1 The Korean Review, July, 1903, pp. 289–294.
2 William Edwin Safford, American Anthropologist, April–June, 1903, p. 293.
3 Otto Scheerer (MS.), The Ibaloi Igorot, MS. Coll., Ethnological Survey for the Philippine Islands.
4 One blind.
5 From Ilokano.
6 Many small stars
7 The country northward
8 The country southward
9 It is probable they seldom count as high as 13,000
10 These people say they have no separate adverbs denoting repetition of action—as, once, twice, thrice, four times, ten times, etc. They use the ordinal numerals for this purpose also.
Plates
Figure 1.
Sketch map of the Philippine Archipelago
Figure 2.
Sketch map of northern Luzon
Figure 3.
Sketch map of Bontoc culture area
Figure 4.
Section of the last long climb from Cervantes to Bontoc
Photo by Martin
Figure 5.
Tilud pass, east side
Photo by Martin
Figure 6.
A glimpse of Igorot land
Photo by Martin
Figure 7.
Ba-lu′-gan pueblo surrounded by rice sementeras
Photo by Martin
Figure 8.
Pueblo of Sagada
Photo by Martin
Figure 9.
The entrance to Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Jenks
Figure 10.
Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 11.
O-gang′-ga of Samoki pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 12.
Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 13.
Bon-gao′ of Alap pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 14.
Bo-da′-da of Samoki pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 15.
U-dao′ of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 16.
Young woman of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 17.
Zag-tag′-an of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 18.
Ka-nay′-u of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 19.
Lang′-sa of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 20.
Sĭt-li′-nĭn of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 21.
Pĭt-ta′-pĭt of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 22.
Girls of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 23.
Blind woman of Bontoc pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 24.
Blind Ta-u′-li of Samoki pueblo
Photo by Martin
Figure 25.
Deformed feet of Bontoc men
Photo by Jenks
Figure 26.
Bontoc pueblo viewed from Samoki
Photo by Martin
Figure 27.
Samoki pueblo viewed from Bontoc
Photo by Martin
Figure 28.
Plat of Bontoc pueblo, showing ato divisions
Figure 29.
Plat of section of a′-to Si-pa′-at
(Fa. is fa′-wi; Pab. is pa-ba-fu′-nan; F. is fay′-ü, the best class of dwelling; K. is kat-yu′-fâng, the poorer class of dwelling; P. is pigpen; the narrow spaces between two rows of stones is the path; the large open space between stone walls is camote ground.)
Figure 30.
Pa-ba-fu′-nan of a′-to Fi′-lĭg
Photo by Worchester
Figure 31.
Fa′-wi of a′-to Si-pa′-at
Photo by Martin
Figure 32.
Fa′-wi of a′-to Cho′-ko
Photo by Martin
Figure 33.
O′-lâg
Photo by Martin
Figure 34.
Bontoc dwelling, the fay′-ü
Photo by Martin
Figure 35.
Timbers for a building seasoning in the mountains
Photo by Martin
Figure 36.
Fay′-ü showing open door
Photo by Martin
Figure 37.
Bontoc dwelling, the Kat-yu′-fong, a widow's house, showing pigpens which extend beneath it
Photo by Martin
Figure 38.
“In the shade of the low, projecting roof”
Photo by Martin
Figure 39.
“The mother who has come down with her babe on her back for an olla of water”
Photo by Jenks
Figure 40.
The baby tenders
Photo by Martin
Figure 41.
Sam-kad′s' death chair
Photo by Jenks
Figure 42.
Pine coffins
Photo by Jenks
Figure 43.
The burial of Som-kad′
Photo by Jenks
Figure 44.
Bûg-ti′ with his wild-cock snare
Photo by Jenks
Figure 45.
Wire cock snare set, with lure cock in center
Photo by Jenks
Figure 46.
Wild-cat caught in the snare kok-o′-lâng
Photo by Jenks
Figure 47.
The bird snare Lĭng-ang′. (Snare set.) (Snare sprung.)
Photo by Jenks
Figure 48.
Trap fishing
Photo by Jenks
Figure 49.
Emptying the fish trap
Photo by Jenks
Figure 50.
Fisherman examining his ob-o′-fu
Photo by Jenks
Figure 51.
Rice sementeras at transplanting season
Photo by Martin
Figure 52.
Banawi rice sementeras
Photo by Worchester
Figure 53.
A terrace wall
Photo by Martin
Figure 54.
Women weeding a terrace wall at soil-turning season
Photo by Martin
Figure 55.
Partial view of Bontoc irrigating works
Photo by Martin
Figure 56.
The main dam, showing irrigation troughs beyond
Photo by Martin
Figure 57.
River irrigation scheme
Figure 58.
Irrigating ditch which feeds the troughs secured to the mountain side shown at the left
Photo by Martin
Figure 59.
Turning the soil in a water-filed sementera, showing women transplanting rice
Photo by Martin
Figure 60.
Mud-spattered soil turners
Photo by Martin
Figure 61.
Soil turners tramping the turned soil smooth and soft
Photo by Martin
Figure 62.
Bontoc camote beds
Photo by Martin
Figure 63.
Men crossing the river with pig manure to fertilize the rice sementeras
Photo by Martin
Figure 64.
Woman digging her final camote crop and working dead grass beneath the soil for fertilizer
Photo by Martin
Figure 65.
The rice seed beds at transplanting time, with granaries immediately beyond
Photo by Martin
Figure 66.
Women transplanting rice
Photo by Martin
Figure 67.
The bird scarers, Ki′-lao, floating over a field of ripening rice
Photo by Jenks
Figure 68.
An outlook to guard against wild hogs
Photo by Martin
Figure 69.
Harvesting the rice
Photo by Jenks
Figure 70.
Two harvesters
Photo by Jenks
Figure 71.
Camote harvest
Photo by Martin
Figure 72.
Rice granaries
Photo by Martin
Figure 73.
Bunches of palay curing on the roof of a dwelling
Photo by Jenks
Figure 74.
Granaries
Photo by Martin
Figure 75.
Carrying home the camotes
Photo by Martin
Figure 76.
Philippine carabaos
Figure 77.
Bontoc pigpens
Photo by Martin
Figure 78.
Cage in which fowls are shut at night
Photo by Martin
Figure 79.
Hats and headband
Photo by Martin
Figure 80.
(a) The bag pocket carried in front; (b) The rain hat
Photo by Worchester/Martin
Figure 81.
Cotton blankets woven by Igorot in the western part of the Bontoc area
Photo by Martin
Figure 82.
Kambulo bark-fiber blankets
Photo by Martin
Figure 83.
Woman spinning thread on her naked thigh
Photo by Martin
Figure 84.
Lepanto Igorot woman weaving
Photo by Worcester
Figure 85.
Wooden “pig pails”
Photo by Martin
Figure 86.
Gourd and wooden spoons
Photo by Martin
Figure 87.
Samoki potters at the clay pit
Photo by Jenks
Figure 88.
Transporting clay from the pit to the pueblo
Photo by Jenks
Figure 89.
(a) Macerating the clays in a wooden mortar; (b) Beginning a pot
Photo by Jenks
Figure 90.
Shaping the rim of a pot
Photo by Martin
Figure 91.
Expanding the bowl of a pot
Photo by Martin
Figure 92.
Smoothing and finishing a sun-dried pot
Photo by Jenks
Figure 93.
Woman's large transportation basket and winnowing tray
Photo by Martin
Figure 94.
Household baskets (sûg-fi′, fa-lo′-ko, ki′-ûg, ko′-lûg)
Photo by Martin
Figure 95.
The traveling basket; so-called “head basket”
Photo by Martin
Figure 96.
Bontoc shields
Photo by Jenks
Figure 97.
Bontoc shields
Photo by Jenks
Figure 98.
The Kalinga shields
Photo by Jenks
Figure 99.
Banawi shield, front and back
Photo by Jenks
Figure 100.
Bontoc war spears (fal-fĕg′)
Photo by Martin
Figure 101.
Spears (fan′-kao and kay-yan′)
Photo by Martin
Figure 102.
Bontoc battle-axes, with bajuco ferrules
Photo by Jenks
Figure 103.
Bontoc battle-axes, with steel ferrules
Photo by Martin
Figure 104.
The Balbelasan or northern battle-ax
Photo by Jenks
Figure 105.
Agawa clay pipe maker
Photo by Jenks
Figure 106.
Agawa clay pipes. (Those in the lower row are finished.)
Photo by Jenks
Figure 107.
Finished Agawa clay pipes, with stems
Photo by Jenks
Figure 108.
Roll of beeswax and three wax pipe models
Photo by Jenks
Figure 109.
Metal pipe makers
Photo by Jenks
Figure 110.
Metal pipes. (The lower row shows poorly the “anito” pipe.)
Photo by Jenks
Figure 111.
Children paring camotes
Photo by Martin
Figure 112.
Women threshing rice
Photo by Martin
Figure 113.
Gourd for storing salt meats
Photo by Martin
Figure 114.
Bamboo tube for carrying basi
Photo by Martin
Figure 115.
Mayinit pueblo. (Long salt houses in the foreground.)
Photo by Martin
Figure 116.
(a) Woman washing salt; (b) salt-incrusted rocks
Photo by Martin
Figure 117.
Mayinit salt producer preparing salt cakes for baking
Photo by Martin
Figure 118.
A cane-sugar mill
Photo by Martin
Figure 119.
Methods of transportation
Photo by Martin
Figure 120.
Man's transportation basket (ki-ma′-ta)
Photo by Martin
Figure 121.
Woman's transportation baskets
Photo by Martin
Figure 122.
Women burden bearers
Photo by Jenks
Figure 123.
(a) Tulubin men bringing home salt; (b) Samoki potters with ware
Photo by Jenks
Figure 124.
Mayinit women on the trail to Bontoc to sell palay
Photo by Martin
Figure 125.
A ba′-si vender
Photo by Martin
Figure 126.
Mak′-lan, a Bontoc warrior
Photo by Martin
Figure 127.
Ko′-mĭs on war trail between Samoki and Tulubin
Photo by Worchester
Figure 128.
“Anito head” post in a Ko′-mĭs
Photo by Worchester
Figure 129.
The warrior's attack
Photo by Jenks
Figure 130.
Battle-axes
Photo by Jenks
Figure 131.
A head dance
Photo by Martin
Figure 132.
Ceremonial rice threshing in Samoki pueblo during the celebration of a captured head
Photo by Jenks
Figure 133.
A fa′-wi, where skulls are kept
Photo by Worchester
Figure 134.
Soot-blackened human skulls from ato Sigichan
Photo by Jenks
Figure 135.
A beheaded human body on its way to burial
Photo by Worchester
Figure 136.
Burial of a beheaded man in Banawi
Photo by Worchester
Figure 137.
Man's headdress
Photo by Martin
Figure 138.
An ear plug of sugar-cane leaves
Photo by Martin
Figure 139.
Bead headdress
Photo by Martin
Figure 140.
Woman's bustle-like girdle
Photo by Jenks