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The Book of the Ocean

Chapter 19: GENERAL INDEX
By Ernest Ingersoll
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About This Book

A popular natural-history and maritime survey explains the ocean's origin and physical workings—waves, tides, and currents—and then discusses ship construction and rigging, early voyages and polar exploration, warships and naval battles, commercial shipping, piracy, and pleasure boating. It outlines dangers faced at sea, fishing and other marine industries, and surveys marine plants and animals, combining scientific explanation with historical narrative and practical accounts, accompanied by numerous illustrations.

GENERAL INDEX

  • Africa, first circumnavigated, 41.
  • “America,” origin of the name, 63.
  • America, visited by Norsemen, 45, 48.
  • America Cup, races for, 190-195.
  • American Arctic exploration, 86, 89, 90.
  • Atlantic, North, early voyages in, 44.
  • Atlantic Ocean, defined, 5.
  • Atlantis, the fabled land of, 6.
  • Alert, Arctic expedition of, 96.
  • Algæ. See Seaweeds.
  • Algerian pirates, 173.
  • Ancient sea-animals, 259.
  • Andrée’s Arctic balloon, 100.
  • Animal life in the sea, 259-274.
  • Animals inhabiting seaweeds, 251, 252, 257.
  • Antarctic Ocean, defined, 7.
  • Arabic commerce, 43.
  • Arabs, as navigators, 52, 57.
  • Arctic American coast traced, 81, 82, 83, 88.
  • Arctic exploration, 77-100.
  • Arctic Ocean, defined, 7.
  • Armada, the Spanish, 114-117.
  • Armor for ships, 136, 138, 145.
  • Astrolabe, the, 53, 73.
  • Australia, discovery of, 72, 76.
  • Baffin, voyage to Baffin’s Bay, 79, 81.
  • Balboa, discovers the Pacific, 64.
  • Banks of Newfoundland, fishing on, 245.
  • Barataria pirates of Louisiana, 179.
  • Barbarossa, the brothers, 171.
  • Barbary States, the, 174.
  • Barentz and Barentz’s Sea, 78, 91.
  • Barks described, 36, 38.
  • Battle-ships, modern steel, 140-148.
  • Bering, expeditions of, 80.
  • Biremes, Greek and Roman, 108.
  • Bjärne’s discoveries, 46.
  • Boats of the Egyptians, 28, 30, 32.
  • Boats of the Phœnicians, 28, 30, 33.
  • Boats of early Scandinavians, 29, 30.
  • Boats, primitive, 27.
  • Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, 128.
  • Bowsprit sails, 34, 37.
  • Brazil, discovery of, 62, 64.
  • Brazil, the name, 66.
  • Brigs described, 36.
  • Buccaneers, career of the, 177.
  • Buckeye, or “bugeye,” 198.
  • Buoys and channel marks, 225.
  • Cabot’s voyage to America, 65, 67.
  • Canada discovered, 68.
  • Cape Horn, first rounded, 72.
  • Cape of Good Hope discovered, 54.
  • Captain capsized, 201.
  • Caravels of Columbus, 34, 35, 61, 63.
  • Carrageen or Irish moss, 255.
  • Carthaginians as navigators, 42.
  • Cartier discovers Canada, 68.
  • Catboat described, 35.
  • Center-board, explained, 189.
  • Challenger expedition, 10, 272.
  • Chancellor, voyage of, to the White Sea, 77.
  • Charybdis, whirlpool of, 19.
  • Chesapeake and Shannon, 129.
  • Chinese as navigators, 52.
  • Clippers, Baltimore, 183.
  • Colossus of Rhodes, 211.
  • Columbus, Christopher, 59.
  • Commerce at sea, history of, 155-170.
  • Commerce, early European, 52, 155.
  • Commerce, medieval, 156.
  • Commerce, modern, 159.
  • Compass, the mariner’s, 51.
  • Constitution, U. S. frigate, 130-133.
  • Constitution, in the war with Tripoli,174.
  • Cook, Captain James, voyage of, 75.
  • Copenhagen, battle of, 126.
  • Corals and coral polyps, 265.
  • Corsairs, the, 172.
  • Corte-Real, voyage of, 68.
  • Crabs, caught for market, 266.
  • Cruisers, service of, 121, 140.
  • Currents in the ocean. See Ocean Currents.
  • Cutter, rig of a, 35.
  • Dampier, voyages of, 73.
  • Dangers of the Deep, 200-230.
  • Davis, exploration of Davis’s Strait, 78.
  • Decatur’s exploit at Tripoli, 175.
  • Deep-sea conditions of life, 263.
  • De Long, death of Lieutenant, 95.
  • Dias, Bartholomew, voyage of, 53.
  • Diatoms described, 249, 257.
  • Distribution of animals in the sea, 261.
  • “Don’t give up the ship,” 129.
  • Drake, Francis, 114, 181.
  • Dredging, deep-sea, 260.
  • Dynamite-throwing, 154.
  • Earthquake-waves, 203.
  • East India Companies, 157, 159.
  • “East Indiaman,” an, 162.
  • East Indian pirates, 180.
  • East Indies, the, 69, 71, 74.
  • Eddystone lighthouse, 212.
  • Egypt’s grain-trade, 156.
  • “England expects every man will do his duty,” 126, 127.
  • England’s sea-wars, 114, 129, 157.
  • Erik the Red, 45.
  • Faroes discovered, 44.
  • Fishing and other Marine Industries, 231-248.
  • Fishing in the North Atlantic, 244.
  • Fin keels, 194, 195.
  • Fire-ships, 116.
  • Fog-horns and sirens, 219.
  • Fram, voyage of the, 99.
  • Francis Joseph Land, 93, 100.
  • Franklin, Sir John, 82, 83, 88.
  • French-American naval war, 126.
  • Frigates, service of, 121, 122, 130.
  • Frobisher, Martin, 77, 114.
  • Fundy, tides in the Bay of, 19.
  • Galiot, the, 112.
  • Galleass, the, 112.
  • Galleon, the, 112, 116, 173, 182.
  • Galleys, early types of, 107, 111, 112.
  • Gallivat, the, 112.
  • Geography, early knowledge of, 50.
  • Great Harry, the, 114.
  • Greely, Gen. A. W., Arctic work by, 96.
  • Greenland discovered, 45.
  • Greenland, coasts explored, 91, 96, 99.
  • Guerrière, story of the, 131.
  • Gulf Stream, the, 22, 23.
  • Gulfweed (Sargassum), 251, 252.
  • Gunnbjörn, 45.
  • Guns of war-ships, 145-148.
  • Hall, Charles, Arctic exploration by, 90.
  • Hand-line fishing, 245, 246.
  • Hanno, expedition of, 42.
  • Harbor-beacons, 225.
  • Harbor-defense vessels, 140.
  • Hawkins, John, 114, 181.
  • Henry, the navigator, 52, 53.
  • Hittites, the, as navigators, 40.
  • Holland, as a sea-power, 118, 122.
  • Howard, Admiral, 114, 115.
  • Hudson, discoveries by, 78.
  • Iceland discovered, 44.
  • Indian Ocean defined, 6.
  • Instruments for navigation, 52, 57, 73.
  • Irish moss, 255.
  • Irish sea-wanderers, 44.
  • Ironclads, early, 136.
  • Jean Bart, the privateer, 182.
  • Jeannette, voyage of the, 94.
  • Kane, Dr. E. K., Arctic exploration by, 86.
  • Kearsarge and Alabama, 136.
  • Kearsarge wrecked, 201.
  • Kelp and kelp-ash, 253, 256.
  • Kidd, Captain, the pirate, 178.
  • Krakatoa, explosion of, 203.
  • Kuroshiwo (Japan current), 22, 24.
  • Lafitte, the pirate, 189.
  • La Plata, Rio, first entered, 69.
  • Lateen rigs, 32, 34.
  • Lead keels, 194.
  • Lee-board, explained, 179.
  • Leif Erikson’s voyage, 47.
  • Lepanto, victory of, 111.
  • Letters of marque, 180.
  • Life-saving service, the United States, 227.
  • Lighthouses, arrangements for lighting, 216.
  • Lighthouses, history of, 211, 212, 213, 254.
  • Light-ships, American, 216.
  • Line-of-battle ships, 121, 134.
  • Live stock carried on long voyages, 163.
  • Lockwood reaches “highest north,” 98.
  • Lug-sails explained, 133.
  • McClure, Arctic exploration by, 84, 87.
  • Maelstrom, the, 19.
  • Magellan circumnavigates the world, 69.
  • Magnetic pole determined, 82.
  • Maps, early, 50, 53, 54, 62.
  • Masts, names of, 36.
  • Medieval ships, 33.
  • Mediterranean Sea, defined, 9.
  • Melville’s search for Jeannette survivors, 95.
  • Mercator, the map-maker, 72.
  • Merchants of the Sea, the, 155-170.
  • Mines, submarine, 148.
  • Minot’s Ledge lighthouse, 214.
  • Mollusks, utility of, 269.
  • Monitor, the, 139, 141.
  • Morgan, the pirate, 178.
  • Mother-of-pearl, 269.
  • Murex-shells, 274.
  • Myths as to Atlantic islands, 65.
  • Nansen, Arctic work of, 99.
  • Napoleon’s sea-campaigns, 122.
  • Naval warfare, beginning of, 107.
  • Naval warfare, medieval, 110.
  • Naval warfare, theory of, 118.
  • Navigation, prehistoric, 39.
  • Navigation, instruments for, 52, 57, 73.
  • Navy, Byzantine, 110.
  • Navy, French, 122.
  • Navy, Greek, 107.
  • Navy, English, 113, 119, 129, 183.
  • Navy, Roman, 148, 156.
  • Nearchus, voyage of, 43.
  • Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 122-128.
  • Nelson’s famous signal, 126, 127.
  • Newfoundland, discovery of, 44, 65, 68.
  • Night-signals at sea, 205, 206.
  • Nile, battle of the, 124.
  • Nordenskjöld’s voyage in the Vega, 93.
  • Norsemen. See Scandinavians and Vikings.
  • North America discovered, 46, 62, 65.
  • North Atlantic, exploration of, 78, 80, 91, 99.
  • Northeast Passage, search for, 77, 91, 93.
  • Northwest Passage, search for, 77, 81, 84, 87.
  • North Pacific explored, 75, 80, 84.
  • Nova Zembla, 78, 91.
  • Ocean, the, and its Origin, 1-8.
  • Ocean, bed of the, 11.
  • Ocean, characteristics of, 9.
  • Ocean, chemistry of, 14.
  • Ocean currents, 20, 23.
  • Ocean, depth of, 9.
  • Ocean, effects of upon the land, 4.
  • Ocean, life in, 259-274.
  • Ocean, saltness of, 13.
  • Old Ironsides. See Constitution.
  • Ooze, oceanic, 13, 274.
  • Outriggers, 28.
  • Oysters and oyster culture, 266.
  • Pacific Ocean, defined, 4.
  • Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 64.
  • Packet-ships, transatlantic, 160, 165.
  • Paddles and oars, 29.
  • Paleocrystic Sea, the, 88.
  • Parry, Arctic explorations by, 81.
  • Payer and Weyprecht, 91.
  • Paul Jones, 128.
  • Pearl-oyster and pearls, 269.
  • Peary, Arctic work of, 99.
  • Persians as navigators, 43.
  • Philadelphia, U. S. frigate at Tripoli, 174.
  • Phœnicians as navigators, 41.
  • Pilots and their duties, 220-226.
  • Piracy, history of, 171-185.
  • Piracy in the East Indies, 180.
  • Plants of the Sea and their Uses, 249-257.
  • Polaris, misadventure of, 90.
  • Pope, the, divides the earth, 55.
  • Portugal as a sea-power, 52, 55.
  • Pressure, effects of, in the sea, 262.
  • Prester John, 54.
  • Privateering, 180, 183, 185.
  • Ptolemy, the geographer, 50.
  • “Redbeard,” the pirate, 171.
  • Rigging of primitive ships, 30.
  • Robbers of the Seas, 171-185.
  • Ross, Arctic explorations by, 81, 82.
  • Royal George, sunk, 201.
  • Rules of the road at sea, 203.
  • Russian Arctic coast, the, 79.
  • Sails, lateen, 32.
  • Sails, names of a ship’s, 36.
  • Sails of early ships, 30.
  • Sails, square-rigged, 34.
  • Sails, two types of, 31.
  • St. Lawrence Bay and River discovered, 68.
  • St. Pierre and Miquelon, 242.
  • Salamis, battle of, 107.
  • Samoa, the great storm at, 206-211.
  • Sandbagger, a, 197.
  • Sardines, fishing for, 244.
  • Sargasso Seas, 251.
  • Schooners, described, 36, 38.
  • Scylla and Charybdis, 19.
  • Sealing, 241.
  • Search-light, uses of, on war-ships, 150.
  • Sea-shells, use and beauty of, 269, 273.
  • Sea-snakes, 259.
  • Seaweeds, 249-257.
  • Secrets won from the Frozen North, 77-165.
  • Serapis, fight of the, 128.
  • Seventy-four, a, 121.
  • Sharks, as a danger to divers, 271.
  • Sharpie, characteristics of the, 198.
  • Ship-building, development of, 139.
  • Ship-chandler, a, 204.
  • Ship, sails of a full-rigged, 36.
  • Ships, the Building and Rigging of, 27-38.
  • Ships’ lanterns and lights, 204.
  • Ships, Phœnician, 155.
  • Ships, Roman merchant, 156.
  • Siberia, explorations north of, 79, 93,  95.
  • Signaling at night, 205, 206, 222.
  • Sirens, or fog-horns, 219.
  • Slave-trade, the, 184.
  • Sloop, a, described, 35.
  • Solis discovers the La Plata, 69.
  • South America, discovery of, 61, 62.
  • South Sea. See Pacific Ocean.
  • Spanish conquerors in West Indies, 177.
  • Spitzbergen, 91, 233.
  • Sponges and their taking, 265.
  • Spritsail-mast, the, 34.
  • Square-rig, examples of, 33.
  • Starfishes, damage by, 265.
  • Steamships, development of, 165, 168.
  • Steamships, ocean courses of, 168.
  • Steamships, records of transatlantic, 166.
  • Steerage passage, the, 163.
  • Steering, methods of, 29.
  • Suez Canal, the, 41, 169.
  • Table of sea-road distances, 170.
  • Tactics, naval, 107, 115, 118, 121, 135.
  • Tasman, voyages of, 72.
  • Telegraph, submarine, 161.
  • Tides, explained, 17.
  • Topsail schooner, described, 36.
  • Torpedo-boats, 140, 150-154.
  • Torpedoes and submarine mines, 148.
  • Trafalgar, battle of, 126.
  • Trawls described, 246, 272.
  • Treasure-ships, Spanish, 173, 178, 182.
  • Trepang, or bêche la mer, 266.
  • Tripoli, bombardment of, 174.
  • Triremes, Greek and Roman, 108.
  • Tunnies, fishing for, 244.
  • Turtles, as a danger to divers, 272.
  • United States exploring expedition, 76.
  • United States, naval incidents, 128,  174, 183.
  • Vasco da Gama, 56, 157.
  • Vega, voyage of, north of Asia, 93.
  • Venice, state barge of, 112.
  • Venus’-comb shell, 274.
  • Verrazano, voyage of, 68.
  • Vespucci, Amerigo, voyages of, 62.
  • Vesuvius, the dynamite-cruiser, 154.
  • Vikings, origin and voyages of, 29, 44.
  • Vinland visited, 47.
  • Voyages and Explorations, Early, 39-76.
  • Walrus-hunting, 241.
  • War-ships and Naval Battles, 107-154.
  • War-ships wrecked at Samoa, 206-211.
  • Wasp and Frolic, 129.
  • Water-spouts at sea, 202.
  • Waves, tides, and currents, 9.
  • Weather-stations, international, 96.
  • West coast of Africa, 42, 53, 56.
  • Weyprecht, Arctic work of, 91.
  • Whaleback, the, 169.
  • Whaling, history of American, 235.
  • Whaling, history of European, 233.
  • Whaling, in the North Atlantic, 80, 94.
  • Whaling, methods of, 231, 237-241.
  • Whaling-vessels, 235.
  • Wreckers, doings of, 212.
  • Yachting and Pleasure-boating, 186.
  • Yachting, early history of, 187, 196.
  • Yacht-clubs in the United States, 188, 196.
  • Yachts, designing racing, 192, 195.
  • Yachts, rigs of small, 197.
  • Yawl, characteristics of the, 197.
  • Zeni, voyages of the, 48.