FOOTNOTES:
[1] See especially Moseley, Nature, 1885, p. 417.
[2] Quart. Journ. Conch. i. p. 371.
[3] Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique. Dr. P. Fischer. Paris, 1887.
[4] κεφαλή, head; γαστήρ, stomach; σκάπτειν, to dig; πέλεκυς, an axe; πούς, ποδός, a foot.
[5] Also known as Lamellibranchiata, Conchifera, and Acephala.
[6] πτερόν, wing.
[7] γλῶσσα, tongue; φέρειν, to carry.
[8] λείπειν, to be wanting.
[9] ἀμφί, on both sides; νεὕρον, nerve, vessel. Some authorities regard the Amphineura as a distinct Order.
[10] πολύς, many; πλάξ, plate.
[11] πρόσω, in front. Often alluded to in the sequel as ‘operculate Gasteropoda.’
[12] κτενίδιον, a little comb.
[13] δὐω, two; mόnos, single; ὦτα, auricles; καρδία, heart.
[14] ὄπισθεν, behind.
[15] Pulmo, a lung.
[16] στὕλος, pillar; ὄμματα, eyes.
[17] The Ascoglossa are dealt with below (chap. xv.).
[18] Beudant, by very gradually changing the water, accustomed marine species to live in fresh, and fresh-water species to live in salt water.
[19] Braun, Arch. f. Naturk. Liv. (2), x. p. 102 f.
[20] Lindström, Oef. K. Vet. Förh. Stockh., 1855, p. 49.
[21] Mendthal, Schr. Ges. Königsb., xxx. p. 27.
[22] SB. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1889, p. 4, but the view is not universally accepted.
[23] Not to Nassa, as has been generally held. The shape of the operculum, and particularly the teeth of the radula, show a much closer connexion with Cominella.
[24] E.g. Bouvier, Le Natural, 1889, p. 242.
[25] Köhler, Zool. Jahrb. vii. 1893, p. 1 f; Haller, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, x. p. 71.
[26] Plate, SB. kön. Preuss. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1893. p. 959.
[27] E.g. Pelseneer, Bull. Sc. France Belg. xxiv. p. 347 f.
[28] E.g. Bergh, Zool. Jahrb. v. p. 1 f.
[29] Calkins, Amer. Nat. xi. p. 687.
[30] One step even further (or perhaps it should be termed a branch derivative) is seen in the genus Smaragdia, which is probably a Neritina which has resumed a purely marine habit of life.
[31] SB. Naturf. Gesell. Leipz. 1886–87, pp. 40–48.
[32] L. and F. W. Moll. of India, iv. p. 167.
[33] T. Scott, Journ. of Conch. v. p. 230.
[34] J. S. Gibbons, ibid. ii. p. 129.
[35] Bull. Soc. Linn. Nord, Abbeville, 1840, p. 150.
[36] Joly, Comptes Rendus, 1842, p. 460; compare W. A. Gain, Science Gossip, xxvii. p. 118.
[37] Von Martens, SB. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1881, p. 34.
[38] Moquin-Tandon, Moll. de France, i. p. 116.
[39] Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 321 f.; iv. p. 13; Science Goss. 1866, p. 158.
[40] Reichel, Zool. Anz. x. p. 488.
[41] Schumann, Schr. Ges. Danz. (2) vi. p. 159.
[42] Fischer and Crosse, Mexico, p. 437.
[43] Journ. de Conch. iv. p. 397, but the species observed is not mentioned.
[44] Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv. iv. p. 378.
[45] W. Harte, Proc. Dubl. N. H. Soc. iv. p. 182.
[46] See on the whole subject of threads G. S. Tye, Journ. of Conch. i. p. 401.
[47] Zoologist, ii. p. 296; iii. p. 833; iv. p. 1216; iii. p. 1036; iv. p. 1216; iii. p. 1037.
[48] Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 1838, p. 310.
[49] H. W. Kew, Naturalist, 1889, p. 103.
[50] Zeit. wiss. Zool. xlii. p. 203 f.
[51] Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. (2) iv. p. 520.
[52] Zoologist, iv. p. 1504; iii. p. 1038; iii. p. 943.
[53] H. W. Kew, l. c.
[54] Zoologist, xix. p. 7819.
[55] Naturalist, 1889, p. 55.
[56] H. W. Kew, l. c.
[57] W. G. Binney, Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv. iv. p. 144.
[58] Naturalist, l. c.
[59] Science Gossip, 1885, p. 154.
[60] R. Standen, Journ. of Conch. vii. p. 197.
[61] Journ. of Conch. v. p. 43.
[62] A. Paladilhe in MS. letter.
[63] J. S. Gibbons, Quart. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 143.
[64] Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv. iv. p. 193.
[65] l. c. p. 362.
[66] Animal Life, p. 59.
[67] Zoologist, 1861, p. 7400; Brit. Conch. i. p. 108.
[68] H. Ullyett, Science Gossip, xxii. (1886), p. 214.
[69] Descent of Man, i. p. 325, ed. 1.
[70] Amer. Nat. xv. 1881, p. 976.
[71] W. A. Gain, quoted by H. W. Kew in Naturalist, 1890, p. 307, an article to which I am much indebted.
[72] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi. p. 519.
[73] Science Gossip, 1882, pp. 237, 262.
[74] H. W. Kew, Naturalist, 1893, p. 149, another most valuable article.
[75] Garden, v. p. 201, quoted by Kew, ut sup.
[76] Kew, ut sup.
[77] Science Gossip, 1883, p. 163.
[78] T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1885, p. 211.
[79] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vi. (1850) p. 68.
[80] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vi. p. 489.
[81] Ibid. (3) iii. p. 448.
[82] Amer. Nat. xi. (1877) p. 100; Proc. Calif. Ac. iii. p. 329.
[83] Gaz. Med. Alger. 1865, 5th Jan. p. 9.
[84] Science Gossip, 1867, p. 40.
[85] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 498.
[86] Journ. of Conch. vi. p. 101.
[87] Naturalist, 1889, p. 55.
[88] Malak. Blätt. (2) iv. pp. 43 and 221.
[89] Phil. Trans. 1854 (1856), p. 8.
[90] Naturalist, 1891, p. 75 f.; Conchologist, ii. 1892, p. 29.
[91] Taylor, Journ. of Conch. 1888, p. 299.
[92] See Tennent’s Ceylon, i. p. 221, ed. 5.
[93] W. A. Gain, Naturalist, 1889, p. 55; Brockmeier, Nachr. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. xx. p. 113.
[94] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 498.
[95] Journ. Conch. vii. 1893, p. 158 f.
[96] I succeeded in hatching out eggs of Helix aspersa, during the very warm summer of 1893, in 17 days.
[97] Nachr. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. xx. p. 146.
[98] Raymond, Nautilus, iv. p. 6.
[99] Quoted by Oehlert, Rév. Sc. xxxviii. p. 701.
[100] Animal Life, Intern. Scientif. Ser. ed. 1, p. 395.
[101] Zoologist, 1886, p. 491.
[102] Thomas, quoted by Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. i. p. 30.
[103] Journ. of Conch. iv. p. 117.
[104] Rev. L. Jenyns, Observations in Nat. Hist. p. 318.
[105] Id. ib. p. 319.
[106] Further detailed examples will be found in Kew, The dispersal of Shells, pp. 5–26.
[107] P. Z. S. 1888, p. 358.
[108] W. A. Gain, Naturalist, 1889, p. 58.
[109] Das Wetter, Dec. 1892. Another case is recorded in Amer. Nat. iii. p. 556.
[110] Zoologist, x. p. 3430.
[111] Science Gossip, 1888, p. 281.
[112] Lecoq, Journ. de Conch. ii. p. 146.
[113] Bouchard-Chantereaux, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) xvi. (1861) p. 197.
[114] Forel, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) xx. p. 576; Bretonnière, Comptes Rendus, cvii. p. 566.
[115] Brit. Mus. Collection.
[116] Thomas, quoted by Récluz in Journ. de Conch. vii. 1858, p. 178.
[117] Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 382. See also T. L. Taylor, Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1848, p. 82.
[118] Dr. R. E. Grant, Edinb. Phil. Journ. xiv. p. 188.
[119] Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1848, p. 80. The statement is confirmed by Rossmässler.
[120] Journ. of Conch. iv. p. 118.
[121] Zoologist, 1887, p. 29.
[122] Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. (2) v. p. 459 f.
[123] Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 277; compare W. M. Webb, Zoologist, 1893, p. 281.
[124] Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. iv. p. 85.
[125] Erjavec, Nachr. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. 1885, p. 88.
[126] Crosse, Journ. de Conch. (3) xiv. (1874) p. 223.
[127] C. Wright, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1700.
[128] W. V. Legge, Zoologist, 1866, p. 190.
[129] Blackwall, Researches, p. 139.
[130] Barrow, Travels in South Africa, ii. p. 67.
[131] Loch Creran, p. 102.
[132] Cordeaux, Zoologist, 1873, p. 3396.
[133] Amer. Nat. xii. p. 695; Science Gossip, 1865, p. 79.
[134] Journ. Trent. N. H. Soc. 1887, p. 58.
[135] Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 1893, pp. 238, 239.
[136] Rev. Nat. Sc. Ouest, 1891, p. 261.
[137] Petit de la Saussaye, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 97 f.
[138] J. W. Williams, Science Gossip, 1889, p. 280.
[139] Noack, Zool. JB. ii. p. 254.
[140] La Nature, xv. (2) p. 46.
[141] François, Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. (2) ix. p. 240.
[142] A. Lang, Ber. Naturf. Ges. Freib. vi. 1892, p. 81.
[143] A. P. Thomas, Q. J. Micr. Sc. N. S. xxiii. (1883) p. 99.
[144] H. Woodward, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 176.
[145] W. E. Collinge, Zoologist, 1890, p. 467.
[146] Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix. p. 944.
[147] Zoologist, xviii. (1860) p. 7136.
[148] A. Adams, Samarang, vol. ii. Zoology, p. 357.
[149] In Thomson’s British New Guinea, p. 283.
[150] Animal Life, p. 395. It should be mentioned that Von Möllendorff (Ber. Senck. Ges. 1890, p. 198) ridicules the whole theory.
[151] Von Martens, SB. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1891, p. 83.
[152] Von Martens, ibid. 1887, p. 183.
[153] SB. Nat. Gesell. Leipz. xiii.-xiv. p. 45.
[154] Garstang, Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. N. S. i. p. 432; Giard, Bull. Sci. Fr. Belg. 1888, p. 502 f.
[155] Nautilus, vi. 1892, p. 90.
[156] R. F. Scharff, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. (2) iv. p. 553 f.
[157] Q. Journ. Micr. Sci. N. S. xxxi. (1890) p. 41 f.
[158] A detailed account is given in Proc. Liverp. Biol. Soc. iv. (1890) pp. 150–163.
[159] Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. N. S. i. p. 418 f.
[160] Garstang, Conchologist, ii. p. 49.
[161] Hecht, Comptes Rendus, cxv. p. 746.
[162] Conchologist, ii. p. 130.
[163] Described as a Cypraea, but no doubt an Ovula or Pedicularia: CB. Bakt. Par. v. p. 543.
[164] Von Graff, Z. wiss. Zool xxv. p. 124.
[165] Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xxv. p. 231.
[166] Ergeb. naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, abstr. in Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (2) vi. p. 412.
[167] Voyage of the Samarang, Moll. p. 69, Pl. xi. f. 1; p. 47, Pl. xvii. f. 5.
[168] E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. p. 270.
[169] Journ. de Conch. (3) xxix. p. 101.
[170] Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. v. p. 619.
[171] See especially Semper, Animal Life, Ed. 1, p. 351.
[172] Gould, Moll. of U.S. expl. exped. 1852, p. 207 (St. acicula, from Fiji).
[173] Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. 1858, p. 308.
[174] Pidgeon, Nature, xxxix. p. 127.
[175] W. Anderson Smith, Loch Creran, p. 46.
[176] Smart, Journal of Conch. v. p. 152.
[177] Animal Life, p. 351.
[178] Journ. of Conch. vi. 1891, p. 399.
[179] Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) vii. p. 276.
[180] Stimpson, quoted by Jeffrey’s Brit. Conch. ii. 194.
[181] Stimpson, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. 1857, p. 48.
[182] E. H. Matthews, Conchologist, ii. p. 144.
[183] Thus Limnaea involuta, which is almost universally regarded as a good and distinct species, has been held to be no more than a variety of L. peregra produced by locality; see Zoologist, 1889, p. 154.
[184] J. W. Taylor, Journ. of Conch. v. p. 289, an interesting article, with many useful references.