, 118
- Zero, meaning of, 11
- Nile Valley—
- Administration of, varieties in, 261
- trade route by, 231, 237, 254, 268
- Nile Valley Gold Mining Company, 232
- Nileland, one authority for, 135, 275, 276
- Nili, 11
- No, Lake, 119, 120, 193; origin of, 124, 125
- Nubas, 140, 193
- Nubia:
- antiquities of, 174
- Gold Mining Company in, 232
- native boatmen in, 175
- Nubian Desert, 135, 175
- Nuers, 193
- Omdurman:
- buildings, etc., in, 181, 182
- characteristics of, 179, 180
- Government factories at, 177
- Greek traders in, 245, 246
- growth of population of, under Khalifa, 167
- industrial school at, 220, 221
- Kitchener’s capture of, 168
- market of, 168, 181, 182, 271
- primary school at, 218, 219; training college in connection with, 204, 222, 223; kuttab in connection with, 222
- railway to El Obeid from, suggested, 232
- situation of, 180
- Taaisha tribe settled at, 167
- Osman Digna, 165, 166
- Ostrich-farming, 241. See also Feathers
- Papyrus, 125
- Peel, Captain Sir William, quoted, 135, 136
- Perfumeries, 183, 230, 237, 238
- Philæ, 75-77, 94, 174
- Pibor River, 187
- Portland cement, 52, 53, 82
- Pumping. See under Irrigation
- Pyramids, 27, 63, 94
- Rahad River, 6, 187, 242
- Ramadan, 93
- Raouf Pasha, 152, 153, 159
- Rayah Behera, 45
- Rayah Menoufia, 45
- Rayah Tewfiki, 45
- Reform, native attitude towards, 106
- Reid, Mr., 44, 50
- Rejaf, 119, 169
- Reproductive works, 88, 104
- Reservoir, ancient, 70, 71, 95
- modern. See Assouan Dam
- Rhodes, Cecil, 257
- Rice, cultivation of, 41, 42; imports of, 237, 238
- ‘Ride across the Nubian Desert, A,’ 135, 136
- Ripon Falls, 133
- Rosaires:
- cataracts of, 117
- slave-trade suppression inspector at, 212
- steamer communication with, 233
- Rosetta Barrage:
- appearance of, 96, 97
- cement used in, amount of, 53
- construction of, 46, 47, 50-53
- cost of repairs to, 51
- effect of, in 1884, 49, 50
- Mehemet Ali’s scheme for, 27
- structure of, 44
- subsidence in, 30, 43, 47
- weir to relieve, 54, 55
- Ross, Colonel, 44, 89
- Rubber (guttapercha), 239, 244; tax on, 253
- Rumbek, 194
- Ruwenzori, 135
- Sabaini, 41
- Said Pasha: corvée employed by, 62; desirous of evacuating Soudan, 146; reforms of, 147
- Sakiehs (water-wheels):
- numbers of, between Khartoum and Berber, 234, 235
- structure of, 34
- taxation of, 147, 250
- Salt, injurious effect of, 19, 40
- Scents, 183, 230, 237, 238
- Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin: Baring’s support of, 44; decision of, on pumping-stations, 48; intercedes for Mougel Bey, 58
- Seasons, 10, 11, 35
- Setit River, 187
- Semliki River, 121
- Senna, 239
- Sennar:
- Arabian settlements in (A.D. 700), 139
- civilization, former, 140, 141, 272
- cotton formerly grown in, 242
- Egyptian tyranny over, 144
- finances of, 259
- kuttab at capital of, 222
- Mahdi in, 162
- murder case from, 207
- situation of, 191
- telegraph in, 257
- University formerly in, 272
- Sennar, Island of. See Ghezireh
- Serut fly, 233, 234
- Shadoofs, 32-34
- Shambe, 120, 126, 194
- Sharaki lands, 14, 15, 89, 249
- Shilluks:
- cotton neglected by, 241
- King of, tax-collecting emulated by, 193
- Omdurman, at, 180
- slaves raided from, 140
- Sheikh-es-Senussi, 273
- Shellal, 174
- Shendi:
- climate and soil of, 188
- cotton farm at, 243
- Crewe of the Soudan, 177
- Ismail murdered at, 143
- Sinkat, 164, 230
- Slatin, Sir Rudolf von, 164, 181; cited, 167; quoted, 226
- Slave-trade:
- Abyssinian frontier, raiding on, 211
- Arabian occupation in, 140, 142; Arabian market for, 212
- British measures against, 212, 271
- Egyptian responsibility for, 145, 154, 155
- Gordon’s suppression of, 150, 151
- Ismail’s policy regarding, 149
- Khalifa, under, 168
- Khartoum a centre of, 144
- Soudan, prevalence in, 142, 155; fostered by overtaxation, 250
- Wadai, at, 273
- Slavery, Arab view of, 213
- Small-pox, inoculation for, 272
- Soap, manufacture of, 238
- Sobat River:
- Abyssinian agreement regarding, 113
- American Medical Mission on, 223
- district south of, 189
- garrisons on, 151
- ‘green’ water from tributaries of, 7
- importance of, 5, 119
- trade possibilities of, 233
- white sediment in, 5
- Sobat Valley, rainfall in, 8
- Sohagia Canal, 16
- Somaliland, 153
- Sorghum crops, 41
- Soudan (for special towns and districts, see their titles):
- agriculture in, importance of, 234, 245
- loans for, 234
- area of, 188
- boundaries of, 171, 175, 186-188
- British administration of, 186; native attitude towards, 196
- capital of, 173
- climates of, 188
- colonization in, 227
- Convention of 1899, 262
- Customs receipts. See Soudan, finances
- depopulation of, 185; increase of population, 227, 230
- diseases. See Diseases
- education—
- Cromer, Lord, on, 225
- Department of, 201, 217
- elementary character of, required, 216
- English, teaching of, 224
- expenditure on, in three years, 218
- Gordon College. See Gordon College
- kuttabs, 221-223
- primary schools established, 218, 219; kuttabs, 221-223
- technical, 217, 220, 221
- training college for Sheikhs, 222, 223
- Egypt—
- army of occupation from, maintenance of, 255, 264
- financial relations with. See Soudan, finances
- importance of Soudan to, 114, 115, 265
- rule of, 144-148
- evacuation of, contemplated, 163
- finances (see also Soudan, taxation)—
- Budget, 247, 249, 250; for 1902, 253; estimates for 1903, 257
- capital, dearth of, 234, 266
- Customs duties on land side retained by Egypt, 253, 254, 263
- Egyptian control of, 247; contribution, amount of, 259, 260, 266; expenditure, 1899-1903, 263
- public works, expenditure on, 258
- revenue, sources of, 247, 248
- sound condition of, 260
- flood-gauges in, 66
- gold in, rumours of, 141, 142; undesirability of, 245
- government of—
- British officials, versatility required of, 195, 196, 198, 199; keenness of, 196; age of, 197; changes among, 275; status of, 275
- Egyptian officials, 197, 198, 266
- methods of, 190-192
- nature of, 261-263
- investments in cotton in, prospects for, 244
- irrigation. See Irrigation
- justice, administration of, 201-203, 206-211
- kidnapping in, 212
- land-measuring, instruction in, 219
- land-ownership in, 198, 202; Government the admitted owner, 249
- land-tax. See Soudan, taxation
- legal administration in, 201-203, 206, 207
- legal adviser in, 201; cited, 207
- manufactures of, 242
- Mehemet Ali’s influence on, 139, 141
- nomad tribes in, 192, 250, 251
- penal code of, 201
- petitions to Governor-General in, 211, 249
- population of, increasing, 227, 230
- post and telegraphs, 254, 256, 257
- provinces of, 191
- railways in—
- capital expenditure on, 256, 260, 264
- Halfa-Kerma, 229
- Halfa-Khartoum, 228
- Suakin-Berber, project of, 165, 230, 231, 244, 256, 267-269, 277
- takings of, 254, 255
- various, suggestion of, 232
- skilled labour, dearth of, 220
- slave-trade. See Slave-trade
- Steamer and Boats Department, 255
- Stewart’s report on (1883), 159, 171, 237
- taxation in—
- amount raised by, annually, 251
- date-tax, 252
- gum, etc., on, 253
- land-tax—
- amounts of, 252
- assessment of, 219
- Dongola, contribution from, 259
- proportion of taxation raised by, 252
- lightness of, 253, 267
- tribute, 192, 250, 251
- Ushur, 252
- various items in Budget of 1902, 253
- telegraphs in, 254, 256, 257
- trade in—
- Greeks engaged in, 245, 246
- Indian, former, 231, 237, 238
- Nile Valley route for, 231, 237, 254, 268
- obstacles to, 226, 227
- returns of imports and exports, 237-239
- water-ways for, 233
- transport in, difficulties of, 227, 228; improvements in, 232
- Turk, native attitude towards, 142, 193
- war in, cost of, 263
- reservoir project affected by, 78
- Soudanese:
- Arab, 189, 190
- illiteracy of, 216
- negro, 189, 190
- women—
- appearance of, 183
- coiffure of, 183
- employments of, 178, 180
- Mahdi, woman as, 195
- military honour regarded by, 176
- mutiny at Khartoum concerning, 192
- Stewart, Colonel D. H.: report by, on the Soudan, 159, 171, 237; death of, 171; list of tribes by, 185, 186
- Suakin:
- Customs receipts at, decrease in, 254
- Ismail’s purchase of, 149
- primary school at, 218, 222
- railway to Berber from, project of, 165, 230, 231, 244, 256, 267-269, 277
- situation of, 191
- telegraphs from, 257
- trade returns at, 237-239
- Sudd:
- clearing of, 129-132, 233
- nature of, 126
- obstructions caused by, 127-129, 158
- Sueh River, 169
- Suez Canal, 62, 149
- Sugar, Soudanese imports of, 238, 241, 265
- Sugar-cane, 39, 41, 241
- Suleiman (son of Zubehr), 152, 155-157
- Sultâni, 41
- Taaisha tribe, 165, 167
- Taboot, 34
- Taha Ali, 207, 208
- Taiara, 239
- Taka. See Kassala
- Tamai, 164, 165
- Tamarinds, 239
- Taufikieh, 223
- Taxation:
- collection of taxes—
- extortion formerly connected with, 159, 160, 248, 250
- Shilluk King’s attempts at, 193
- time of, 105, 248
- principles of, 248, 249
- reduction of, 105
- remission of, 249
- sakiehs, of, 147, 250
- slave trade fostered by excessive, 250
- Soudan, in. See Soudan, taxation in
- Tembura, 169
- Tewfik, Khedive, 157
- Thames, discharges of, at Teddington, 9 note
- Thebes, Plain of, 174
- Timbuctoo, fakir from, 208-210
- Tinnis, 21
- Tobacco, 237, 238, 241
- Tokar:
- cotton produced at, 242
- garrison at (1883), 164
- recapture of (1891), 166
- telegraph at, 257
- Tonj, 194
- Torricelli, Signor, 73
- Toski, 166
- ‘Track of the forty days,’ 142
- Trade. See Soudan, trade in
- Transvaal War, 186, 200
- Tribute, 192, 250, 251
- Tsana, Lake:
- dam at, scheme of, 116-118
- exploration of (1902-1903), 115
- site of, 116
- treaty regarding (1902), 113
- Tunah, 21
- Tuti Island, 143, 177
- Turkey:
- Commissioner from, for proposed British evacuation, 102
- Soudanese attitude towards, 142, 193
- Suakin and Massowah purchased from, 149
- suzerainty of, over Egypt, but not over Soudan, 261
- Zeila purchased from, 153
- Uganda:
- administration of, 261
- Baker’s relations with, 150
- British protectorate over, declared, 169
- dams on lakes in, scheme of, 118-123
- Gordon’s treaty with, 151
- railway along Abyssinian frontier to, suggested, 232
- Soudanese boundary of, 187
- swamps in, 6
- telegraph tariff to obtain in, 257
- ‘Um soof,’ 126, 129
- Umbrellas, imports of, 238
- Unyoro, 150, 169
- Ushur, 252
- Vansleb, F., quoted, 71, 112
- Victoria Nyanza, dam on, scheme for, 118-123
- regulator at, suggested, 132, 133
- Wad Medani;
- district from, to Duem, 235
- flour-mills at, 234
- kuttab, model, at, 222
- railway to, suggested, 232
- telegraph at, 257
- Wadai, 273
- Wadi Halfa (see also Halfa):
- railway from, 168
- voyage to, from Shellal, 174
- Wages, increase in, 109
- Wau, 131, 194, 233
- Water-wheels. See Sakiehs
- Wellcome, Mr., 217, 224
- Western, Colonel, 44, 50
- Whale-headed stork, 5
- White ants, 256, 276
- White Nile. See under Nile
- Whitehouse, Cope, 72
- Willcocks, Sir William: work of, on Rosetta Barrage, 48, 49; report of, on Nile Dam, 73; cited, 128; otherwise mentioned, 44, 64
- Wingate, Sir Reginald: position of, 185; age of, 197; quoted on possibilities of irrigation, 235, 236
- Wodehouse, General, 166
- Yusuf Pasha, 162
- Zeila, 153
- Zifta Barrage, 87, 88
- Zubehr, 150, 152, 155, 157, 163